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As interações que ocorrem no sistema Integração Lavoura-Pecuária (ILP) são complexas, uma vez que, além da planta e do solo, existe a participação do animal. Em alguns lugares, otimizar esses três componentes juntos é um desafio, principalmente o uso do solo, da terra e dos recursos naturais presentes. Na região sul do Brasil, durante o período de outono ao início da primavera é o período do ano de menor taxa de utilização de aproveitamento da terra. . Nesse período, existe uma ociosidade grande na utilização do solo, e com isso há a necessidade de melhor aproveitamento dessas áreas para gerar recursos para sustentabilidade do homem no campo. Com o intuito de otimizar a produção nessas áreas, busca-se a maior eficácia no plantio e cultivo de culturas de inverno, que possam ser utilizadas para produção de pré-secado, silagem e colheita de grãos com destino para o aproveitamento para alimentação animal. Diante das considerações, o referido artigo visa retomar os principais fatores que interferem diretamente na produtividade do trigo duplo-propósito submetido a diferentes doses nitrogenadas e manejos de utilização.

An outbreak of spontaneous intoxication by the pseudofruits of the japanese grape (Hovenia dulcis) was observed in a flock of 270 sheep in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, resulting in the death of nine animals. The clinical picture was characterized by digestive, nervous, and respiratory alterations with progression to death after 15 to 48 hours. The main microscopic findings were hepatic necrosis, necrosis of the rumen and abomasum mucosa, pulmonary edema and atelectasis, kidney degeneration, cerebral spongiosis, and vacuolization of Purkinje neurons. Hovenia dulcis is wide spread in Brazil, especially in the south of the country. However, this is the first report of spontaneous poisoning in sheep caused by its pseudofruits.

Bovine paratuberculosis causes chronic, incurable diarrhea and weight loss, resulting in decreased cattle production. The disease is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), an obligate intracellular mycobactin-dependent mycobacterium that replicates slowly in the host and has heightened environmental resistance. In countries where the disease is found and the damage has been quantified, direct and indirect economic losses are extremely high. Local epidemiological data is of paramount importance for the implementation of control programs. Our objective was to verify whether paratuberculosis is present in commercial dairy herds in different mesoregions of RS. Therefore, a prospective, cross-sectional and observational study was performed on dairy cattle from five mesoregions of the RS state, Brazil. Milk samples taken from individual cows on commercial farms were tested using indirect ELISA tests and classified as negative, suspicious, or positive. In herds containing at least one positive cow, we conducted convenience sampling of feces directly from the rectal ampulla to identify MAP through PCR. Of the 362 cows tested, 20 were seroreactive for paratuberculosis from two mesoregions. The PCR tests were all positive; cows with a negative ELISA and positive PCR results probably indicate that the MAP was ingested and eliminated without causing infection. We found that paratuberculosis is likely endemic in the northwest and northeast mesoregions. RESUMO: A paratuberculose bovina causa diarreia crônica e incurável, perda de peso e resulta em diminuição da produção. A doença é causada pelo Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), micobactéria intracelular obrigatória, dependente de micobactina, que se replica lentamente no hospedeiro e possui elevada resistência ambiental. Nos países onde a doença é encontrada e os danos foram quantificados, as perdas econômicas diretas e indiretas são extremamente altas. Os dados epidemiológicos locais são de suma importância para a implementação de programas de controle. Nosso objetivo foi verificar se a paratuberculose está presente em rebanhos leiteiros comerciais em diferentes mesorregiões do RS. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo prospectivo, transversal e observacional em bovinos leiteiros de cinco mesorregiões do estado do RS, Brasil. Amostras de leite individuais, provenientes de vacas leiteiras de fazendas comerciais foram testadas com ELISA indireto e classificadas como negativas, suspeitas ou positivas. Em rebanhos contendo pelo menos uma vaca positiva, realizamos amostragem por conveniência, em que foram coletadas fezes diretamente da ampola retal, para identificar MAP por meio da PCR. Das 362 vacas testadas, 20 foram sororreativas para paratuberculose, oriundas de duas mesorregiões. Os testes de PCR foram todos positivos. Vacas com resultado negativo no teste ELISA e PCR positivo provavelmente indicam que o MAP foi ingerido e eliminado sem causar infecção. Sugere-se que a paratuberculose é provavelmente endêmica nas mesorregiões noroeste e nordeste.

A 1-month-old uncastrated Ile de France male sheep was diagnosed with an opening in the left interventricular septal. The malformation was evidenced and confirmed through necropsy and observations of systemic histological lesions related to congenital heart disease, especially in the liver, lungs, and heart. Depending on the severity of the defect, the connection promoting free blood transit between the two heart ventricles can be associated with a series of clinical signs culminating in the animal's death. The etiology of congenital malformations in ruminants can be nutritional, toxic, hereditary, or infectious. However, these anomalies are infrequent in sheep; thus, their most common causes are undetermined. The present report describes macro- and microscopic findings related to this congenital malformation in a lamb.

This study describes the clinical and pathological picture of a disease followed by death in sheep raised for subsistence, characterized by difficulty in locomotion, sternal decubitus, severe dyspnea, opisthotonos, and pedaling movements, followed by death. The disease occurred in February 2020 in the northern state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, due to the consumption of the fruits of Eugenia pyriformis ('uvaia'). All sheep that became ill later died, resulting in morbidity of 68.75% and mortality of 100%. An autopsy revealed the presence of E. pyriformis fruits with or without seeds in the rumen, in addition to the diet provided to the animals. The main histological findings consisted of edema and perivascular cuffs in the frontal telencephalon, nephrosis and glomerular necrosis, in addition to glomerulosclerosis. One sheep had heightened urea and creatinine and lower levels of non-protein thiols. Deaths ceased once animals were prevented from accessing E. pyriformis. These findings confirm that this plant was responsible for the deaths of the animals and point to the possibility of E. pyriformis having neurotoxic and nephrotoxic action on sheep.

The present study described the chemical composition and somatic cell score (SCS) of samples of refrigerated raw milk collected from commercial farms in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in order to better understand the behavior of constituents present in non-fatty solids (NFS) in milk according to the season of the year. Means were used to describe statistical data. To estimate the probability of NFS levels meeting IN 76 (BRAZIL, 2018), binary logistic regression was used. It was reported that 18.2% (233.817) of analytical results showed NFS below 8.4%, representing the minimum required by IN 76. The highest average NFS level observed in the five-year period was registered in the micro-region of Passo Fundo (8.70%) in winter. The microregion with the lowest results was Porto Alegre (8.53%); however, it still demonstrated levels within the limits established by IN 76. The study indicates that milk constituents show differences between seasons. In autumn and winter, the constituents remained equal to or higher than those required by current legislation, while spring and summer were the periods with the lowest NFS values. The SCS was also influenced by the seasons, with the highest rates in spring, summer, and autumn. RESUMO: O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever os resultados de composição química e escore de células somáticas (ECS) de amostras de leite cru refrigerado coletado em fazendas comerciais no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, para melhor entendimento do comportamento dos constituintes presentes nos sólidos não gordurosos (SNG) no leite de acordo com as estações do ano. As médias foram estudadas para descrever as estatísticas dos dados. Para estimar a probabilidade de os teores de SNG atenderem à IN 76 de 2018, foi utilizada a regressão logística binária. Foi constatado que 18,2% (233.817) dos resultados analíticos apresentaram SNG abaixo de 8,4%, que representa o mínimo exigido pela IN 76 (BRASIL, 2018). A maior média de SNG observada no período de cinco anos foi registrada na microrregião de Passo Fundo (8,70%), no inverno. A microrregião com menores resultados foi a de Porto Alegre (8,53%), no entanto com teores dentro do estabelecido pela IN 76/2018. O estudo demonstrou que os constituintes do leite apresentaram diferenças entre as estações do ano. O outono e inverno foram os períodos em que os constituintes se mantiveram iguais ou superiores aos exigidos pela legislação vigente, enquanto que a primavera e o verão foram os períodos com os menores valores de SNG. O ECS também foi influenciado pelas estações do ano. Na primavera, verão e outono ocorreram os maiores índices.

