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Endoscopic balloon dilation (EBD) is the established endoscopic treatment for short strictures in Crohn's disease. Fully covered self-expandable metal stents (FCSEMS) have been used for endoscopic treatment of patients for whom EBD was unsuccessful. We aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of the two endoscopic treatments in patients with Crohn's disease with stenosis and compare the mean cost of both treatments.This multicentre, open-label, randomised trial was done in 19 tertiary and secondary hospitals in Spain. Patients with Crohn's disease with obstructive symptoms and predominantly fibrotic strictures of less than 10 cm in length were eligible for inclusion. We excluded patients with stenosis treated with SEMS or EBD in the previous year and stenosis not accessible to a colonoscope. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either EBD (EBD group) or FCSEMS (FCSEMS group) using a digital en-block randomisation system (block size of four). In the EBD group, dilation was done with a CRE Boston Scientific (Marlborough, MA, USA) pneumatic balloon with the diameter set at the discretion of the endoscopist; a maximum of two sessions of dilation were allowed with a minimum interval of 15-30 days between them. In the FCSEMS group, a 20 mm diameter Taewoong (Gimpo-si, South Korea) fully covered metal stent was placed; stent length was set at the discretion of the endoscopist. The primary outcome was to assess the efficacy of the endoscopic treatment, defined by the proportion of patients free of a new therapeutic intervention (EBD, FCSEMS, or surgery) due to symptomatic recurrence at 1 year of follow-up. Patients were analysed according to the intention-to-treat principle. Adverse events were recorded for all the patients; events were considered associated to be with the procedure when a causal association was possible, probable, or definite. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02395354.From Aug 28, 2013, to Oct 9, 2017, we assessed the eligibility of 99 patients, of whom 19 (19%) patients were excluded. Thus, 80 (81%) patients were randomly assigned to treatment: 39 (49%) patients to the FCSEMS group and 41 (51%) patients to the EBD group. 33 (80%) of 41 patients in the EBD group and 20 (51%) of 39 patients in the FCSEMS group were free of a new therapeutic intervention at 1 year (odds ratio [OR] 3·9 [95% CI 1·4-10·6]; p=0·0061). Two (3%) of 80 patients had severe adverse events (one [2%] patient in the EBD group and one [3%] patient in the FCSEMS group); both patients had perforations.EBD is more effective than FCSEMS for Crohn's disease strictures, with a good safety profile for both treatments.Spanish National Institute of Health, Foundation of Spanish Society of Digestive Endoscopy, Catalan Society of Gastroenterology, and Taweoong.

Se analiza una comunidad de hormigas encontrada en un fragmento de Bosque Seco Tropical de la Vereda El Arenoso del municipio de Rivera, Huila; el cual se encuentra altamente intervenido pero que aún conserva suficiente estructura de vegetación. Nuestro objetivo principal era determinar si hay significancias en la diversidad de hormigas dentro del área de estudio. Para lograr dicho objetivo se caracterizaron las muestras colectadas tanto de hormigas como de vegetación para analizar su relación. Se registraron un total de 18 géneros de hormigas en todo el fragmento y 16 géneros de plantas. Se encuentra dominado taxonómicamente por las subfamilias Myrmicinae, Ponerinae, Dolichoderinae, Dorylinae, Formicinae, Pseudomyrmecinae para hormigas y Anacardiaceae, Cactaceae, Piperaceae, Nyctageaceae, Myrtaceae, Apocynaceae, Sapindaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Poaceae, Salicaceae, Asteraceae, Moraceae, Boraginaceae, Rutaceae y Euphorbiaceae para plantas.

El presente documento está orientado a presentar los resultados del proyecto código 2594, financiado por la Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Proyección Social de la Universidad Surcolombiana, trabajo realizado por integrantes del Grupo de Investigación y Pedagogía en Biodiversidad, GIPB, de la Licenciatura en Ciencias Naturales y Educación Ambiental de la Universidad Surcolombiana, con el apoyo del profesor Alfonso Morelo de la Ossa, Grupo de Investigación Salud y Derechos Humanos, de la Universidad Surcolombiana, de personal de la CAM, la comunidad de la cuenca media del río Las Ceibas y vendedores de agraz del mercado campesino Coorpromercalixto, cuyo objetivo general fue definir los usos, formas de manejo y hábitos de comercialización del agraz (Vitis tiliifolia) en la comunidad de la cuenca media del río Las Ceibas (Neiva, Huila, Colombia), como parte del programa de aprovechamiento de recursos no maderables del bosque, liderado por la CAM.

