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BACKGROUND: In patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN), the frequency of hyponatraemia is high. However, the causes of hyponatraemia in TPN have not been elucidated, although diagnosis is required for appropriate therapy. The aim of this study is to describe the aetiology of hyponatraemia in non-critical hospitalised patients receiving TPN. METHODS: Prospective multicentre study in 19 Spanish hospitals. Non-critically hyponatraemic patients receiving TPN and presenting hyponatraemia over a 9-month period were studied. Data collected included sex, age, previous comorbidities, and serum sodium levels (SNa) before and following TPN initiation. Parameters for study of hyponatraemia were also included: clinical volaemia, the presence of pain, nausea, gastrointestinal losses, diuretic use, oedema, renal function, plasma and urine osmolality, urinary electrolytes, cortisolaemia, and thyroid stimulating hormone. RESULTS: 162 patients were included, 53.7% males, age 66.4 (SD13.8) years. Volume status was evaluated in 142 (88%): 21 (14.8%) were hypovolaemic, 96 (67.6%) euvolaemic and 25 (17.6%) hypervolaemic. In 111/142 patients the analytical assessment of hyponatraemia was completed. Hypovolaemic hyponatraemia was secondary to GI losses in 10/111 (9%), and to diuretics in 3/111 (2.7%). Euvolaemic hyponatraemia was due to Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone secretion (SIADH) in 47/111 (42.4%), and to physiological stimuli of Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) secretion in 28/111 (25.2%). Hypervolaemic hyponatraemia was induced by heart failure in 19/111 (17.1%), cirrhosis of the liver in 4/111 (3.6%). CONCLUSIONS: SIADH was the most frequent cause of hyponatraemia in patients receiving TPN. The second most frequent cause was physiological stimuli of AVP secretion induced by pain/nausea.

In order to develop evidence-based recommendations and expert consensus for the nutritional management of patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS), we conducted a systematic literature search using the PRISMA methodology plus a critical appraisal following the GRADE scale procedures. Pharmacological treatment with antisecretory drugs, antidiarrheal drugs, and somatostatin contributes to reducing intestinal losses. Nutritional support is based on parenteral nutrition; however, oral intake and/or enteral nutrition should be introduced as soon as possible. In the chronic phase, the diet should have as few restrictions as possible, and be adapted to the SBS type. Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) should be individualized. Single-lumen catheters are recommended and taurolidine should be used for locking the catheter. The HPN's lipid content must be greater than 1 g/kg per week but not exceed 1 g/kg per day, and omega-6 fatty acids (ω6 FAs) should be reduced. Trace element vials with low doses of manganese should be used. Patients with chronic SBS who require long-term HPN/fluid therapy despite optimized treatment should be considered for teduglutide treatment. All patients require a multidisciplinary approach and specialized follow-up. These recommendations and suggestions regarding nutritional management in SBS patients have direct clinical applicability.Con el fin de desarrollar recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia y el consenso de expertos para el manejo nutricional de los pacientes con síndrome de intestino corto (SIC), realizamos una búsqueda bibliográfica sistemática utilizando la metodología PRISMA junto a una valoración crítica siguiendo los procedimientos de la escala GRADE. El tratamiento farmacológico con fármacos antisecretores, antidiarreicos y somatostatina contribuye a reducir las pérdidas intestinales. El apoyo nutricional se basa en la nutrición parenteral; sin embargo, la ingesta oral y/o la nutrición enteral deben introducirse lo antes posible. En la fase crónica, la dieta debe tener las menores restricciones posibles y adaptarse al tipo de SIC. La nutrición parenteral domiciliaria (NPD) debe individualizarse. Se recomiendan catéteres de un solo lumen y se debe utilizar taurolidina para bloquear el catéter. El contenido de lípidos de la HPN debe ser superior a 1 g/kg por semana, pero no debe exceder 1 g/kg por día, y debe reducirse el ácido graso omega-6 (AG ω6). Deben utilizarse viales de oligoelementos con dosis bajas de manganeso. Los pacientes con SIC crónico que requieren NPD/fluidoterapia a largo plazo a pesar del tratamiento optimizado deben considerarse para el tratamiento con teduglutida. Todos los pacientes requieren un abordaje multidisciplinar y un seguimiento especializado. Estas recomendaciones y sugerencias con respecto al manejo nutricional de los pacientes con SIC tienen aplicabilidad clínica directa.

