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[2] Hafeez et al, in their review of the literature on COVID-19 vaccine-associated thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS), including 25 articles and 69 patients, reported that "patients having received messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccines are also present." In fact, of the 69 patients with vaccine-induced TTS analyzed within the review, only 4 patients had received an mRNA vaccine (5.7%), while the others had received an adenovirus-based vaccine, and no other details regarding their comorbidities was present and no statistical analysis was performed proving the relationship between mRNA COVID-19 vaccines and TTS. To help foster scientific debate, we would like to reply to Mungmunpuntipantip and Wiwanitkit, [1] addressing their perplexities in relation to our previous report. [Extracted from the article]

KKO-like antibodies were found to induce an autoimmune response in heparin-treated patients that results in thrombocytopenia and a prothrombotic state, while RTO-like antibodies do not promote platelet activation and thrombosis. Vaccination against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) will hopefully terminate the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and several vaccines are now available. [Extracted from the article]

This paper attempts to answer a series of questions that we consider central to the teaching of history and in teacher education: what do future teachers read and what do they use as reading material to teach History in secondary school? In this regard, there are two distinct practices. On one hand, textbooks - just like student teachers used them when they were high school students themselves. On the other, academic literature, which future teachers have worked with during their training courses. Under the circumstances, and without denying that both types of texts are possible readings in secondary school, we will raise a critical interprettation, as well as suggesting a reflection on the training of teachers and, finally, we will formulate a proposal considering the possibilities and limits of the "new historical disclosure". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Few data are known regarding the molecular features and patterns of growth and presentation which characterize those lung neoplastic lesions presenting as non-solid nodules (NSN).Methods: We retrospectively reviewed two different cohorts of NSNs detected by CT scan which, after transthoracic fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy (CNB) received a final diagnosis of malignancy. All the enrolled patients were then addressed to surgical removal of lung cancer nodules or to exclusive radiotherapy. Exhaustive clinical and radiological features were available for each case.Results: In all 62 analysed cases the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma (ADC) was reached. In cytologic samples, EGFR activating mutations were identified in 2 of the 28 cases (7%); no case showed ALK/EML4 or ROS1 translocations. In the histologic samples EGFR activating mutation were found in 4 out of 25 cases (16%). PD-L1 immunostains could be evaluated in 30 cytologic samples, while the remaining 7 did not reach the cellularity threshold for evaluation. TPS was < 1% in 26 cases,  > 1% < 50% in 3, and > 50% in 1. All surgical samples showed TPS < 1%. Of the 17 cases that could be evaluated on both samples, 15 were concordantly TPS 0, and 2 showed TPS > 1% < 50 on the biopsy samples. TPS was < 1% in 14 cases, > 1%/< 5% in 4 cases, > 5%/< 50% in 2 cases, > 50% in 1 case.Conclusions: Overall PD-L1 immunostaining documented the predominance of low/negative TPS, with high concordance in FNA and corresponding surgical samples. It can be hypothesized that lung ADC with NSN pattern and predominant in situ (i.e. lepidic) components represent the first steps in tumor progression, which have not yet triggered immune response, and/or have not accumulated a significant rate of mutations and neoantigen production, or that they belong to the infiltrated-excluded category of tumors. The negative prediction of response to immunomodulating therapy underlines the importance of rapid surgical treatment of these lesions. Notably, cell block cytology seems to fail in detecting EGFR mutations, thus suggesting that this kind of sampling technique should be not adequate in case of DNA direct sequencing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgical approaches to orbital apex lesions involve the medial and lateral corridors. The transorbital neuroendoscopic (TONE) approach has been recently proposed as an elegant, bone-sparing, and minimally invasive alternative for tumors of the lateral orbital compartment. However, its effectiveness compared with the standard lateral orbitotomy approach still requires confirmation. The aim of the present report was to describe the key technical aspects of the lateral trans-eyebrow TONE approach and to review the relevant reported data on the surgical management of ectopic orbital intraconal meningiomas. The TONE approach was used in a 63-year-old man with a diagnosis of a left ectopic intraconal meningioma of the orbital apex involving the lateral compartment. The TONE approach involves performing a lateral 3-cm eyebrow skin incision. A subperiosteal dissection of the periorbita permits intermittent medialization of the eyeball and extracapsular access to the orbital apex region. A lateral periorbital incision under full endoscopic view allows for early access to 2 different intermuscular corridors that do not require mechanical retraction