En un mundo globalizado como el que habitamos, las ciudades están teniendo un crecimiento, en muchos casos acelerado y desordenado, y los espacios verdes cada día son más limitados. Según la Organización de Naciones Unidas (ONU, 2021), desde el 2007, más de la mitad de la población humana (~3.500 millones de personas) vive en ciudades, y posiblemente la cifra se duplicará hacia el 2050; uno de los resultados de ello es la marginalidad, con el aumento de habitantes en barrios pobres, que además presentan infraestructuras y servicios públicos (como recolección de basuras, sistemas de acueducto,salud, vías públicas, etc.), inadecuados y sobrecargados, lo cual está empeorando la contaminación del medioambiente y el crecimiento urbano incontrolado, sin dejar de mencionar que también ha aumentado el hambre y las muertes por la falta de acceso a los alimentos, y que el aire que respiran los habitantes en las ciudades no cumple con las normas de seguridad establecidas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), lo que provoca alrededor de 4.2 millones de muertes al año por contaminación atmosférica.

Malaltia de Crohn; Factors predictius; Ustekinumab Enfermedad de Crohn; Factores predictivos; Ustekinumab Crohn’s disease; Predictive factors; Ustekinumab Ustekinumab has shown efficacy in Crohn’s Disease (CD) patients. To identify patient profiles of those who benefit the most from this treatment would help to position this drug in the therapeutic paradigm of CD and generate hypotheses for future trials. The objective of this analysis was to determine whether baseline patient characteristics are predictive of remission and the drug durability of ustekinumab, and whether its positioning with respect to prior use of biologics has a significant effect after correcting for disease severity and phenotype at baseline using interpretable machine learning. Patients’ data from SUSTAIN, a retrospective multicenter single-arm cohort study, were used. Disease phenotype, baseline laboratory data, and prior treatment characteristics were documented. Clinical remission was defined as the Harvey Bradshaw Index ≤ 4 and was tracked longitudinally. Drug durability was defined as the time until a patient discontinued treatment. A total of 439 participants from 60 centers were included and a total of 20 baseline covariates considered. Less exposure to previous biologics had a positive effect on remission, even after controlling for baseline disease severity using a non-linear, additive, multivariable model. Additionally, age, body mass index, and fecal calprotectin at baseline were found to be statistically significant as independent negative risk factors for both remission and drug survival, with further risk factors identified for remission. This work was supported by Janssen-Cilag Spain. This sponsor had a partial role in study design, analysis, and interpretation of data.

Background: Low-quality jobs, long working hours and difficult scheduling of hours have been usually reported in the hotel industry. The situation is more difficult for people with disabilities (PWD), even more in the COVID-19 crisis, especially in terms of labour inclusion (due to the labour discrimination usually suffered by this collective). Thus, Special Employment Centres (SEC) have been created in Spain to spread protected employment of PWD. Although they are improving the situation in the short term, the long-term impact developing sustainable employment is not clear. The objective of this paper is to analyze the Spanish situation, the possible differences between sheltered employment and the ordinary labour market, how SEC could be improving (or not) their labour situation in the hotel sector in the long term, and the potential of incorporating Corporate Social Marketing to overcome the problem. Methods: A content bibliographic analysis has been carried out according to the latest research about this topic, using a ProKnow-C methodology. Results: There seems to be two different groups of papers (supply and demand sides), being the supply side one (focused on HR practices about PWD inclusion and managers’ perceptions of workers with disabilities) more related to our research objective. Furthermore, few articles were found about SEC and Corporate Social Marketing in relation to this topic, highlighting the originality of this research approach. Conclusions: According to our bibliographic portfolio, the presence of labour discrimination in the regular market is more evident, and, in the long term, two opposite situations could be happening simultaneously: (a) SEC would be reinforcing the social stigma, hindering the labour situation of PWD, (b) SEC could be changing the social perspectives of clients and all society in a positive manner. Therefore, it would be necessary to go in-depth into the present subject, from an academic but also practical perspective, incorporating an innovative Corporate Social Marketing approach in order to shed new light on this issue and improving effective sustainable employment of PWD.