In order to develop evidence-based recommendations and expert consensus for nutrition management of patients undergoing bariatric surgery and postoperative follow-up, we conducted a systematic literature search using PRISMA methodology plus critical appraisal following the SIGN and AGREE-II procedures. The results were discussed among all members of the GARIN group, and all members answered a Likert scale questionnaire to assess the degree of support for every recommendation. Patients undergoing bariatric surgery should be screened preoperatively for some micronutrient deficiencies and treated accordingly. A VLCD (Very Low-Calorie Diet) should be used for 4–8 weeks prior to surgery. Postoperatively, a liquid diet should be maintained for a month, followed by a semi-solid diet also for one month. Protein requirements (1–1.5 g/kg) should be estimated using adjusted weight. Systematic use of specific multivitamin supplements is encouraged. Calcium citrate and vitamin D supplements should be used at higher doses than are currently recommended. The use of proton-pump inhibitors should be individualised, and vitamin B12 and iron should be supplemented in case of deficit. All patients, especially pregnant women, teenagers, and elderly patients require a multidisciplinary approach and specialised follow-up. These recommendations and suggestions regarding nutrition management when undergoing bariatric surgery and postoperative follow-up have direct clinical applicability., Funding for the face-to-face meeting and the translation into English was provided by NESTLE HEALTHCARE.

Introduction: vitamin D is involved in recovery after an osteoporotic hip fracture (OHF). Previous studies have reported decreased serum vitamin D levels during fracture healing. Objectives: our aim was to evaluate: a) serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) levels in patients with OHF at hospital admission and 8 days post-admission, and b) the relationship between 25OHD levels and clinical outcomes. Methods: a prospective study including 66 patients aged over 65 years hospitalized for OHF. We gathered data on baseline demographic characteristics, medical history, Mini Mental State (MMS) assessment, Activities of Daily Living (ADL) results, nutritional assessment, and type of fracture and surgery. Laboratory results were collected on bone biomarkers, albumin, 25OHD3, and IL6. Clinical outcomes included length of stay, complications, and mortality. In the statistical analysis, a t-test was used for continuous variables and a chi-square test for qualitative variables. Linear regression models were used for the multivariate analysis, adjusted for covariates. Results: our study population had low serum vitamin D levels at admission, with a mean [(standard error of the mean (SEM)] of 12.04 (1.03) ng/mL. Both 25OHD3 and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels significantly declined (p0.001) during the early post-fracture phase. A greater decline in 25OHD3 levels was significantly associated with longer hospital stay (p = 0.042, multivariate analysis). Serum 25OHD3 levels were also associated with cognitive status as assessed using the MMS exam. Conclusions: 25OHD3 levels were reduced in OHF patients at admission, and significantly decreased during the first 8 days post-admission. 25OHD3 levels were associated with MMS-assessed cognitive status. A greater decline in serum 25OHD3 was associated with a longer hospital stay.Introducción: la vitamina D se ha relacionado con la recuperación tras la fractura osteoporótica de cadera (FOC). Estudios previos muestran un descenso de los niveles de vitamina D en la fase precoz tras la fractura. Objetivos: evaluar: a) los niveles séricos de 25-hidroxivitamina D3 (25OHD3) al ingreso y a los 8 días del ingreso en hospitalizados por FOC; b) la relación de los niveles de 25OHD3 con los resultados clínicos, así como con el nivel cognitivo y funcional. Métodos: estudio prospectivo de 66 pacientes (65 años) ingresados por FOC. Se estudiaron las características demográficas, los antecedentes personales, la valoración nutricional, el test Mini Mental