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Aim Positron Emission Tomography with Computed Tomography (PET/CT) has been proven to be useful in the definition of Radiotherapy (RT) target volume. In this regard, the present expert review summarizes existing data for pancreas, prostate, gynecological and rectum/anal cancer. Methods A comprehensive search of published original article was made, based on SCOPUS and PubMed database, selecting the paper that evaluated the role of PET/CT in the definition of RT volume. Results FDG-PET has an important and promising role for pancreatic cancer. Choline PET/CT could be useful for identifying high-risk volumes for prostate cancer; while PSMA PET/CT is still under evaluation. FDG PET/CT in gynecological cancers has been shown to impact external-beam RT planning. The role of FDG-PET for Gross Tumor volume identification is crucial, representing a useful and powerful tool for anal and rectal cancer. Conclusion Taken together, molecular and functional imaging approaches offer a major step to individualize radiotherapeutic approach.

Aim Functional and molecular imaging, including positron emission tomography with computed tomography imaging (PET/CT) is increasing for radiotherapy (RT) definition of the target volume. This expert review summarizes existing data of functional imaging modalities and RT management, in terms of target volume delineation, for the following anatomical districts: brain (for primary and secondary tumors), head/neck and lung. Materials and methods A collection of available published data was made, by PubMed a search. Only original articles were carefully and critically revised. Results For primary and secondary brain tumors, amino acid PET radiotracers could be useful to identify microscopic residual areas and to differ between recurrence and treatment-related alterations in case of re-irradiation. As for head and neck neoplasms may benefit from precise PET/CT-based target delineation, due to the major capability to identify high-risk RT areas. In primary and secondary lung cancer, PET/CT could be useful both to delimit a tumor and collapsed lungs and as a predictive parameter of treatment response. Conclusion Taken together, molecular and functional imaging approaches offer a major step to individualize radiotherapeutic care going forward. Nevertheless, several uncertainties remain on the standard method to properly assess the target volume definition including PET information for primary and secondary brain tumors.

Carcinosarcomas (CS) in gynecology are very infrequent and represent only 2–5% of uterine cancers. Despite surgical cytoreduction and subsequent chemotherapy being the primary treatment for uterine CS, the overall five-year survival rate is 30 ± 9% and recurrence is extremely common (50–80%). Due to the poor prognosis of CS, new strategies have been developed in the last few decades, targeting known dysfunctional molecular pathways for immunotherapy. In this paper, we aimed to gather the available evidence on the latest therapies for the treatment of CS. We performed a systematic review using the terms “uterine carcinosarcoma”, “uterine Malignant Mixed Müllerian Tumors”, “target therapies”, “angiogenesis therapy”, “cancer stem cell therapy”, “prognostic biomarker”, and “novel antibody-drug”. Based on our results, the differential expression and accessibility of epithelial cell adhesion molecule-1 on metastatic/chemotherapy-resistant CS cells in comparison to normal tissues and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) open up new possibilities in the field of target therapy. Nevertheless, future investigations are needed to clarify the impact of these new therapies on survival rate and medium-/long-term outcomes.

A 69-year-old male patient, with bilateral hypoacusia and tinnitus, had a diagnosis of left vestibular schwannoma with synchronous meningioma on the left frontal lobe. After partial surgical resection of the acoustic schwannoma, this was followed by stereotactic radiosurgery on the residual lesion. The patient had a metachronous prostate cancer treated with conformal radiotherapy associated to 6 months of hormone therapy with luteinizing hormone/releasing hormone analog. During follow-up, prostate-specific antigen value increased to 0.27 ng/mL and the patient underwent 18F-methylcholine positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-choline PET/CT). The whole-body scan demonstrated a focus of increased uptake at level of the left cerebellopontine angle and at the left frontal lobe, corresponding to the known vestibular schwannoma and meningioma. A subsequent brain contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an increased dimension of the left cerebellopontine neuroma and dimensional stability of the left frontal meningioma compared with previous MRI of 6 months earlier. To the best of our knowledge, we describe the first case of a 18F-choline PET/CT demonstrating a relapse of a vestibular schwannoma after stereotactic radiotherapy.