This study was aimed at delving into the relationship between botanical species with cultural significance and both the managed environments they inhabit (Coffee plantation, Forest, Garden, Orchard, Market) and their origin (Wild, Cultivated), as established by people from vereda Las Delicias, Colombia. We tested the hypothesis that cultivated plants from the coffee plantations would have the highest cultural significance. One hundred and ninety-two plants were recorded by common name, however, upon taxonomic analysis, 238 botanical species were established. The most relevant spaces in terms of diversity were the coffee plantation (91 useful plants) and the garden (81 useful plants). Regarding origin, most of the plants were cultivated (151), with only 50 wild species. Likewise, there is a significantly larger cultural significance of coffee plantantion plants than there is garden plants and forest plants. Furthermore, cultivated plants have a significantly larger cultural significance than do wild plants. In conclusion, there is a diversity of useful plants within coffee plantation systems, which guarantee family livelihoods, diversify income sources, and protect the natural resources of the region. Finally, the importance of coffee (Coffea arabica) comes from its role as a customary heritage for this community, which strengthens agricultural, environmental, and cooperative processes after each generation.

The situation of labour inclusion of people with disabilities in Spain is still too negative, in spite of the different efforts carried out by public and private sector. Previous research points to social discrimination as one of the main causes of the situation. Ilunion Hotels is one of the most important hotel companies in Spain focused on labour inclusion of people with disabilities. The objective of this paper is to explore the social inclusion case of Ilunion Hotels of the Costa del Sol, the actions that they have developed to improve the labour integration of this collective, based on a behavioral economics theoretical model (with a high relevance of the influence of social stigma, stress theories and coping to stress responses). We look into the specific situation of two of the three hotels developed as Special Employment Centres (sheltered employment contexts defined by Spanish legislation) and the possible impact of their Support Units for Professional Activity. Case study methodology is considered the most appropriate, according to the research objective, supported by semi-structured interviews with the hotel managers. The results show that, although Special Employment Centres are effective in improving labour integration in the short term and could contribute to change the long-term social perspectives about workers with disabilities, they could be also reinforcing the social stigma existing in the ordinary market.

presente trabajo tiene por finalidad el desarrollo del Plan Estratégico para la empresa Digital Comunicaciones S.A.C. para el período 2018 - 2021, el mismo que representa una herramienta de gestión que busca establecer estrategias que permitan mejorar el funcionamiento de la empresa, incrementar las ventas y con ello mejorar las utilidades y el valor de la empresa. En el trabajo se realizará un análisis del sector de telecomunicaciones en el país, para luego hacer una evaluación a la empresa, con dicha información se procederá a construir las diferentes matrices, teniendo como resultado la formulación de estrategias que le corresponde aplicar a la empresa, y por último se seleccionará las estrategias más adecuadas, proyectando el impacto económico que estas puedan tener producto de la implementación. Trabajo de Investigación

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This study sought to determine the prevalence of malnutrition in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, to analyse the dietary beliefs and behaviours of these patients, to study their body composition, to evaluate their muscular strength and to identify the factors associated with malnutrition in these patients. METHODS: This was a prospective, multicentre study. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients from 30 Spanish centres, from the outpatient clinics, were included. A questionnaire of 11 items was applied to obtain data from patients' dietary behaviour and beliefs. Patients who accepted were evaluated to assess their nutritional status using Subjective Global Assessment and body mass index. Body composition was evaluated through bioelectrical impedance. RESULTS: A total of 1271 patients were included [51% women, median age 45 years, 60% Crohn's disease]. Of these, 333 patients underwent the nutritional evaluation. A total of 77% of patients declared that they avoided some foods to prevent disease relapse. Eighty-six per cent of patients avoided some foods when they had disease activity because of fear of worsening the flare. Sixty-seven per cent of patients modified their dietary habits after disease diagnosis. The prevalence of malnutrition was 16% [95% confidence interval = 12-20%]. In the multivariate analysis, history of abdominal surgery, active disease and avoidance of some foods during flares were associated with higher risk of malnutrition. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of malnutrition in inflammatory bowel disease patients was high. We identified some predictive factors of malnutrition. Most of the patients had self-imposed food restrictions, based on their beliefs.