State (MMS), el cuestionario Activities of Daily Living (ADL), el tipo de fractura y de cirugía, y parámetros bioquímicos del metabolismo óseo, la 25OHD3, la albúmina y la interleuquina 6. Como resultados clínicos se analizaron: estancia hospitalaria, complicaciones y mortalidad durante el ingreso. El análisis estadístico consistió en: a) prueba de la t para las variables continuas y χ2 para las cualitativas; b) análisis multivariable utilizando modelos de regresión lineal ajustados según el análisis de la covarianza. Resultados: la población estudiada muestra niveles bajos de 25OHD3 al ingreso: media [± error estándar de la media (EEM)] = 12,04 (1,03) ng/mL. Durante el ingreso, 25OHD3 e interleuquina 6 decrecen significativamente (p0,001). El descenso de 25OHD3 se asocia con la estancia hospitalaria (p = 0,042 en análisis multivariable). Los valores disminuidos de 25OHD3 se asocian a un bajo nivel cognitivo (p = 0,042). Conclusiones: los pacientes ingresados por fractura osteoporótica de cadera tienen niveles bajos de 25OHD3 que decrecen significativamente tras 8 días de ingreso. El descenso de 25OHD3 se asocia significativamente a la estancia hospitalaria. Los niveles disminuidos de 25OHD3 se asocian a un peor estado cognitivo evaluado mediante el MMS.

The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate whether the use of probiotics has any effect on the components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) before patients develop type 2 diabetes. A qualitative systematic review, following the Cochrane methodology, and a comprehensive literature search of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were conducted in PubMed and Scopus from inception until 4 July 2019. According to our inclusion criteria, nine clinical studies were finally analyzed, corresponding to six RCTs. Probiotics intake in patients with MetS resulted in improvements in body mass index, blood pressure, glucose metabolism, and lipid profile in some studies. Regarding inflammatory biomarkers, probiotics also positively affected the soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1), interleukine-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and thrombomodulin. Despite the diversity of the published studies, the intake of probiotics for patients with MetS may offer a discrete improvement in some of the clinical characteristics of the MetS and a decrease in inflammatory biomarkers. Nevertheless, these beneficial effects seem to be marginal compared to drug therapy and a healthy lifestyle and clinically non-relevant.

Background Cognitive impairment is a common and disabling consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) but its impact on health-related quality of life is not well understood. Objective To investigate the relationship between cognitive impairment and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) after TBI. Methods Retrospective, cross-sectional study of a specialist TBI outpatient clinic patient sample. Outcome measures Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Tool - Revised (ACE-R), and SF-36 quality of life, Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) questionnaires. Results 240 adults were assessed: n = 172 (71.7%) moderate-severe, 41 (23.8%) mild, 27 (11.3%) symptomatic TBI, 174 (72.5%) male, median age (range): 44 (22-91) years. TBI patients reported poorer scores on all domains of SF-36 compared to age-matched UK normative data. Cognitively impaired patients reported poorer HRQoL on the physical, social role and emotional role functioning, and mental health domains. Cognitive impairment predicted poorer HRQoL on the social and emotional role functioning domains, independently of depressive symptoms, sleep disturbance, daytime sleepiness and TBI severity. Mediation analysis revealed that the effect of depressive symptoms on the emotional role functioning domain of HRQoL was partially mediated by cognitive dysfunction. Conclusion Cognitive impairment is associated with worse health-related quality of life after TBI and partially mediates the effect of depressive symptoms on emotional role functioning.