Guttural pouch empyema is usually a consequence of upper respiratory tract infections, especially those caused by Streptococcus equi. In adult horses, empyema is a common disease, whereas considered rare in foals. The aim of this work was to report a case of unilateral guttural pouch empyema in a filly, with a focus on diagnostic and treatment approaches. A 1-month-old filly, 68 kg, Mangalarga Marchador, was admitted because of respiratory distress and enlargement caudally in the head. Clinical examination revealed dyspnea, dysphagia, lymphadenopathy, unilateral enlargement in the retropharyngeal area, and mucopurulent nasal discharge. Further, endoscopic examination confirmed the presence of purulent material inside the left guttural pouch and a diagnosis of empyema was arrived at. Drainage was performed surgically, a catheter was inserted for guttural pouch lavage. The animal received bromexin, dexamethasone, flunixin meglumine, ceftiofur, probiotics, vitamin complexes, and ringer lactate solution. Hematological evaluation performed every 24-72h, showed a decrease in total leukocytes, fibrinogen, platelets, total plasma protein, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and erythrocytes. Eleven days after drainage, the filly’s clinical condition was stable and the wound has healing. The animal was discharged following a good prognosis. Differential diagnoses can include other respiratory diseases, such as guttural pouch timpanism, strangles, and Rhodococcus, which are excluded due to the clinical signs and complementary examinations. In the present case early diagnosis, based on physical examination, hematological parameters, and radiography, combined with adequate treatment methods, including surgical procedures, lavages, antibiotics, and anti-non-steroidal inflammatory therapy, contributed to resolving the guttural pouch empyema in the filly. Empiema de la bolsa gutural és consecuencia de infección del tracto respiratorio superior, especialmente por Streptococcus equi. En los caballos adultos, empiema es la enfermedad más común, mientras que en potros es rara. Apuntamos reportar un caso de empiema de bolsa gutural unilateral en potra, enfocándonos en los métodos de diagnóstico y tratamiento. Una potranca, 1 mes edad, 68 kg, Mangalarga Marchador, fue atendida por dificultad respiratoria y agrandamiento caudal de la cabeza. Durante el examen clínico se constató disnea, disfagia, adenopatías, agrandamiento unilateral en zona retrofaríngea, secreción nasal mucopurulenta. El examen endoscópico confirmó la presencia de pus dentro de la bolsa gutural y los diagnósticos de empiema. Se realizó drenaje por cirugía y se mantuvo el catéter en bolsa para lavado. La potranca recibió bromexina, dexametasona, flunixina meglun, ceftiofur, probióticos, complejo vitamínico y solución de ringer. Se realizó evaluación hematológica cada 24-72h, observándose disminución de leucocitos totales, fibrinógeno, plaquetas, proteínas plasmáticas totales, hematocrito, hemoglobina y eritrocitos. Once días después del drenaje, el estado clínico de la potranca era estable y la herida cicatrizaba adecuadamente, siendo el paciente dado de alta, con buen pronóstico. Los diagnósticos diferenciales incluyen enfermedades respiratorias, como timpanismo de la bolsa gutural, adenita, rodococos, siendo estas enfermedades excluidas por signos clínicos y exámenes complementarios. El diagnóstico precoz, basado en el examen físico, hematológico y radiografía, combinado con métodos de tratamiento adecuados, basados ​​en procedimiento quirúrgico, lavados, terapia antibiótica y antiinflamatoria no esteroideo, evoluciona para resolver el caso de empiema de bolsa gutural en la potranca. Empiema da bolsa gutural é geralmente uma consequência de infecção do trato respiratório superior, especialmente por Streptococcus equi. Em equinos adultos, o empiema é uma doença comum, enquanto em potros é considerada rara. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso de empiema de bolsa gutural unilateral em potra Mangalarga Marchador, com foco nos métodos de diagnóstico e tratamento. Uma potra, 1 mês de idade, 68kg, Mangalarga Marchador, foi atendida devido a desconforto respiratório e aumento na região da cabeça. Ao exame clínico, notou-se dispneia, disfagia, linfadenopatia, aumento unilateral em região retrofaríngea, secreção nasal mucopurulenta. O exame endoscópico confirmou presença de material purulento no interior da bolsa gutural esquerda e diagnóstico de empiema. A drenagem por cirurgia foi realizada e um cateter foi mantido para lavagem da bolsa gutural. O animal recebeu bromexina, dexametasona, flunixina meglumina, ceftiofur, probióticos, complexo vitamínico e solução de ringer lactato. A avaliação hematológica foi realizada cada 24-72h, mostrando diminuição de leucócitos totais, fibrinogênio, plaquetas, proteína plasmática total, hematócrito, hemoglobina e eritrócitos. Onze dias após drenagem, o quadro clínico da potra era estável e a ferida cicatrizando adequadamente. O animal recebeu alta, com prognóstico favorável. Os diagnósticos diferenciais incluem doenças respiratórias, destacam-se timpanismo de bolsa gutural, adenite, rhodococcus, sendo essas excluídas devido aos sinais clínicos e exames complementares. O diagnóstico precoce, baseado no exame clínico, hematológico e radiográficos, aliado a métodos de tratamento adequados, baseados em procedimento cirúrgico, lavagem da bolsa gutural, antibioticoterapia e anti-inflamatórios não-esteroidais, contribuiram para resolução do empiema de bolsa gutural na potra.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of protected niacin and yeast rich in chromium on the productive and metabolic performance of dairy cows under thermal stress. 46 lactating Holstein cows were divided into four treatments: protected niacin (GN), yeast rich in chromium (GCr), niacin+chromium (GNCr) and control (GC). Were measured: milk production, SCC, MUN, NEFA, BHB, glucose, cholesterol, insulin, cortisol, T4 and T3. There was an 8% increase in milk production in the GNCr. The use of these elements is an alternative for producers who need to maintain production during periods of thermal stress.