Introduccion: La preparacion de la colonoscopia en dosis fraccionadas (DF) mejora la calidad de la limpieza. Objetivo: Comparar la preparacion para colonoscopias de manana con picosulfato sodico/citrato de magnesio (Citrafleet®) en DF con su administracion el dia previo. Material y metodos: Pacientes consecutivos fueron aleatorizados a Citrafleet® el dia anterior o en DF administrandose la segunda mitad individualizadamente con un intervalo de 2 a 6 h antes del procedimiento, sin bisacodilo. La sedacion fue realizada con propofol, definiendose una limpieza adecuada si ? 6 (escala de Boston), sin ninguna puntuacion 0/1. Resultados: Se incluyeron 193 pacientes. La calidad de la limpieza fue significativamente mejor en el grupo DF de manera global (7 vs. 5,2, p

Seasonally dry tropical forests are distributed across Latin America and the Caribbean and are highly threatened, with less than 10% of their original extent remaining in many countries. Using 835 inventories covering 4660 species of woody plants, we show marked floristic turnover among inventories and regions, which may be higher than in other neotropical biomes, such as savanna. Such high floristic turnover indicates that numerous conservation areas across many countries will be needed to protect the full diversity of tropical dry forests. Our results provide a scientific framework within which national decision-makers can contextualize the floristic significance of their dry forest at a regional and continental scale., This paper is the result of the Latin American and Caribbean Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest Floristic Network (DRYFLOR), which has been supported at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh by a Leverhulme Trust International Network Grant (IN-074). This work was also supported by the U.K. Natural Environment Research Council grant NE/ I028122/1; Colciencias Ph.D. scholarship 529; Synthesys Programme GBTAF-2824; the NSF (NSF 1118340 and 1118369); the Instituto Humboldt (IAvH)–Red colombiana de investigación y monitoreo en bosque seco; the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI; Tropi-Dry, CRN2-021, funded by NSF GEO 0452325); Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR); and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). The data reported in this paper are available at www.dryflor.info. R.T.P. conceived the study. M.P., A.O.-F., K.B.-R., R.T.P., and J.W. designed the DRYFLOR database system. K.B.-R. and K.G.D. carried out most analyses. K.B.-R. R.T.P., and K.G.D. wrote the manuscript with substantial input from A.D.-S., R.L.-P., A.O.-F., D.P., C.Q., and R.R.

Background: Using quadruple clarithromycin-containing regimens for Helicobacter pylori eradication is controversial with high rates of macrolide resistance. Aim: To evaluate antibiotic resistance rates and the efficacy of empirical and tailored nonbismuth quadruple (concomitant) therapy in a setting with cure rates

Beclometasone dipropionate (BDP) is a relatively new topically acting oral steroid to treat mild to moderately active ulcerative colitis (UC). We estimate that 20,000 patients have received oral BDP in Spain in the last two years. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral BDP in clinical practice.Retrospective and multicenter study that included 434 patients with active UC treated with BDP. The partial Mayo Clinic score (pMS, 0-9) was used to measure disease activity. Remission was defined as post-treatment pMS of 0 or 1; response as a decrease in pMS of 3 points or 2 points and30%, and failure as lack of remission or response.BDP dose was 5 mg/day in 88% of patients and mean treatment duration was 6.2 weeks. BDP achieved remission in 44.4%, response in 22.3% and failed in 33.2% of patients. Mean pMS decreased from 4.9 ± 1.3 to 2.4 ± 2.3 (p0.0001). Remission rate was higher in mild and moderate than in severe UC (p0.043) and tended to be higher in left-sided and extensive UC than in proctitis (p0.06). Failure was less frequent in patients treated for4 weeks (p0.02). Mild adverse events were reported in 7.6% of patients.BDP induces response or remission in two thirds of active UC patients, with a good safety profile. Patients with mild to moderate, left-sided or extensive UC, receiving BDP for more than 4 weeks are most likely to benefit from this treatment.