Background Obesity is characterized by increased fat mass and is associated with the development of insulin resistance syndrome (IRS), usually known as metabolic syndrome. The alteration of the intestinal microbiota composition has a role in the development of IRS associated with obesity, and probiotics, which are live microorganisms that confer a health benefit to the host, contribute to restore intestinal microbiota homeostasis and lower peripheral tissue insulin resistance. We aim to evaluate the effects of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) V3401 on the composition of intestinal microbiota, markers of insulin resistance and biomarkers of inflammation, cardiovascular risk, and hepatic steatosis in patients with overweight and obesity exhibiting IRS. Methods/design We describe a randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled, and single-centre trial. Sixty participants (aged 18 to 65 years) diagnosed with IRS will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either a daily dose of placebo or 5 × 109 colony-forming units of L. reuteri V3401. The study will consist of two intervention periods of 12 weeks separated by a washout period of 6 weeks and preceded by another washout period of 2 weeks. The primary outcome will be the change in plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels at 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes will include anthropometric parameters, lipid profile, glucose metabolism, microbiota composition, hepatic steatosis, and inflammatory and cardiovascular biomarkers. Blood and stool samples will be collected at baseline, at the midpoint (only stool samples) and immediately after each intervention period. Luminex technology will be used to measure interleukins. For statistical analysis, a mixed ANOVA model will be employed to calculate changes in the outcome variables. Discussion This is the first time that L. reuteri V3401 will be evaluated in patients with IRS. Therefore, this study will provide valuable scientific information about the effects of this strain in metabolic syndrome patients. Trial registration The trial has been retrospectively registered in ClinicalTrials.gov on the 23rd November 2016 (ID: NCT02972567), during the recruitment phase. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-018-2371-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A novel amperometric magnetoimmunoassay, based on the use of core-shell magnetic nanoparticles and screen-printed carbon electrodes, was developed for the selective determination of Legionella pneumophila SG1. A specific capture antibody (Ab) was linked to the poly(dopamine)-modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs@pDA-Ab) and incubated with bacteria. The captured bacteria were sandwiched using the antibody labeled with horseradish peroxidase (Ab-HRP), and the resulting MNPs@pDA-Ab-Legionella neumophila-Ab-HRP were captured by a magnetic field on the electrode surface. The amperometric response measured at -0.15 V vs. Ag pseudo-reference electrode of the SPCE after the addition of H2O2 in the presence of hydroquinone (HQ) was used as transduction signal. The achieved limit of detection, without pre-concentration or pre-enrichment steps, was 10(4) Colony Forming Units (CFUs) mL(-1). The method showed a good selectivity and the MNPs@pDA-Ab exhibited a good stability during 30 days. The possibility of detecting L. pneumophila at 10 CFU mL(-1) level in less than 3 h, after performing a membrane-based preconcentration step, was also demonstrated.

Resumen Objetivo: exponer los resultados del registro de nutrición enteral domiciliaria (NED) de los años 2016 y 2017 del Grupo NADYA-SENPE. Material y métodos: se recopilaron los pacientes introducidos en el registro del 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre de 2016 y la mismas fechas de 2017 para proceder al análisis descriptivo y analítico de los datos. Resultados: en el año 2016 se obtuvieron 4.578 pacientes activos (prevalencia = 98,33 pacientes/millón de habitantes) y en 2017 fueron 4.777 (prevalencia = 102,57). Por sexos, hubo un 50,8% de varones en 2016 y un 50,5% en 2017. En el periodo 2016-17, la edad mediana fue de 71,5 años (IIQ 57-83); asimismo, finalizaron 1.558 episodios de NED y la causa principal fue el fallecimiento (793 pacientes, 50,89%). Los varones adultos fueron más jóvenes que las mujeres (65,3 vs. 73,3 años, p-valor < 0,001) y el diagnóstico más frecuente fue la enfermedad neurológica que cursa con afagia o disfagia severa (59%). La sonda nasogástrica (SNG) fue la vía de acceso más utilizada (48,3%) y se observa, además, que esta es la vía que se utiliza en los pacientes más ancianos (p < 0,001). Se registraron 126 pacientes pediátricos (57,1% niñas). La edad mediana de inicio de la NED fue de cuatro meses. Otras patologías fue el grupo diagnóstico más registrado (41,3%), seguido por la enfermedad neurológica que cursa con afagia o disfagia severa. Se alimentaban a través de gastrostomía en el 57,6% de los casos. Se observó que los niños más pequeños eran los que se alimentaban preferentemente por SNG (p-valor 0,001). Conclusiones: el número de pacientes del registro, así como el número de centros participantes, se va incrementando progresivamente. Las principales características de los pacientes no han variado. A pesar del aumento de posibilidades diagnósticas en la población pediátrica, llama la atención la clasificación dentro del grupo de Otras patologías.