Background: Assessing data from metabolic profile is a complex task depending on individual factors such as breed, age, sex and physiological status and environmental factors such as climate and management. Therefore, reference intervals produced in herds from different geographic regions are not always precise in the local reality. The aim of this study is to compile results of values of the most used parameters in the metabolic profile of healthy Holstein cows, grouped by lactation stage, obtained from studies in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, as an effort for the elaboration of regional reference intervals for dairy cattle in this geographic area.Materials, Methods & Results: The research was defined through the PICO strategy, considering multiparous Holstein cows from scientific studies carried out in Rio Grande do Sul, during the period 1996-2021, in which the nitrogen, glycidic, lipidic, enzymatic or mineral metabolic profile was determined. Google Scholar, Scientific Electronic Library and PubMed were the electronic databases selected for the search, using the following descriptors: "profile" and "metabolic" and "metabolic profile" and "dairy" or "cattle" or "cow" and "Brazil" and "southern" or "Rio Grande do Sul". Studies in Portuguese, English and Spanish languages were considered. The references of the articles initially selected were also verified, through ResearchGate and Google Scholar, in addition to unpublished data, unfinished studies or data in the so called "gray literature". It was possible to identify a total of 34 publications, which were tabulated to assess the scientific quality and bias risk. Studies were evaluated by a pair of independent reviewers, in order to compare results. Eligibility confirmation was given after the complete reading of the articles, evaluating the presence of all the inclusion selection criteria, such as adequate population and the intervention made. Examples of exclusion criteria for studies were studies or data duplication and methodological flaws that could compromise reliability. Thus, of the 34 studies selected in the initial screening, 14 remained. Thereafter, observational studies were preferably sought for data extraction. In the case of clinical trials, only data from control groups were used, in order to avoid disturbances due to interventions or treatments that could be applied. The reference intervals or means of the evaluated metabolites extracted from these studies were grouped in tables, in order to facilitate the comparison with research results obtained in different regions or even for comparison with future studies in the region of interest.Discussion: This retrospective study obtained mean values and standard deviation of the most used parameters in the metabolic profile of Holstein cows, grouped by lactation stage, obtained from studies performed in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Divergences were observed in several evaluations, especially in values of albumin, beta-hydroxybutyrate, aspartate transaminase and calcium, in spite of all data represented healthy animals from research trials with adequate environment and diet. It is important to consider the risk of time bias in this study, as within this 25-year period there was a very large evolution in dairy farming and some values may not be fully representative of current management systems in Holstein herds. Nevertheless, the results reinforce the importance of using regional reference values for the proper interpretation of metabolic profile results in dairy cows. In addition, the proposing of database index for regional averages or reference intervals, is useful for comparing results of metabolic profiles carried out in different geographic regions, in future studies to be performed in this particular region, or even to be utilized by field practitioners of this particular region.Keywords: biochemical blood profile, regional reference, healthy cows.Título: Perfil metabólico de vacas da raça Holandesa:valores de referência em rebanhos do Rio Grande do Sul - BrasilDescritores: perfil bioquímico sanguíneo, referência regional, vacas sadias.

Introdução: Os bovinos Wagyu são originários do Japão e foram selecionados para características de qualidade da carne em decorrência da grande deposição de gordura entremeada as fibras musculares denominada de marmoreio, atualmente ela é conhecida por produzir a melhor carne do mundo. No Brasil a raça chegou a aproximadamente 30 anos onde é criada desde então em sistemas intensivos, com uma dieta nutricionalmente balanceada. No entanto busca-se alternativas de diferentes sistemas de pastejo na criação de animais desta raça.Objetivo:Para tanto o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes cultivares de pastejo na composição de carcaça e desempenho zootécnico de bovinos da raça Wagyu Kuroge (Black Wagyu).Material e métodos:Foram utilizadas pastagens de três cultivares de trigo de duplo propósito (BRS Tarumã, BRS Tarumaxi e BRS Pastoreio) plantadas em linha de 17cm de espaçamento com densidade de 74 sementes/m, a área foi subdividida em 9 piquetes (3 de cada cultivar) tendo cada piquete uma área de 1,5mil m². Os animais touros de 12 meses de idade foram separados aleatoriamente em grupos de carga aproximada à 800Kg/PV/ha. Os animais eram oriundos do mesmo grupo contemporâneo. Três aplicações de adubação nitrogenada foram realizadas a cada 30 dias na dosagem de 100kg/ha (46kg N/ha). Pesagens dos animais foram conduzidas quinzenalmente e ao final do experimento foi realizada ultrassonografia de carcaça para avaliar a espessura de gordura (EGS), marmoreio (IMF), área do olho de lombo (AOL), gordura de picanha (EGP) e conversão alimentar (GPD).Resultados:Foi verificado uma associação entre peso dos animais e AOL r=0,76, P

The aim of this study was to evaluate the components of milk and mammary gland health of Criollo mares. A total of 12 mares coming from a farm in southern Brazil were used. Samples of milk were taken from each mare every two weeks up to 180 days of lactation. The characteristics analyzed were fat, protein, lactose, total solids, somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC). In relation to the health of the udder and the milk of the mares, the SCC was 24.1 x 103cells / ml and TBC was 44 x 103CFU / ml, while the average of milk components was 0.57% fat, 1.95% protein, 6.71% lactose and 9.24% total solids. Stage of lactation and individual characteristics may influence the level of milk components. The low SCC and TBC found in the Criollo breed mares’ milk ensure the quality of their milk compared to other species.

The objective was to evaluate whether rotatinuous stocking management in dual-purpose wheat genotypes provides greater forage performance compared to the traditional rotational grazing management, which could become an alternative to ryegrass, once this new management strategy has been validated. Three dual-purpose wheat cultivars (BRS Pastoreio, BRS Tarumã and BRS Tarumaxi) and a black oat cultivar (Embrapa 139 Neblina) were used in the experiment, in traditional rotational and rotatinuous stocking. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete blocks design, with treatments arranged in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme (cultivars x management strategies), with pre and post-harvest heights in traditional rotational management (RT) of 25 and 5 cm, and 25 and 15 in the rotatinuous stocking management (RN). The experiment was carried out at Embrapa Trigo, in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil. Nitrogen was applied after sowing and after cuts, according to the management strategies. Dry matter yield, percentage of leaf blades and forage accumulation per cut and total were evaluated. Wheat cultivars in rotatinuous stocking management showed higher numbers of cuts, greater cycle, percentage of leaves and average rate of forage accumulation, with smaller intervals between cycles. The total forage production showed no difference between the cultivars, however, BRS Tarumaxi was higher in the rotatinuous stocking management. Thus, responses between the genotypes in relation to the management strategies adopted are different. El objetivo fue evaluar si el manejo del trigo tradicional de rotación puede convertirse en una alternativa en relación al invierno para el ryegrass rotacional en relación al invierno para el ryegrass, una vez validada una nueva estrategia de manejo. Tres cultivares de trigo de doble propósito (BRS Pastoreio, BRS Tarumã y BRS Tarumaxi) y un cultivar de avena negra (Embrapa 139 Neblina) fueron utilizados en el experimento, en manejo tradicional y siembra rotacional. El diseño experimental fue en bloques al azar, con tratamientos dispuestos en esquema factorial 4 x 2 (cultivares x estrategias de manejo), con alturas pre y poscosecha en el manejo tradicional (RT) de 25 y 5 cm y en el media rotacional (RN) 25 y 15 cm, respectivamente. El experimento fue realizado en el área experimental de Embrapa Trigo, en Passo Fundo, RS. Como estrategias de manejo se realizaron fertilizaciones en cobertura y post cortes, después de la producción se determinó la proporción de hojas y la tasa de acumulación de forraje por corte y total. Al igual que los cultivares de trigo en el manejo, la siembra rotacional presentó mayores cortes, días de ciclo, número de hojas y promedio de tasa de acumulación de forraje, con menores intervalos de días entre ciclos. La producción total de forraje no difirió entre los genotipos, sin embargo, BRS Tarumaxi fue superior en el manejo de siembra rotacional. Así, las respuestas entre los genotipos en relación a las estrategias de elaboración elaboradas son diferentes. Objetivou-se avaliar se o manejo rotatínuo em genótipos de trigo de duplo propósito proporciona maior desempenho forrageiro em relação ao manejo rotativo tradicional, que poderá se tornar uma alternativa com espécies de gramíneas anuais de inverno ao azevém, uma vez validado essa nova estratégia de manejo. Foram utilizados no experimento três cultivares de trigo de duplo propósito (BRS Pastoreio, BRS Tarumã e BRS Tarumaxi) e uma de aveia preta (Embrapa 139 Neblina), em manejo rotativo tradicional e lotação rotatínua. O delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com os tratamentos arranjados no esquema fatorial 4 x 2 (cultivares x estratégias de manejo), sendo a altura de pré e pós-corte no manejo rotativo tradicional (RT) de 25 e 5 cm e no manejo lotação rotatínua (RN) 25 e 15 cm, respectivamente. O experimento foi desenvolvido na área experimental da Embrapa Trigo, em Passo Fundo, RS. Após a semeadura, foram realizadas adubações de cobertura e após os cortes, conforme as estratégias de manejo, sendo avaliada a produção, percentagem de lâminas foliares e a taxa de acúmulo de forragem por corte e total. As cultivares de trigo no manejo lotação rotatínua apresentaram maiores números de cortes, dias do ciclo, percentagem de folhas e taxa média de acúmulo de forragem, com menores intervalos de dias entre os ciclos. A produção total de forragem não demonstrou diferença entre os genótipos, no entanto, BRS Tarumaxi foi superior no manejo lotação rotatínua. Assim, respostas entre os genótipos frente às estratégias de manejo adotadas são distintas.