Resumen Fundamento y objetivo El octreotido long acting release (OCT-LAR) ha demostrado resultados preliminares prometedores en el tratamiento de la hemorragia recurrente digestiva de origen oscuro. Pacientes y metodo Once pacientes con comorbilidades graves se trataron con 20 mg intramusculares mensuales de OCT-LAR. No se cambio la medicacion concomitante y se monitorizaron trimestralmente los requerimientos transfusionales, los dias de ingreso hospitalario y los efectos secundarios. Resultados La mediana (extremos) de edad y de seguimiento fue de 74 anos (65–86) y 15 meses (5–48), respectivamente. Cinco pacientes estaban anticoagulados y otros 5 antiagregados; 8 pacientes tenian (72%) angiodisplasias difusas de intestino delgado. Cuatro pacientes (36%) fallecieron durante el estudio. Unicamente 2 pacientes (18%) permanecieron libres de transfusiones, aunque durante el primer ano se redujeron significativamente los requerimientos transfusionales (mediana de concentrados de hematies de 14 [extremos 9–49] frente a 4 [0–9]; p=0,002) y los dias de ingreso hospitalario (mediana de 27 [10–99] frente a 7 [0–23] dias; p=0,001). No se registraron efectos secundarios. Conclusiones El OCT-LAR es un tratamiento paliativo eficaz, seguro y comodo para la hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro. El ahorro de recursos sanitarios y la mejoria en la calidad de vida pueden justificar su uso independientemente de las enfermedades asociadas.

Background: non-anesthesiologist administration of propofol (NAAP) using continuous infusion systems may achieve a more sustained sedative action. Aim: to compare intermittent boluses (IB) with pump continuous infusion (PCI) for NAAP, targeted to moderate sedation, for colonoscopy. Methods: 192 consecutive outpatients were randomized to receive IB (20 mg propofol boluses on demand) or PCI (3 mg/ kg/h plus 20 mg boluses on demand). Sedation could be stopped at cecal intubation at the discretion of the endoscopist. Satisfaction rates of the patient, nurses and endoscopist, propofol doses, depth of sedation (at the beginning, at cecal intubation and at the end), recovery times, complications and were collected. Results: there were no differences between groups regarding patient, nurse or endoscopist satisfaction rates with procedural sedation. Propofol doses (mg) were significantly higher during the induction phase (86 [30-172] vs. 78 [30-160], p 0.03) and overall (185 [72-400] vs. 157 [60-460], p = 0.003) for PCI group. 81 % of assessments of the depth of sedation were moderate. The level of sedation (O/AAS scale) was borderline significantly deeper at cecal intubation (2.38 vs. 2.72; p = 0.056) and at the end of the procedure (4.13 vs. 4.45; p = 0.05) for PCI group, prolonging thus early recovery time (6.3 vs. 5.1 minutes, p = 0.008), but not discharge time. Complications, all of them in minors, were non-significantly more frequent in the PCI group (9 vs. 7 %, p = 0.07). Conclusions: NAAP for colonoscopy was safely administered with comparable satisfaction and complication rates with either IB or PCI.

Nonanesthesiologist-administered propofol (NAAP) is controversial due to deep sedation concerns.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of moderate sedation with two different NAAP regimens for colonoscopy.This was a double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial allocating 135 consecutive outpatients to placebo (group P) or midazolam 2 mg (group M+P) before NAAP targeted to moderate sedation. Depth of sedation every 2 min throughout the procedure, propofol doses, recovery times, complications and patient and endoscopist satisfaction were measured.A total of 84 % of assessments of the depth of sedation were moderate. Mean induction (76 [40-150] vs. 53 [30-90]) and total propofol doses (mg) (136 [60-270] vs. 104 [50-190]) were significantly higher for group P (p0.001). However, deep sedation was significantly more prevalent in group M+P in minutes 4 (16 vs. 1 %, p = 0.05), 6 (20 vs. 3.5 %, p = 0.046) and 8 (17 vs. 1.8 %, p = 0.06) of the procedure, coinciding with midazolam peak action. From minute 8 on, moderate sedation was significantly deeper for M+P (p = 0.002). Early recovery time (6.8 min vs. 5.2, p = 0.007), but not discharge time (10.4 min vs. 9.8, p = 0.5), was longer for M+P. Pain perception (P 1.03 vs. M+P 0.3, p = 0.009) and patient satisfaction scores (P 9.4 vs. M+P 9.8, p = 0.047) were better for M+P. No major complications occurred.Moderate sedation was feasible with both NAAP regimens. Drug synergy in the midazolam plus propofol sedation regimen promotes a deeper and longer moderate sedation, improving patient satisfaction rates but prolonging early recovery time (Clinical Trials gov NCT01428882).