Hemos leído con interés el artículo publicado en su revista sobre la ingesta dietética en pacientes con esofagitis eosinofílica, tratada con dieta empírica de seis alimentos. En este trabajo, se objetivan las carencias nutricionales de los pacientes que siguen esta dieta, déficit observable desde su descripción en Estados Unidos hace unos 12 años, por lo que se la considera actualmente contraproducente como terapéutica, así como por su agresividad, al precisar gran número de endoscopias, lo cual la convierte en poco factible en la práctica clínica habitual. Por esta razón, se han diseñado otro tipo de dietas. En contraposición al artículo, la EE es una patología caracterizada por una reacción inmunoalérgica mediada por Th2 (5) en la que el reflujo gastroesofágico no es excluyente, sino que puede coexistir (2) e incluso contribuir a la patogénesis aumentando el daño esofágico y la respuesta inmunoalérgica, sobre todo en sus estadios iniciales (2).

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/8/1761/s1: Figure S1, Rarefaction curves; Figure S2, Alpha diversity measured by means of the Shannon index (H); Figure S3, Bacterial beta diversity; Table S1, Gastrointestinal microbiome normalized data, This paper will be part of Carmen Tenorio Jimenez’s doctorate, which is being completed as part of Programa de Doctorado en Seguridad de los Alimentos at the University of Jaén, Spain. We also wish to thank all the participants who generously contributed to the study., Previous studies have reported that probiotics may improve clinical and inflammatory parameters in patients with obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Lactobacillus (L.) reuteri V3401 has shown promising results on the components of MetS in animal studies. We aimed to evaluate the effects of L. reuteri V3401 together with healthy lifestyle recommendations on adult patients with MetS. Methods: We carried out a randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled, single-center trial in which we included 53 adult patients newly diagnosed with MetS. Patients were block randomly allocated by body mass index (BMI) and sex to receive a capsule containing either the probiotic L. reuteri V3401 (5 × 109 colony-forming units) or a placebo once daily for 12 weeks. Anthropometric variables, biochemical and inflammatory biomarkers, as well as the gastrointestinal microbiome composition were determined. Results: There were no differences between groups in the clinical characteristics of MetS. However, we found that interleukin-6 (IL-6) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1) diminished by effect of the treatment with L. reuteri V3401. Analysis of the gastrointestinal microbiome revealed a rise in the proportion of Verrucomicrobia. Conclusions: Consumption of L. reuteri V3401 improved selected inflammatory parameters and modified the gastrointestinal microbiome. Further studies are needed to ascertain additional beneficial effects of other probiotic strains in MetS as well as the mechanisms by which such effects are exerted., This study is part of the grant entitled “Guía para la sustanciación de declaraciones de salud en alimentos: funciones inmune, cognitiva y síndrome metabólico”, funded by the company Biosearch life (Granada, Spain), reference 3006, managed by Fundación General Universidad de Granada, Spain.