A ensilagem é técnica essencial para a produção animal devido à sazonalidade de produção forrageira durante o ano. A utilização de cereais de inverno é alternativa econômico e ambientalmente viável pois utiliza áreas ociosas no inverno. A mistura de cereais de inverno para a silagem vem ao encontro da necessidade de ampliar o período de colheita, diminuir riscos e melhorar a relação custo/benefício para o produtor. O experimento ocorreu em 2020, com os objetivos de avaliar a viabilidade de utilização e as características químicas das silagens resultantes, e partição folha/colmo/espiga ou panícula das cultivares estudadas. A primeira parte da pesquisa foi realizada a campo, na área experimental da Embrapa Trigo em Passo Fundo – RS, em blocos casualizados e três repetições, com quatro cultivares de trigo (BRS Pastoreio, BRS Tarumaxi, BRS Tarumã e Tbio Energix 201), e uma cultivar de aveia-preta (Embrapa 139 – Neblina). A segunda parte ocorreu em local abrigado da chuva, do sol e de variações extremas de temperatura, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos foram silos de PVC contendo as silagens das cultivares citadas anteriormente e as misturas Tbio Energix/Embrapa Neblina, BRS Tarumã/BRS Pastoreio, BRS Tarumaxi/BRS Pastoreio, Tbio Energix/BRS Pastoreio, e uma mistura de duas cultivares de cevada (BRS Quaranta/BRS Korbel). Todas as silagens apresentaram perfil fermentativo adequado e características nutricionais satisfatórias. A cultivar de trigo Pastoreio pode ser misturada com os trigos Energix, Tarumã e Tarumaxi, prolongando o período de colheita em 15 dias, com maior participação de lâminas foliares.

Background : Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, also known as equine Cushing’s syndrome, is a neurodegenerative disease. An important risk factor for Cushing’s is advanced aging and it is the most common endocrine disorder in older horses. The prevalence in horses aged over 10 and 15 years is reported as 9.3% and 21%, respectively. Due to the slow progressive nature of the disease, seasonal variation in hormone output and overlapping endocrine response to other events, accurate diagnosis is challenging. The diagnosis requires the combination of anamnesis, clinical signs, in addition to laboratory tests results. This study aimed to report Cushing’s syndrome in a Crioulo breed horse focusing on diagnostic methods. Case : A 13-year-old male Crioulo breed, orchiectomized, was attended at the Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), in Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil. The owner reported that the animal had progressive weight loss and coat abnormal growth, with curly appearance. From visual inspection, body condition score was 4 (1-9) bulging abdomen was noticed, hirsutism, depression and lethargy. Also, there was a large neoplastic mass on the left side of gluteal region. Later, this mass was classified in histopathological examination as a fibroblastic sarcoid and was treated. The animal presented physical parameters within the physiological limits of the specie. Normochromic normocytic anemia and neutrophilic leukocytosis were reported in the hematologic evaluation. In coproparasitological examination, there were 300 eggs per gram of feaces. Hyperadrenocorticism was suspected in the clinical examination and dexamethasone suppression test was performed to confirm the fact. Basal serum was collected at 17 h (M0) and subsequently 40 µg/kg of dexamethasone was administered intramuscularly. Serum samples were taken after 15 (M15) and 19 (M19) h, resulting in cortisol levels of 1.7 and 1.8 μg/dL, respectively. The M15 and M19 results were above reference values for horses (below 1 μg/dL). Combination of information gathered from anamnesis, clinical examination and dexamethasone suppression test resulted in the definitive diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism, also known as Cushing’s syndrome. Paliative treatment included shearing all over the body and vitamin supplementation. Discussion : In animals without obvious clinical signs, Cushing's syndrome diagnosis is challenging. The most unique and specific clinical signs are the development of abnormal hair coat, mainly hirsutism, delayed or incomplete shedding, and in aged horse, lightening of coat color. The mechanistic cause of these signs is still barely understood. Cushing's is a collection of syndromes each with a unique set of clinical signs and hormone profiles, which varies according to each individual. Complementary examinations are extremely important and endocrine tests are highly recommended in addition to suggestive findings. However, despite the variety of existing tests, false negatives or false positives can frequently happen. Dexamethasone suppression test is considered the gold standard, well validated, practical and low cost for the diagnosis of this disease. In the present report, the combination of anamnesis (13 years old, weight loss, and abnormal coat), clinical exam (hirsutism) and dexamethasone suppression test (over 1 μg/dL of cortisol 15 h and 19 h after dexamethasone administration) resulted in the definitive diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. Measurements of plasma concentrations of cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test, serum insulin concentration and necropsy are other available tests. History, clinical signs and test results are important to achieve the definitive diagnoses, and when possible, it is advisable to perform post-mortem evaluation of the pituitary gland.

O centeio (Secale cereale L.) é uma cultura que apresenta dupla aptidão de uso, onde além da produção dos grãos pode ser usada para cobertura do solo, pois apresenta elevada relação C/N da palhada que pode auxiliar no controle de plantas daninhas. Dessa forma, esse trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar através de modelos metanalíticos, se o centeio quando utilizado como cultura de cobertura diminui a incidência de plantas daninhas da área na cultura subsequente, e estimar a probabilidade de decréscimo quando comparado ao pousio. Foi realizada uma busca no banco de dados do “Google Scholar” usando os termos: “rye AND weed”, utilizando trabalhos em inglês ou em português publicados entre os anos de 2015 e 2020, que seguiam os critérios de inclusão pré-estabelecidos, dessa maneira, foram incluídas 11 publicações que totalizaram 26 estudos. Os resultados demonstram que, em média, a redução da biomassa de plantas daninhas proporcionada pelo centeio pode variar de 54,6% a 79,6% quando comparado ao pousio e que densidade de semeadura alta do centeio não proporciona o maior controle de plantas daninhas.

O trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar se a sobressemeadura de gramíneas forrageiras anuais em soja contribui para a diminuição da densidade de plantas daninhas para a cultura subsequente, bem como proporciona forragem para atender a demanda de alimento animal de forma que sua cobertura do solo não interfira no rendimento da cultura subsequente de inverno. Foram utilizadas duas cultivares de trigo duplo propósito (BRS Tarumã e BRS Pastoreio), três de centeio (BRS Serrano, BRS Progresso e Temprano) e de aveia-preta (Embrapa 139 Neblina, BRS Madrugada e BRS Centauro), uma de milheto (BRS 1503) e uma de capim-sudão (BRS Estribo). Os experimentos foram conduzidos em dois municípios do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, em 2019 e 2020. As forrageiras foram sobressemeadas a lanço de forma manual no estádio R6 da soja, em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em três repetições, durante dois anos. Foram avaliados o estande inicial das forrageiras, rendimento da cultura subsequente, a densidade de plantas daninhas antes da semeadura das forrageiras, após a dessecação das forrageiras para a semeadura do trigo e durante o afilhamento do trigo, a produção de massa seca (MS) das forrageiras na fase vegetativa, a produção total de MS durante o ciclo das forrageiras antes da dessecação para a semeadura do trigo. O estande inicial das forrageiras foi comprometido pela falta de chuva principalmente em 2020 acarretando danos à produção de MS e a persistência da palhada. Os tratamentos não interferiram na produtividade do trigo e na densidade de plantas daninhas.

Cattle tick fever (CTF) causes significant economic losses in the livestock sector. The pathogenic action of the hemoparasites is associated with anemia, weight loss, abortion and reduced productivity, which result with animal death. Programs to prevent CTF involve several procedures, including immunization, chemoprophylaxis and use of ectoparasiticides, together with the vector control in the environment. The objective of this study was to report an acute outbreak of CTF in a group of 157 Hereford cattle from a farm without presence of the vector, that were moved to a farm in the same state with a high tick infestation (Rhipicephalus microplus). On the day before the transportation, the animals received a chemoprophylaxis with imidocarb dipropionate (3 mg/kg, SC), which was repeated 21 days after the first application. After 42 days, some animals showed signs compatible with CTF, which was confirmed through clinical examination, necropsy, histopathological and hemoparasitological analyses. The morbidity rate was 37.6% and the mortality rate was 24.8%. Calves that were recently weaned were the group most affected with the tick fever, morbidity (100% and mortality (73%). Chemoprophylaxis in association with use of ectoparasiticides was not sufficient to control the outbreak of the disease. Resumo A “tristeza parasitária bovina” (TPB) gera importantes perdas econômicas na bovinocultura mundial. A ação patogênica dos hemoparasitas resulta em anemia, perda de peso, abortos e diminuição da produtividade, culminando, muitas vezes, em óbito dos animais. Um programa de prevenção para TPB necessita de medidas integradas, como a imunização, quimioprofilaxia e utilização de ectoparasiticidas, em conjunto com ações que visem ao controle ambiental dos vetores. Este artigo tem em vista o relato de um surto de TPB em uma fazenda de produção de bovinos de corte e com alta infestação do carrapato (Rhipicephalus microplus). A fazenda adquiriu 157 animais puros de origem, da raça Hereford, proveniente de uma fazenda sem presença do vetor. No dia anterior ao transporte, os animais receberam quimioprofilaxia com dipropionato de imidocarb (3mg/Kg/SC), repetindo-se 21 dias após a primeira aplicação. Aos 42 dias, alguns bezerros manifestaram sinais clínicos compatíveis com TPB, sendo confirmado pelo exame clínico, necropsia, análises histopatológicas e hemoparasitológicas. A morbidade foi de 37,6% (59/157), e a letalidade de 24,8% (39/157). A categoria de bezerros recém desmamados foi a mais acometida, com morbidade de 100% (52/52) e letalidade de 73% (38/52). A quimioprofilaxia associada à utilização de ectoparasiticidas foram insuficientes para evitar a ocorrência do surto da enfermidade.

The preservation of milk samples for microbiological analyses by the Brazilian Network of Milk Quality Control Laboratories requires the addition of preservatives to maintain the microbiota from the time of sample collection to the moment of analysis. The number of microorganisms can change as a result of the active ingredients and concentration of the preservative, as well as due to interactions between the preservatives, incubation time, and packaging temperature. The objective of this research was to evaluate the conservation potential of different concentrations of sodium azide and chloramphenicol on the analytical shelf life of milk samples. Two farms were selected, one with a low bacterial count and one with a high bacterial count. The milk was dispensed into sterile vials and tested after the addition of the usual concentrations of sodium azide and chloramphenicol, doubled concentrations, tripled concentrations, and as a control, without preservatives. The samples were incubated at 3 ± 1 °C, 6 ± 1 °C, and 9 ± 1 °C for 14 days and analyzed daily for their bacterial count by flow cytometry. The tripled preservative concentrations improved conservation, increasing the timespan of the analytical viability of the samples without altering the results.

The characterization of vaginal microbiota will help to understand some of the reproductive problems and mechanisms to improve cattle reproduction. The objective of this study was to characterize the vaginal microbiota of cyclical Holstein cows with different parturition orders using 16S rDNA sequencing. Animals were submitted to an estrus synchronization protocol with the use of intravaginal progesterone (P4) implants and were treated or not with ceftiofur hydrochloride. DNA samples were extracted from vaginal swabs on day 0 and 10 of the synchronization, and sequenced with the Illumina MiSeq platform with an average coverage rate of 10.000 reads per samples using a Single-End library for fragments of 300 bp. The main bacterial phyla found in the vaginal tract of Holstein cows, were Firmicutes (37.61%), Tenericutes (29.45%), Proteobacteria (17.47%) and Bacteriodetes (13.73%), followed by Actinobacteria (0.82%) and Spirochaetae (0.45%). The use of intravaginal P4 devices has increased the relative abundance of the genera Family XIII AD3011 and Family XIII unclassified (p .049). We have also observed an effect of the number of calving on the vaginal microbiota composition, showing that multiparous cows have a greater bacterial diversity than primiparous animals (p .05). The use of ceftiofur hydrochloride was effective to reduce the vaginal bacteria proliferation. This study describes for the first time the vaginal microbiota of cows synchronized with intravaginal progesterone devices, different from the traditional methods such as microbiological culture and biochemical tests. We have identified a large number of microorganisms commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of cows, colonizing the vaginal microbiota.

This study vised to detect possible changes in chemical and cellular composition of cow’s milk at different milking sessions and to test if proportional or composite milk sampling can be used instead of separate milk analysis. Two experiments were conducted: one in cows milked thrice daily and the other one in cows milked twice daily. In both experiments, three milk samples were collected from each cow in each milking session in order to determine milk composition at each milking; to have a composite sample, i.e., a single sample from the same aliquots of milk from each milking session; and to have a proportional sample, i.e., a single sample from each milking session in a volume proportional to milk volume yielded. Fat content and fat to protein ratio were higher in the afternoon on both experiments. Protein content was larger in the afternoon on cows milked twice daily, but not on cows milked thrice daily. Lactose level was not different across the milking sessions in any of the experiments. The urea level was higher in the afternoon and evening milking on cows milked thrice daily, and in the morning milking on cows milked twice daily. Somatic cell count did not differ between milking in any experiment. No difference in milk composition was noted between proportional and composite samples on cows milked thrice or twice daily. The collection of proportional and composite samples is recommended in twice or thrice daily milking sessions so that the analysis of milk components becomes more easy and cheap. RESUMO: Este estudo visou detectar possíveis mudanças na composição química e celular do leite de vaca em diferentes sessões de ordenha, e testar se a amostragem de leite proporcional ou composta pode ser usada em vez de uma análise separada do leite. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos: um em vacas ordenhadas três vezes ao dia e outro em vacas ordenhadas duas vezes ao dia. Em ambos os experimentos, três amostras de leite foram coletadas de cada vaca em cada ordenha: para determinar a composição do leite em cada ordenha; ter uma amostra composta, isto é, uma única amostra das mesmas alíquotas de leite de cada sessão de ordenha; e ter uma amostra proporcional, ou seja, uma única amostra de cada sessão de ordenha em um volume proporcional ao volume de leite produzido. O conteúdo de gordura e a relação gordura:proteína foram maiores no período da tarde nos dois experimentos. O conteúdo de proteína foi maior à tarde nas vacas ordenhadas duas vezes ao dia, mas não nas vacas ordenhadas três vezes ao dia. O nível de lactose não foi diferente nas sessões de ordenha em nenhum dos experimentos. O nível de ureia foi maior à tarde e à noite, nas vacas ordenhadas três vezes ao dia e, pela manhã, nas vacas ordenhadas duas vezes ao dia. A contagem de células somáticas não diferiu entre as ordenhas em nenhum experimento. Não houve diferença na composição do leite entre as amostras proporcionais e compostas em vacas ordenhadas três vezes ao dia. Recomenda-se a coleta de amostras proporcionais e compostas em duas ou três sessões diárias de ordenha, para que a análise dos componentes do leite se torne mais fácil e barata.