A 66-year-old-man underwent a PET/CT scan after a biochemical relapse for a prostate cancer previously treated with a laparoscopic surgical procedure which revealed a focal uptake in the posterior wall of sigmoid colon. The biopsy demonstrated a colon cancer with mucinous differentiation producing a shift in clinical priority. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report in the English literature describing the detection by18F-choline PET/CT of a colorectal cancer with mucinous differentiation.

Metastatic disease of the bone is a rare complication of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), it may be result from richter's transformation or metastatic from non lymphoid malignancies. CLL is the most common form of adult leukemia, with the median age of 70 years at diagnosis [Siegel et al. 2013]. The diagnosis is established by blood counts, blood smears, and immunophenotyping of circulating B-lymphocytes.The result is the increased number of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, leukocytosis with absolute lymphocytosis, the increase of the lymphnodes, the increase in size of the spleen. The diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B requires the presence of Clonal B cells in the peripheral blood at or above 5,000 / ul for at least 3 months. Typing immunophenotypical pathological lymphocytes are positive for surface antigens CD5, CD19, CD23, weakly positive for CD20 and CD22, generally negative FMC7 and CD79b; also expressing surface immunoglobulins. The Rai and Binet staging systems, which are established by physical examination and blood counts, have been recognized as standards for deciding whether to begin treatment. Patients with active or symptomatic disease or with advanced Binet or Rai stages require therapy. For fit patients, chemoimmunotherapy with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab represents the current standard therapy. For unfit patients, treatment with an anti-CD20 antibody (obinutuzumab, rituximab, ofatumumab) plus a milder chemotherapy (Chlorambucil) may be applied. At relapse, if the treatment-free interval exceeds two to three years, the initial treatment may be repeated, if the disease relapses earlier, drugs such as bendamustine (plus rituximab), alemtuzumab, lenalidomide, ofatumumab, ibrutinib, or idelalisib, must be choosen. Patients with a del(17p) or TP53 mutation can be treated with ibrutinib or a combination of idelalisib and rituximab. in relapsing patients with TP53 mutations or del(17p) or patients that are refractory to repeated chemoimmunotherapies, an allogeneic SCT may be considered [Hallek M 2015]. In this article we show a case of a 66-year-old man with CLL and a bone localization. In 2011 diagnosis of CLL, Rai Stage 0, Binet Stage A. Principal characteristics at diagnosis: HB 13.2 g /dl, White Blood Cells 15.800 / mm3, lymphocytes 61%, neutrophils 32%, monocytes 4%, platelets 141.000/mm3; normal hepatic end renal function; flowcytometric immunophenotyping of the peripheral blood revealed B-cell CLL; prognostic factors: CD38 negative, ZAP70 positive, rearrangement of the immunoglobulins mutated; FISH: negative; CT chest / abdomen / pelvis: presence of multiple aorto-pulmonary and axillary adenopathies (max diameter of 2 centimeters); bone marrow biopsy: infiltration of CLL equal to 60% of global cellularity. The patient was only observed until January 2015, when he was hospitalized due to acute anemia, requiring supportive therapy, and right foot pain . So it was decided to re-evaluate the whole disease in order to decide whether to start chemotherapy. The disease was staged again with instrumental and laboratory tests: presence of renal insufficiency, egd and colonoscopy negative, Coombs' test negative, bone marrow biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic with bone marrow infiltration of 90%, abdomen ultrasound showed only moderate splenomegaly. On February, persistence of right foot pain and appearance of swelling, assessed by the orthopedic as a suspected algic and dystrophic syndrome. So he suggested to perform scintigraphy which revealed: pronounced inflammatory osteometabolic reaction of the right tibia/fibula/ankle third distal which could be referred, in the first evaluation, to algic and dystrophic syndrome. However, a local biopsy was performed: localization of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. On March 2015 a total body TC showed 2 nodular calcifications in the right lung lobe, multiple right paratracheal, barety space, aortopulmonary and axillary adenopathies. Prostate size increased. In order to study carefully the liver and prostate lesions, an ultrasound abdomen was performed that documented only enlarged spleen, normal size liver, free of focal disease, increased prostate due to symmetric bilobate hypertrophy . After the second cycle of chemotherapy, prolonged thrombocytopenia, so he continues only with a radiotherapy program. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.