of the oculomotor muscles. The reported data included studies of 23 cases of intraconal meningioma, which were usually benign, although the meningothelial variant has been associated with a greater recurrence rate. In our limited experience, the lateral TONE approach proved to be an effective, feasible, versatile, and minimally invasive promising alternative to resect orbital apex meningiomas involving the lateral compartment. Its technical strengths include increased illumination and magnification of the surgical field and an unparalleled lateral view of the orbital apex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An updated and comprehensive review on dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET) focusing on differential diagnosis, atypical presentation, seizure outcome, and risk of malignant transformation. A PubMed/MEDLINE-based literature search has been performed using "dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor" as a keyword. Two treated cases characterized by an atypical presentation have been reviewed. Of 1162 articles, 200 relevant studies have been selected. DNET is a benign mixed neuronal-glial tumor causing drug-resistant epilepsy primarily in children and young adults. The typical radiological pattern is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T1-hypointense, T2-, and fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery hyperintense multicystic lesion involving the cerebral cortex with no edema. Contrast enhancement may be present and a focal cortical dysplasia is commonly associated with it. MRI diffusion, perfusion, and spectroscopy have a paramount role in the differential diagnosis. The "specific glioneuronal elements" are pathognomonic. They are positive for S100 protein, synaptofisin, neuronal nuclei, oligodendrocyte transcription factor, neurite outgrowth inhibitor, and microtubule-associated protein 2, but negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein. As opposed to v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog, isocitrate dehydrogenase-1/isocitrate dehydrogenase-2 mutation and codeletion 1p-19q, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 and BRAF V600E mutations are present. The effectiveness of surgery on seizure outcome has been established. Rare malignant transformations have been reported, especially in extra-temporal and complex forms. Advanced MRI techniques are fundamental in the differential diagnosis for DNET versus other low-grade gliomas. Immuno-phenotype assessment and search for fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 and BRAF V600E mutations limit the risk of misdiagnoses. A gross total tumor removal is generally associated with a seizure-free outcome. Recurrences and malignant transformations may rarely follow, legitimizing MRI surveillance in cases of subtotal tumor resection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entering teacher work has been pointed out as a critical point in teacher's professional career. Of the multiple factors that affect the entrance into the teaching career outstand: personal issues, initial training and the environment of insertion. The paper that is presented here constitutes an advance in the research project The labor insertion of teaching graduates in the General Samiento National University (UNGS), developed in the framework of the trajectory of pedagogical training of the professorship graduations of the Human Development Institution (IDH - Instituto de Desarrollo Humano) of the UNGS. Its goal is analyzing the problems and needs of the graduates of the UNGS Teacher graduations in their first professional activities, from the perspective of their representations on the task of teaching and the youngsters, and in relation to the school institutions in which they work. The project will also help in the reflection on the training that the university currently offers and will also set the basis to develop escort dispositives for starting teachers, which is a part of the future projects in the teacher training of the IDH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Preoperative imaging impacts treatment planning and prognosis in laryngeal cancers. We investigated the accuracy of standard computed tomography (CT) in evaluating tumor invasions at critical glottic areas. Methods: CT scans of glottic cancers treated by partial or total laryngectomy between Jan 2015 and Aug 2019 were reviewed to assess levels of tumor invasion at critical glottic subsites. CT accuracy in the identification of tumor extensions was determined against the gold standard of histopathological analysis of surgical samples. Results: This study included 64 patients. In the anterior commissure, CT showed high rates of false positives at all levels (sensitivity 56.2–70%, specificity 87.8–92.3%); in the anterior vocal fold, it overestimated the deep invasion (19.5% specificity, 90.3% sensitivity), while it underestimated the extralaryngeal spread (63.6% sensitivity, 98.1% specificity). In the posterior paraglottic space (pPGS), false negative results were more frequent for superficial extensions (25% sensitivity, 95.8% specificity) and deep invasions (58.8% sensitivity, 82.3% specificity). Shorter disease-specific and disease-free survivals were associated with pStage IV (p: 0.045 and 0.008) and with the pathological involvement of pPGS (p: 0.045 and 0.015). Conclusions: Negative prognostic correlation of pPGS involvement was confirmed on histopathological data. CT staging did not provide a satisfactory prognostic stratification and should be complemented with magnetic resonance imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]