portuguesA determinacao da qualidade do leite nas fazendas e um parâmetro mundialmente aceito e utilizado como base para os sistemas de pagamento. Os produtores modernos utilizam o conhecimento das caracteristicas do leite para adotar medidas que visam melhorar produtividade e qualidade. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do ano, estacao, estagio de lactacao e numero de lactacao sobre as variaveis producao e composicao do leite de vacas Holandesas (n=148,604). A producao de leite estimada por regressao multipla foi de 25,50L/vaca/dia. O inverno foi a estacao com a maior produtividade e os maiores teores de proteina e lactose. A gordura de leite foi maior no outono em vacas primiparas e no final da lactacao. As vacas com estagio de lactacao entre 6 a 60 dias e aquelas que se encontram na segunda ou terceira lactacao apresentaram a maior produtividade. A concentracao de lactose correlacionou-se positivamente com a producao de leite. O escore das celulas somaticas correlacionou-se negativamente com a produtividade e com a concentracao de lactose. As variacoes mais importantes nas caracteristicas do leite ocorrem entre estacoes, estagios de lactacao e numero de partos. A saude da glândula mamaria ainda e o maior desafio a superar. Palavras-chave: qualidade do leite; numero de lactacoes; sazonalidade; estagio de lactacao EnglishWorldwide, milk analysis is an satisfactory measurement of milk quality on dairy farms. Milk composition is the base for payment systems, so knowledge of its characteristics at different periods is essential for modern dairy producer. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of year, season, stage of lactation, and lactation number on variations in milk yield and composition of Holstein cows (n=148,604). Milk yield estimated by multiple regression was 25,50L/cow/day. Winter was the season with the highest milk yield and the highest protein and lactose content. Milk fat was highest in the fall, in cows in late lactation and also in primiparous cows. Lactating cows from 6 to 60 days in lactation and those in 2nd or 3rd lactation showed the highest milk yield. Lactose concentration was positively correlated with milk yield. Somatic cell score was negatively correlated with milk yield and with lactose concentration. Most important variations in milk characteristics occur among seasons, lactation stages and parities. Mammary gland health is yet the greatest challenge to be overcome. Key words: milk quality; lactation number; seasonality; stage of lactation

The objective of this study was to identify a nonlinear regression model that better describes the milk production and the percentages of fat and protein curves, and to identify the season and age of calving that result in higher productions. For the analysis, 8,047 records of milk production and percentages of fat and protein obtained from 1,330 Holstein breed cows raised in Rio Grande do Sul, born from 1989 to 2011, were used. After determining the most appropriate nonlinear regression model, the identity of models and the equality of parameter tests for the different classes of season and age of calving were performed. Residual mean square, mean absolute deviation, mean squared prediction error and percentage of estimated curves per animal, indicated the Linear Hyperbolic Function (LHF) as the most appropriate to describe the milk production and the levels of fat and protein curves. Cows calving in the autumn and winter seasons yield higher quantities of milk and lower fat and protein content than those calved in the spring and summer seasons. Cows aged between 46 and 93 months at calving yield higher milk quantities, and those with calving age between 94 and 118 months produced more fat. RESUMO: Objetivou-se identificar o modelo de regressão não linear que melhor descreve as curvas de produção de leite e de porcentagens de gordura e proteína; a estação e idade ao parto que resultam em maiores produções. Nas análises, foram utilizados 8047 registros de produção de leite e porcentagens de gordura e proteína provenientes de 1330 vacas da raça Holandesa, criadas no Rio Grande do Sul, nascidas de 1989 a 2011. Após a definição do modelo de regressão não linear mais adequado, procedeu-se à realização do teste de identidade de modelos e de igualdade de parâmetros para as diferentes classes de estação e idade da vaca ao parto. O quadrado médio do resíduo, desvio médio absoluto, erro quadrático médio de predição e a porcentagem de curvas estimadas por animal apontaram a Função Linear Hiperbólica (FLH) como a mais adequada para descrever as curvas de produção de leite e teores de gordura e proteína. Vacas com ocorrência de partos nas estações de outono e inverno produzem maior quantidade de leite e menor teor de gordura e proteína do leite do que aquelas que parem nas estações de primavera e verão. Vacas com idades ao parto entre 46 e 93 meses produzem maior quantidade de leite e as com 94 a 118 meses, maior teor de gordura do leite.

The intensification of the use of artificial insemination in the swine industry has increased the interest to develop proper conditions to store semen better for longer periods of time without affecting its fertility. Trolox is a vitamin E analog with antioxidant property to prevent oxidative stress. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the Trolox antioxidant capacity on boar semen during storage period (86 h) at 15°C. For that, semen samples from 5 different boars were collected and diluted with a Long-Term (LT) extender with and without the addition of Trolox in a concentration of 50 µM. The sperm motility, oxidative stress and antioxidant protection were measured in those samples during an 84 h storage time. Our results indicated that Trolox was able to minimize the loss of sperm motility after 24 h of storage. The storage time was positively correlated with TBARS production. However in the presence of Trolox, after 12 h, TBARS content were significantly lower than those of sperm cells stored with LT diluent only. The concentrations of Non-Protein SH groups (NPSH), after 36 h of storage, were lower in sperm cells stored only with LT diluent when compared to the group supplemented with Trolox. Catalase and Superoxide Dismutase activities were decreased after 48 h storage at 15°C in both groups (with or without Trolox). Spontaneous spermatozoa ROS formation was high in viable swine sperm during the LT storage period in samples without Trolox. In conclusion, LT diluent with the addition of antioxidant as Trolox can reduce the oxidative stress in sperm cells, which could be used to protect spermatozoa against oxidative damage, preventing motility losses in swine semen.