Resumen Objetivo El objetivo de nuestro trabajo fue analizar las posibles causas del deficit de hormona de crecimiento (DGH) aislado o en combinacion con otras deficiencias hipofisarias, catalogado como idiopatico. Pacientes y metodos Estudiamos a los pacientes con DGH idiopatico incluidos en el protocolo de tratamiento con GH sintetica para adultos en seguimiento por el Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion del Hospital Universitario San Cecilio. Se evaluaron de forma retrospectiva los antecedentes de la historia perinatal, los hallazgos en la resonancia magnetica (RM) hipotalamo-hipofisaria y el diagnostico de DGH y otros deficits hormonales. Resultados Se revisaron las historias de 17 pacientes: 14 varones y 3 mujeres con una edad media al diagnostico de 8,4±7,3 anos. Se presentaron eventos adversos perinatales en 12 pacientes (69,2%). El analisis de las imagenes de RM mostro silla turca vacia (2 pacientes), hipoplasia hipofisaria o ausencia del tallo hipofisario (7 pacientes) e hipoplasia hipofisaria con neurohipofisis ectopica (6 pacientes); en los 2 restantes no se pudo acceder a estos datos. En todos ellos se habia establecido el diagnostico de DGH, en 15 (88,2%) deficit de gonadotropinas, en 9 (52,9%) deficit de corticotropina y en 8 (47,1%) deficit de tirotropina. Conclusiones En nuestros pacientes, los eventos adversos durante la gestacion o en la historia perinatal y la presencia de alteraciones anatomicas identificadas por RM suponen un marcador de disfuncion hipofisaria y pueden ser importantes en la patogenia de esta entidad. El espectro de la enfermedad es variable desde el DGH aislado hasta multiples deficits hormonales.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative disorder that affects the pyramidal tract, producing progressive motor dysfunctions leading to paralysis. These patients can present with dysphagia, requiring nutritional support with a nasogastric tube or Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG). PEG is associated with increased survival rates. However, the timing of PEG placement remains a significant issue for clinicians.To analyse the characteristics of ALS patients at the moment of PEG placement and their progression.Descriptive retrospective study including patients diagnosed with ALS and PEG who were assessed during the 2005-2014 period in our hospital. Nutritional parameters and respiratory function were assessed for all patients, as well as their progression. The data was analysed using SPSS15.37 patients were included (56.8% men, 43.2% women) with an average age of 60 at diagnosis, and an average age of 63.1 at PEG placement. 48.6% started with spinal affection and 51.4%, with bulbar affection. 43.2% of the patients received oral nutritional supplements prior to PEG placement for a mean period of 11.3 months. The mean forced vital capacity at diagnosis was 65.45±13.67%, with a negative progression up to 39.47±14.69% at the moment of PEG placement. 86.5% of patients required non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation. 86.5% presented with dysphagia, 64.9% with weight loss5-10% from their usual weight, 8.1% with low Body Mass Index, 27% with malnutrition and 73% with aworsened breathing function; therefore, 100% met the criteria for PEG placement according to our protocol. The period on enteral feeding was extended for 10.1 months with a mortality of 50% during the first 6 months from PEG placement.There is evidence of a 3-year delay between diagnosis and PEG placement, with a survival rate of 50% at 6 months from PEG insertion. Further studies are required to establish whether an earlier placement might increase survival rates.La Esclerosis Lateral Amiotrófica (ELA) es una enfermedad degenerativa neurológica con afectación de la vía piramidal, produciendo trastornos motores progresivos que evolucionan hasta la parálisis. Estos pacientes pueden asociar disfagia, precisando soporte nutricional a través de de sonda nasogástrica o Gastrostomía Endoscópica Percutánea (PEG). La PEG está asociada con aumento de la supervivencia, sin embargo la evidencia acerca del momento óptimo para su colocación es escasa.Analizar las características de los pacientes con ELA en el momento de colocación de la PEG y su evolución.Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de ELA y PEG valorados durante los años 2005-2014 en nuestro hospital. Se analizaron parámetros nutricionales y respiratorios, y evolución de los pacientes. Los resultados se analizaron en el programa SPSS15.37 pacientes fueron incluidos (56,8% hombres, 43,2% mujeres) con una edad media al diagnóstico 60 años, y edad media de colocación de PEG de 63,1 años, el 48,6% debutó con afectación espinal y el 51,4%, con bulbar. El 43,2% de los pacientes recibieron suplementos previa colocación de PEG durante un promedio de 11,3 meses. La capacidad vital forzada (CVF) media al diagnóstico fue del 65,45±13,67%, evolucionando desfavorablemente hasta un 39,47±14,69% en el momento de colocación de la PEG. El 86,5% de los pacientes precisaron soporte respiratorio con ventilación mecánica no invasiva (VMNI). El 86,5% presentaron disfagia, el 64,9% pérdida de peso5-10% de su peso habitual, el 8,1% IMC bajo, el 27% parámetros bioquímicos de desnutrición y el 73% empeoramiento de función respiratoria, por tanto, el 100% cumplían criterios de colocación de PEG según nuestro protocolo. La duración de la nutrición enteral fue de 10,1 meses con una mortalidad del 50% en los primeros 6 meses de la colocación de la PEG.Evidenciamos una demora de 3 años entre el diagnóstico y la colocación de la PEG, con una supervivencia del 50% a los 6 meses de la realización de la misma. Más estudios son necesarios para determinar si una colocación más precoz podría aumentar la supervivencia.