Octreotide LAR has shown preliminary promising results in the treatment of recurrent obscure gastrointestinal haemorrhage.Eleven patients with severe comorbidities were treated with continuous octreotide LAR 20mg once a month. No changes were performed in concomitant drugs. Haemoglobin levels, blood transfusions, hospital admissions and adverse effects were recorded every three months.Median age and follow-up were 74 yr (65-86) and 15 months (5-48). Five patients were on acenocoumarol therapy and other five on antiplatelet drugs. Eight patients (72%) had diffuse small bowel angiodysplasia and 4 patients died during follow-up. Only two patients (18%) remained free of transfusions but it resulted for the first year in an outstanding decrease in the need of red cell packets (14 (9-49) vs 4 (0-9), p=0,002) and in admission days related to gastrointestinal bleeding (27 (10-99) vs 7(0-23), p=0,001). No side effects were reported.Octreotide LAR is an effective, safe and comfortable palliative therapy for severe obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Medical resources saving and improved quality of life may warrant its use irrespective of comorbidities or life expectancy.

Como segunda y última entrega de la revisión sinóptica de la subfamilia Spiranthoideae para Colombia, se presenta a continuación la parte correspondiente a la tribu Spirantheae subtribus Cyclopogoninae (3 géneros, 41 especies) y Stenorrhynchidinae (9 géneros, 15 especies) y la Tribu Cranichideae (5 géneros, 53 especies). Los géneros más diversos en estas tribus son: Cranichis (20 especies), Cyclopogon (17), Ponthieva (15) y Pelexia (14). Como parte de los resultados de este estudio: a)- se propone con base en la morfología floral (la estructura del rostelo y viscidio), la transferencia del género Cybebus de la subtribu Spiranthinae donde venía siendo ubicado a la subtribu Stenorhnchidinae; b)- se registran para Colombia por primera vez los géneros Lyroglossa (L. grisebachii) y Helonoma, proponiéndose la combinación nueva Helonoma peruviana (Szlach.) Salazar, Dueñas & Fern.Alonso; c) Se añaden nuevos registros a la lista conocida de especies colombianas, pertenecientes a los géneros: Coccineorchis (C. cristata, C. navarrensis), Cyclopogon (C. maldonadoanus, C. olivaceus, C. rimbachii), Pelexia (P. hirta, P. palmorchidis), Ponthieva (P. venusta), y Sarcoglottis (S. grandiflora, S. maasorum, S. neglecta, S. stergiosii); d) se incluyen también 19 registros de especies recientemente publicadas, correspondientes a los géneros tratados en la parte I (Aspidogyne y Microchilus); e) se incluye por último un análisis de la distribución y diversidad de los géneros de esta subfamilia según rangos altitudinales en Colombia; el grupo presenta una distribución básicamente andina, encontrándose principalmente entre 1300 y 3600 m de altitud. Los géneros ampliamente distribuidos son Microchilus, Gomphichis, Cyclopogon, Pelexia, Sarcoglottis, Coccineorchis, Stenorrhynchos, Cranichis y Ponthieva, encontrados casi desde el nivel del mar hasta más de 3000 m, en todas las regiones del país. En contraste, Beloglottis, Brachystele, Cybebus, Eltroplectris, Hapalorchis, Helonoma, Lankesterella, Lyroglossa, Kreodanthus, Pteroglossa y Sauroglossum, tienen distribución muy restringida., As second and last contribution to the synoptic treatment of the Spiranthoideae for Colombia, the synopsis of the tribes Spirantheae (subtribes Cyclopogoninae: 3 genera, 41 species and Stenorrhynchidinae: 9 genera, 15 species) and Cranichideae (5 genera, 53 species), is presented. The most diverse genera in these tribes are: Cranichis (20 species), Cyclopogon (17), Ponthieva (15) and Pelexia (14). As part of the results of this study: a)- The transfer of Cybebus from the subtribe Spiranthinae (where it was commonly placed) to the subtribe Stenorhinchidinae, is proposed, based on the floral morphology (the rostellum and viscidium structure). b)- two genera are reported for Colombia as new records, each one with one species: Lyroglossa (L. grisebachii) and Helonoma; for the latter the new combination Helonoma peruviana (Szlach.) Salazar, Dueñas & Fern. Alonso is proposed. c) New records in the previously known list of Colombian orchids are presented: Coccineorchis (C. cristata, C. navarrensis), Cyclopogon (C. maldonadoanus, C. olivaceus, C. rimbachii), Pelexia (P. hirta, P. palmorchidis), Ponthieva (P. venusta), and Sarcoglottis (S. grandiflora, S. maasorum, S. neglecta, S. stergiosii). d)- And additional 19 new records of species belonging to Aspidogyne and Microchilus, not reported in Dueñas & Fernández-Alonso (2007), are also included. e)- Finally an analysis of the distribution and diversity of the genera of this subfamily, according to altitude ranges in Colombia is presented. This group has predominant Andean distribution, being found mainly between 1300 and 3600 m of altitude. Genera broadly distributed as Microchilus, Gomphichis, Cyclopogon, Pelexia, Sarcoglottis, Coccineorchis, Stenorrhynchos, Cranichis and Ponthieva, are found almost from the level up to 3000 m, in all the regions of the country. In contrast, Beloglottis, Brachystele, Cybebus, Eltroplectris, Hapalorchis, Helonoma, Lankesterella, Lyroglossa, Kreodanthus, Pteroglossa and Sauroglossum, have very restricted distribution.

Con base en el estudio de los ejemplares de herbarios colombianos y del trabajo de campo adelantado, se presenta una primera revisión sinóptica de las orquídeas de la subfamilia Spiranthoideae en Colombia, que cuenta con 32 géneros y 200 especies según nuestros datos. Esta primera parte incluye una clave para la identificación de las tribus, subtribus y géneros presentes en Colombia y la sinopsis de las tribus Goodyereae (6 géneros, 56 especies) y Spirantheae, subtribus Prescottiinae (5 géneros, 36 especies) y Spiranthinae (5 géneros, 11 especies). Los géneros mas diversos son en estas tribus: Microchilus con 32 especies, Gomphichis con 17 y Ligeophila con 8. Como parte de los resultados de este estudio, se añaden a la lista conocida de especies colombianas, 31 nuevos registros pertenecientes a los géneros: Aspidogyne, Brachystele, Gomphichis, Kreodanthus, Ligeophila, Microchilus y Plathytelys. En algunos casos se trata de especies previamente conocidas solo de los países vecinos y en otros muchos, de taxones recientemente descritos. Se propone la combinación nueva Gomphichis huilaensis (Garay) H. Dueñas & Fern. Alonso.

El articulo ofrece una caracterizacion general de los indios de Portoviejo, en la zona central de la Costa ecuatoriana, a lo largo del periodo colonial. Se analizan las reacciones de las parcialidades indigenas ante las regulaciones de la administracion colonial y las frecuentes disputas con los sectores blancos y mestizos de la region por el control del territorio y la mano de obra. Seguidamente, el articulo describe algunos de los viajes que algunas autoridades etnicas emprendieron hacia Espana, en procura de que sus quejas y demandas fuesen oidas directamente por el Rey y su corte.

Phenotypic Characteristics and Use of Therapeutic Resources in Elderly-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Multicentre, Case-Control Study Miriam Manosa, Margalida Calafat, Ruth de Francisco, Carmen Garcia Caparros, Maria Jose Casanova, Patricia Huelin, Marta Calvo, Luis Fernandez Salazar, Miguel Minguez, Alexandra Ruiz-Cerulla, Yamile Zabana, Guillermo Bastida, Joaquin Hinojosa, Lucia Marquez, Manuel Barreiro-de Acosta, Xavier Calvet, David Monfort, Rosario Gomez, Esther Rodriguez, Jose Maria Huguet, Maria Rojas-Feria, Daniel Hervias, Ramon Atienza, David Busquets, Eva Zapata, Carmen Duenas-Sadornil, Mara Charro, Francesc J. Martinez-Cerezo, Rocio Plaza, Juan Maria Vazquez Moron, Javier P. Gisbert, Eduard Cabre, Eugeni Domenech