Characterization of the vaginal microbiota in the livestock animals is of great interest to improve reproductive performance. With the objective of better comprehension of the possible causes of reproductive failure affecting cattle during the synchronization, we have characterized the vaginal microbiota of Holstein cows. The use of intravaginal implants with progesterone is a common procedure used to synchronize cows. It is known that these implants can cause vaginitis possibly altering the normal vaginal microbiota. For that, six (n=6) healthy Holstein cows were synchronized using CIDR® implants for a period of nine days. Vaginal swabs were collected on day zero (d0) and (d9) to investigate the changes in the vaginal microbiota. DNA was extracted and 16S rRNA sequences were sequenced using SE-Libraries for fragments of 300bp with minimum of 10,000 reads per sample using MiSeq-Illumina. 16S sequences were preprocessed using Seqyclean for quality control and Mothur for data processing and classification based on Silva Database. Comparison among the type and quantity of the bacteria on d0 and d9 of the protocol were conducted using White’s non-parametric t-test in STAMP, significance was considered if PTyzzerella, Clostridium, Coriobacteriaceae, Aerococcus, Acholeplasma, Macrococcus, Thiopseudomonas, Family XIII AD3011, Howardella, Elusimicrobium, Leuconostoc, Acetobacter, Mogibacteriu, Porphyromonas, Lachnospiraceae, Christensenellaceae and Dietzia) and reduced the Stenotrophomonas. Most of the identified bacteria are commonly found in the cattle gastrointestinal tract, therefore it is possible that the bacterial colonization in the vaginal microbiome has been facilitated by the implants. However it is not known if the bacterial proliferation is caused by direct contact of the CIDR® or is due to an immune suppression in the reproductive tract, caused by the high levels of progesterone.

Objetivou-se comparar um modelo multicaracterística padrão com modelos de análise de fatores (AF) e de componentes principais (CP) para estimar parâmetros genéticos para a produção de leite no dia do controle (PLDC) de vacas da raça Holandesa. O arquivo de trabalho constituiu-se de 4.616 registros mensais de PLDC de primeiras lactações de vacas da raça Holandesa. As PLDC foram agrupadas em dez classes mensais, entre o 5o e 305o dia da lactação (PLDC1 a PLDC10). Foram realizadas análises considerando 11 modelos diferentes, como segue: multi-característica padrão (MC); cinco modelos de posto reduzido, para a matriz de covariância genética, ajustando um a cinco (CP1 ... CP5) componentes principais; e dois modelos utilizando análise de fatores (F1, F2, F3, F4 e F5). Para todos os modelos, foram considerados como aleatórios os efeitos genético aditivo e o residual e como fixos os de grupo de contemporâneos, da idade da vaca ao parto (linear e quadrático) e dias em lactação (linear). Os valores de Log L, AIC e BIC melhoraram com o aumento do número de parâmetros até CP4 e AF4. Comparando CP4 e AF4, observa-se que CP4 resultou em melhores valores de Log L, AIC e BIC. As estimativas de herdabilidade e correlações genéticas utilizando os modelos MC, CP4 e AF4 foram similares, variando de 0,06 (PL6) a 0,65 (PL10) e de 0,05 (PL4xPL10) a 0,94 (PL2xPL3), respectivamente, indicando que a estrutura de covariâncias genéticas entre as produções de leite no dia do controle pode ser ajustada utilizando um modelo de posto reduzido, contendo quatro componentes principais ou quatro fatores. The objective was to compare a standard multi-trait (MT) analysis model with factor (FA) and principal components (PC) analyses models to estimated genetic parameters for Holstein cows test day milk production (TD). The data file was composed by 4.616 TD at first lactation registers. The TD was grouped into ten monthly classes of lactation, from the 5th and the 305th day of lactation (TD1 to TD10). Analyses were performed considering 11 different models: standard multi-traits (MT), five reduced rank models to genetic covariance matrix adjusting one (PC1), two (PC2), three (PC3), four (PC4) and five (PD5) principal components and five models using factor analyses (F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5). To all the models the effects additive genetic and residual were considered as random and the effects of contemporary group, age of cow at parturition (linear and quadratic) and days in lactation (linear) were considered as fixed. The values of Log L, AIC e BIC improved with the augment of the number of parameters until CP4 and AF4. Comparing CP4 and AF4 is possible to verify that CP4 proportioned better values to Log L, AIC e BIC. The heritabilities and genetic correlations estimated to the ten test day milk production using MC, CP4 and AF4 models were similar ranging from 0.06 (PL6) to 0.65 (PL10) and from 0.05 (PL4xPL10) to 0.94 (PL2xPL3), respectively, indicating that the structure of the genetic covariance between the TD milk productions can be adjusted using a reduced rank model with four principal components or four factors.

The objective of this study was to compare the functions of Wilmink and Ali and Schaeffer with Legendre polynomials in random regression models using heterogeneous residual variances for modeling genetic parameters during the first lactation in the Holstein Friesian breed. Five thousand eight hundred and eighty biweekly records of test-day milk production were used. The models included the fixed effects of group of contemporaries and cow age at calving as covariable. Statistical criteria indicated that the WF.33_HE2, LEG.33_HE2, and LEG.55_HE4 functions best described the changes in the variances that occur throughout lactation. Heritability estimates using WF.33_HE2 and LEG.33_HE2 models were similar, ranging from 0.31 to 0.50. The LEG.55_HE4 model diverged from these models, with higher estimates at the beginning of lactation and lower estimates after the 16th fortnight. The LEG55_HE4, among the three better models indicated by the index, is the one with highest number of parameters (14 vs 34) and resulted in lower estimation of residual variance at the beginning and at the end of lactation, but overestimated heritability in the first fortnight and presented a greater difficulty to model genetic and permanent environment correlations among controls. Random regression models that used the Wilmink and Legendre polynomials functions with two residual variance classes appropriately described the genetic variation during lactation of Holstein Friesians reared in Rio Grande do Sul. RESUMO: Objetivou-se comparar as funções de Wilmink e Ali e Schaeffer com polinômios de Legendre em modelos de regressão aleatória, utilizando variâncias residuais heterogêneas, para modelar parâmetros genéticos ao longo da primeira lactação na raça Holandesa. Foram utilizados cinco mil oitocentos e oitenta registros quinzenais de produção de leite no dia do controle. Os modelos incluíram os efeitos fixos de grupo de contemporâneos e a idade da vaca ao parto como covariável. Os critérios estatísticos apontaram as funções WF.33_HE2, LEG.33_HE2 e a LEG.55_HE4 como as melhores em descrever as mudanças nas variâncias que ocorrem ao longo da lactação. As herdabilidades estimadas pelos modelos WF.33_HE2 e LEG.33_HE2 foram semelhantes, variando de 0,31 a 0,50. O LEG.55_HE4 divergiu destes, no início da lactação, com estimativas superiores e, a partir da 16ª quinzena, com estimativas inferiores. O LEG55_HE4, entre os três melhores modelos indicados pelo índice, é o mais parametrizado (14 vs 34) e resultou em menores estimativas de variância residual no início e no final da lactação, mas superestimou a herdabilidade na primeira quinzena e apresentou maior dificuldade em modelar as correlações genéticas e de ambiente permanente entre os controles. Os modelos de regressão aleatória que usaram a função de Wilmink e Polinômios de Legendre com duas classes de variâncias residuais descreveram adequadamente a variação genética ao longo da lactação de vacas da raça Holandesa, criadas no Rio Grande do Sul.