to be more frequent among patients with metabolic syndrome. Previous studies have suggested to perform a routine screening for CS in obese patients; however, more recent reports only recommend a case-finding approach in patients with uncontrolled diabetes and hypertension, despite appropriate treatment. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of unsuspected CS in morbidly obese patients in an outpatient’s clinic. Patients and methods: Retrospective case-note study. We reviewed the medical records of morbidly obese patients referred to our clinic prior to bariatric surgery between january 2001 and december 2011. All patients had a complete medical history including physical examination, and 399 underwent screening for CS as part of our pre-surgical protocol. As screening for autonomous cortisol secretion, we performed an overnight 1 mg Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST). Serum cortisol1.8 μg/dl was the cut-off point for normal suppression. Results: 399 patients (308 female; mean age 41.9 ± 10.5 years; mean BMI 51.5 ± 8.4 kg/m2). In the retrospective analysis, prediabetes and diabetes mellitus were observed in 10.3% and 27.8% respectively. In 21 of 399 patients, screening was considered to be abnormal. Eight of these 21 patients had subsequent normal 24h Urinary Free Cortisol (UFC) levels (150 μg/24h). In 13 of 20 patients, we repeated an overnight 1mg DST, on suspicion of failing to take the dexamethasone correctly. Three patients failed to suppress their cortisol levels, two of them were on carbamazepine, which was considered to be a false positive result. The other patient with abnormal UFC levels was diagnosed with CS (0.26%), whose cause was a pituitary microadenoma. Conclusion: A low proportion of patients with morbid obesity were found to have CS. Our findings suggest that morbidly obese patients should not be routinely screened for CS.Introducción: El síndrome de Cushing (SC) es más frecuente en pacientes con síndrome metabólico. Estudios previos han sugerido que es necesario realizar un despistaje de SC en pacientes obesos; sin embargo, estudios más recientes sólo recomiendan el despistaje en pacientes con hipertensión o diabetes mal controlados, a pesar de tratamiento. Objetivo: Evaluar la prevalencia de SC oculto en pacientes con obesidad mórbida. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo en el que se incluyeron 399 pacientes que iban a someterse a cirugía bariátrica. A todos los pacientes se les realizó una historia clínica completa, incluyendo exploración física y test de Nugent, como parte del protocolo precirugía. Resultados: 399 pacientes (308 mujeres, edad media 41,9 ± 10,5 años; IMC medio 51,5 ± 8,4 kg/m2). El 10,3% de los pacientes presentaban prediabetes y el 27,8% diabetes. En 21 de los 399 pacientes, el despistaje fue anormal. En 8 pacientes, medimos cortisol libre en orina de 24 horas (CLU), siendo en todos normal al menos en dos ocasiones (CLU150 mcg/24 h), lo que descartaba SC. En 13 pacientes, repetimos el test de Nugent; sólo en 3, el test resultó patológico. Dos de los pacientes estaban en tratamiento con carbamacepina, lo que se consideró un falso positivo. El otro paciente se diagnosticó de Enfermedad de Cushing. Conclusión: La prevalencia de SC fue muy baja en pacientes con obesidad mórbida. Nuestros datos sugieren que no se debería realizarse un despistaje de SC de forma rutinaria.