El presente trabajo es una síntesis de la Memoria de Licenciatura que, bajo la dirección del Dr. D. Primitivo Pla Alberola, defendí en la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Alicante el 17 de junio de 1996 con el título "Los términos de Alicante a lo largo de la Edad Moderna", y para cuya realización conté con una ayuda de investigación otorgada por el Instituto de Cultura «Juan Gil-Albert». El proceso segregacionista que tuvo lugar a finales del Quinientos -y que se extendió durante los tres siglos siguientes-, introdujo importantes modificaciones territoriales y jurisdiccionales en el término de Alicante. Con las páginas siguientes se pretende contribuir al estudio de todas aquellas poblaciones que en los comienzos de la Edad Moderna estuvieron integradas en el territorio ciudadano y, paulatinamente, fueron desgajándose del mismo. Se trata de analizar la significación que tuvo para las gentes de estos lugares su pertenencia a los términos particular o general de Alicante, más concretamente: de qué manera iniciaron su periplo histórico como municipios independientes y cuáles fueron las condiciones impuestas a cambio de ello; en qué medida alcanzaron realmente la facultad de autogobernarse, o qué conflictos les enfrentaron con mayor frecuencia a la ciudad. Y, sin embargo, pese a las múltiples discrepancias internas, cuestiones como las aguas de riego, los pastos y las contribuciones fiscales, entre otras, aglutinaron los intereses de estas poblaciones en torno a Alicante, como cabecera, construyendo un sólido frente común capaz de oponerse a otras localidades periféricas. The segregationist process that took place towards the end of the 16th Century -and lasted over the following three hundred years- introduced important territorial and jurisdictional modifications in the municipality of Alicante. The following pages pretend to contribute to the study of the villages which, at the beginning of the Modern Age were integrated inside the city territory, gradually separated themselves from the city. We try to analize the significance of belonging to a particular or to a general municipality bore for these people. And more specifically in which way they started their historical peregrination as independant towns, and under what imposed conditions; to what extent they really reached the faculty to self govern themselves, or which were the disputes that most often confronted them with the city. Nevertheless, and in spite of the multiple internal disagreements, matters such as irrigation waters, pastures and taxes, among others, agglutinated these towns with Alicante as the visible head, building a common front capable of withstanding other peripheral localities.

Background: In eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), eosinophils invade the esophagus where they degranulate and release very cytotoxic proteins, including major basic protein (MBP-1). Currently the diagnosis of EoE necessitates endoscopy with biopsy that characterizes less than 2% of the esophagus. Furthermore, the inflammation is patchy, necessitating numerous biopsies to ensure that the involved area has been adequately sampled. Improved methods are needed to characterize the eosinophil density throughout the esophagus and to thoroughly understand this disease. Aim: To prepare the first MBP-1 specific ultrasound contrast agents to facilitate the detection of EoE associated inflammation by tethering EoE specific antibodies to their surfaces and demonstrating the binding of these agents to eosinophil proteins on ex vivo monkey esophagi. Method: The contrast agent was synthesized by preparing 2 mg/ mL of insulin in HCl (pH 1.6) at 65C for 12 hours. The resulting particles were incubated withmaleimide activated streptavidin. Purified antibodies specific to MBP-1 were biotinylated and reacted with the streptavidin functionalized fibers to form an insulin aggregate-steptavidin-biotin antibody complex. This complex comprises the MBP-1 specific ultrasound contrast agent. A Macaca monkey esophagus, incubated overnight in MBP-1, was filled with this solution. Ultrasound images were taken before and after washing at 15 MHz. Results: Insulin aggregates were observed using ultrasound. Incubating the insulin complex in monkey esophagi coated with MBP-1 yields an extra contrast layer at the inner wall of the esophagus, demonstrating the specific binding of these agents to eosinophil granule proteins. No such layer is visualized in control samples (not treated with MBP-1). Discussion: This is the first reported use of insulin particles as contrast agents for ultrasound. These findings indicate that insulin aggregates provide clear ultrasound contrast in liquid environments. When coupled with disease specific antibodies, these novel agents have the potential to be used for detection, minimizing the need for anesthesia or radiation associated with other diagnostic or imaging modalities. This finding is important because it provides a new avenue for clinical detection of EoE.