We designed an experiment to determine the concentrations of a marker of lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes of horses submitted to jumping competitions. Erythrocytes of exercised horses showed a significant increase in the concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive species content immediately after exercise ( P P P P P

Background: The Brazilian government has established disease eradication and control programs to protect livestock from pathogens that affect animal health and compromise animal protein production and food safety and quality. Vaccination campaigns against foot-and-mouth disease and other infectious diseases in cattle except brucellosis can be carried out bynon-veterinarian employees. However, vaccination errors can result in the formation of granulomas at injection sites that can affect animal welfare and production. The present study aimed to report two cases of granulomas at injection sites due to the inadvertent administration of vaccines containing saponins and mineral oil as adjuvants.Cases: Case 1. The history was that a 2-year-old Devon steer was down for 7 days and was vaccinated 20 days ago with a vaccine containing saponins and mineral oil as adjuvants. Case 2. A 7-month-old Holstein heifer was examinated due to a 40-day history of ataxia, forelimb paresis progressing to tetraparesis, and vaccination with a vaccine containing saponins and mineral oil as adjuvants 60 days ago. These two animals were admitted in the Veterinary Hospital from the University of Passo Fundo (UPF) with a clinical history of incoordination and permanent decubitus after vaccination. The disease had a similar clinical course in both animals. Clinical signs included the presence of a palpable cervical mass at the site of vaccination, forelimb paresis that progressed to tetraparesis, and decubitus scars. Treatment included intravenousadministration of anti-inflammatory steroids, antibiotic therapy, daily cleansing of the pressure sores, all four limbs were massaged, animals underwent several physiotherapy sessions, slings were used to mantain recumbent patients in a standing position and supportive therapy consisted of fluid therapy and oral supplementation. Animals remained hospitalizedfor approximately 40 days. Pacients experienced temporary improvement during treatment, and would walk with an uncoordinated gait. The clinical picture worsened after treatment was discontinued, necessitating euthanasia. At necropsy, gross lesions were similar in both animals. In case 1, the trapezius was firm and pale and had multiple granulomas whichextended into the cervical vertebral column at C3-C4 and invaded the spinal canal compressing the spinal cord. In case 2, there was extensive damage to the trapezius by granulomatous inflammation; numerous nodular granulomas exuded milky contents. These lesions extended deep into the muscle fibers and infiltrated the vertebral column at C5-C6, with involvement of the medullary canal and spinal cord compression. Microscopically there was severe, diffuse pyogranulomatous myositis. Each pyogranuloma had a central clear space. Nodal architecture was effaced by these inflammatory nodules.Discussion: Some drugs and vaccines contain irritating adjuvants and induce granuloma formation at the inoculation site. In both cattle, vaccines were injected intramuscularly in the cranial third of the neck in close proximity to the cervical vertebrae and surrounding tissues. These vaccines possibly induced an exuberant inflammatory reaction at the inoculationsite. An exacerbated inflammatory response following the administration of adjuvanted vaccines by improperly trained personnel caused substantial tissue damage at the injection site. Severe, locally extensive lesions were found at necropsy affecting adjacent structures including skeletal muscles and spinal cord. The clinical signs of ataxia and forelimb paresis thatprogressed to tetraparesis were due to the marked pyogranulomatous inflammation in C3-C4 in case 1 and in C5-C6 in case 2. The present study reinforces the importance of good farming practices and properly trained personnel working at farms.Keywords: bovine, vaccine, infection site, granuloma, iatrogenic.

Para avaliar a influência da suplementação com selênio e vitamina E sobre o perfil proteico e metabolismo oxidativo de cordeiros infectados experimentalmente pelo Haemonchus contortus, trinta cordeiros fêmeas foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: G1 (n=10): animais infectados; G2 (n=10): infectados e suplementados; G3 (n=5): controle; e G4 (n=5): não infectados e suplementados. Os grupos 1 e 2 receberam 500 larvas de H. contortus (L3), via oral, por um período de 20 dias, com intervalo de dois dias entre as doses. A suplementação nos grupos 2 e 4 foi realizada no dia zero, com 0,1mg kg-1 de Selenito de sódio (1,67%) e com 2.000UI de vitamina E por via intramuscular (IM). Somente a vitamina E foi reaplicada no dia 30. As coletas de sangue para determinação do perfil proteico (proteína total, albumina, alfa, beta e gamaglobulina) e metabolismo oxidativo (espécies reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico-TBARS e a enzima glutationa peroxidase (GSPX) foram realizadas nos dias zero, 20, 30, 45, 60 e 80. OPG foi quantificado nos dias 0, 20 ,45 e 80. Em relação aos valores de proteínas totais, albumina, betaglobulina e gamaglobulina, as principais diferenças foram observadas quando os grupos parasitados foram comparados com o grupo somente suplementado; e este manteve valores mais elevados. Conclui-se que não há influência da suplementação com selênio e vitamina E no perfil proteico e metabolismo oxidativo quando os cordeiros se encontram severamente parasitados por H.contortus.

Background: Intoxication caused by Senecio sp is characterized by irreversible damage to liver cells and may be associated with oxidative stress. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of intoxication by Senecio sp on lipoperoxidation, antioxidant defenses, and the osmotic resistance of erythrocytes in cattle. Methods: Blood samples from 30 intoxicated animals (group 1) and 30 healthy animals (group 2) were analyzed. The diagnosis of poisoning by Senecio sp was based on histopathologic lesions verified through hepatic biopsy. The following biochemical parameters of oxidative stress in the erythrocytes were determined: thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), copper–zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) activity, and nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPSH) groups. Erythrocyte osmotic fragility also was evaluated. Results: TBARS concentration and CuZnSOD activity were significantly (P < .001) higher in group 1 when compared with group 2. The concentration of erythrocyte NPSH groups was significantly (P < .03) lower in group 1 when compared with group 2. Osmotic fragility was more pronounced in the erythrocytes of group 1 when compared with group 2 (P < .001). Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that poisoning by Senecio sp causes an increase in lipoperoxidation, oxidation of NPSH groups, and consequently, oxidative stress in bovine erythrocytes that may contribute to hemolysis. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in cell damage in animals intoxicated by Senecio sp.

Em vacas leiteiras, a recuperação da glândula mamária após a ocorrência de mastite é um processo que merece atenção especial. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da associação de butafosfan e cianocobalamina (BFC) na recuperação da glândula mamária de vacas leiteiras após o tratamento de mastite. Foram utilizadas 32 vacas da raça Holandês diagnosticadas com mastite clínica leve (n=18, leite coagulado) e mastite clínica moderada (n=14, leite coagulado e sinais clínicos). Dentro de cada categoria, os animais foram separados em dois grupos: Controle (CON, n=15) que recebeu três aplicações por via intravenosa (IV) de placebo (NaCl 0,9%) 0,1 mL/kg de Peso Vivo (PV) e Grupo Tratado (GT/BFC, n=17) que recebeu três aplicações IV de 10 mg de butafosfan + 5 µg de cianocobalamina/kg de PV (Catosal® B12, Bayer Animal Health) a cada 5 dias. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas após a ordenha, sendo 12 h antes e 12 e 36 h após a aplicação dos tratamentos, para análise de glicose, albumina, proteínas plasmáticas totais (PPT) e ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNEs). Amostras individuais de leite foram coletadas 12 h antes, no momento da aplicação (0 h) e 12, 24 e 36 h após a realização dos tratamentos, para análise de proteína, caseínas totais, lactose, gordura, sólidos totais, ureia, pH, crioscopia, densidade e contagem de células somáticas (CCS). A CCS no grupo GT/BFC foi menor (p=0,02) após a terceira aplicação de BFC. O peso corporal, níveis de glicose, albumina, PPT, AGNEs e os parâmetros do leite não diferiram entre os grupos. A associação de butafosfan e cianocobalamina após o tratamento de mastite clínica pode contribuir para a redução da contagem de células somáticas do leite, tendo um papel importante no processo de recuperação da glândula mamária.