La artritis reumatoide es una enfermedad sistémica crónica, con gran impacto en la vida social, emocional y física de los pacientes. Desde hace décadas, se han utilizado distintas dietas para tratar de mejorar los síntomas de las personas que la padecen. En este artículo se revisan los posibles beneficios de la terapia dietética en la artritis reumatoide. Los objetivos nutricionales en esta patología son frenar la pérdida de masa ósea, favorecer la recuperación de fracturas óseas y mejorar los trastornos inflamatorios asociadas al hueso y a las articulaciones. En general, se recomiendan dietas bajas en grasas saturadas, ricas en grasas polinsaturadas: omega 3 y omega 6, en hidratos de carbono complejos y fibra.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rarely associated with obesity, as malabsorption is a common feature of these diseases (1). However, some patients may experience morbid obesity and associated complications refractory to dietary treatment and benefit from bariatric surgery. It has even been postulated that surgery may result in improvement of IBD by reducing inflammatory markers (2). However, patients may experience a higher incidence of complications following surgery in the context of immunosuppressive therapy and prior malabsorption. Therefore, if surgery is performed, careful patient selection and individualization of technique are essential. We present a patient diagnosed with ulcerative colitis who presented severe protein malnutrition after bariatric surgery type bilio-pancreatic diversion and review the available literature.La Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal (EII) raramente se asocia a obesidad, ya que la malabsorción es una característica frecuente de este grupo de patologías (1). Sin embargo, algunos pacientes pueden padecer obesidad mórbida asociada a complicaciones y refractaria a tratamiento dietético y beneficiarse de la cirugía bariátrica. Incluso se ha postulado que podría producirse una mejoría de la EII al disminuir los marcadores inflamatorios tras la cirugía (2). No obstante, los pacientes pueden experimentar mayor incidencia de complicaciones tras la cirugía en el contexto de terapias inmunosupresoras y agravamiento de la malabsorción previa. Por ello, si se realiza la cirugía, la cuidadosa selección de los pacientes y la individualización de la técnica a realizar son imprescindibles. Presentamos una paciente diagnosticada de Colitis Ulcerosa que presenta desnutrición proteica severa tras cirugía bariátrica tipo derivación bilio-pancreática y realizamos una revisión de la literatura disponible.

We reviewed the medical records of morbidly obese patients referred to our clinic prior to bariatric surgery between January 2001 and December 2011. All patients had a complete medical history including physical examination, and 387 (300 female; mean age 46,5 ± 11,2 yr; mean BMI 52,8 ± 27,1 kg/m2) underwent screening for CS as part or our pre-surgical protocol. As screening for autonomous cortisol secretion, we performed an overnight 1 mg Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST). Serum cortisol < 1,8 μg/dl was the cut-off point for normal suppression.

To analyze the possible causes of growth hormone (GH) deficiency, whether isolated (GHD) or in combination with other pituitary deficiencies classified as idiopathic.We studied patients with idiopathic GHD included in a protocol of recombinant GH treatment in adults attending the outpatient clinic of the Endocrinology and Nutrition Service of the San Cecilio University Hospital. Perinatal history, findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and diagnosis of GHD and other deficiencies were retrospectively evaluated.A total of 17 patients were included: 14 men and 3 women with a mean age at diagnosis of 8.4+/-7.3 years. Perinatal adverse events occurred in 12 patients (69.2%). MRI showed empty sella (2 patients), pituitary hypoplasia or absence of the pituitary stalk (7 patients) and pituitary hypoplasia with ectopic posterior pituitary gland (6 patients); in the remaining 2 patients these data were not available. All had an established diagnosis of GHD: 15 with (88.2%) gonadotropin deficiency, 9 (52.9%) with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency and 8 (47.1%) with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) deficiency.In our patients, adverse events during pregnancy or the perinatal period and the presence of anatomical abnormalities identified by MRI are a marker of pituitary dysfunction and may be important in the pathogenesis of this entity. The clinical spectrum of disease varies from isolated GH deficiency to multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies.