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Authors thank Aliisa Hatten for the English revision. This study is part of the doctoral thesis of Carolina Casado-Robles, as well as of the I + D + i Fit-Person project (Reference: PID2019-110179GB-100), funded by the MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. There is no conflict of interest. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, de- cision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The present study com- plies with the current laws of the country in which it was performed. The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author, who was an organizer of the study, The purpose was to assess the validity of four generations of Xiaomi Mi Band wristbands for the assessment of step count and physical activity (PA) levels among adolescents aged 12-18 years under free-living conditions. One hundred adolescents were invited to participate in the present study. The final sample consisted of 62 high-school students (34 females), aged 12 18 years old (Mage = 14.1 +/- 1.6 years), who wore an ActiGraph accelerometer on their hip (PA and step count reference measures) and four activity wristbands (Xiaomi Mi Band 2, 3, 4, and 5) on their non dominant wrist during the waking time of one day. Results showed that the agreement between daily PA levels (i.e., slow, brisk, and slow-brisk pace walking, total PA and moderate-to vigorous PA) measured by Xiaomi Mi Band wristbands and the accelerometer were poor (ICC, 95% CI = 0.06 0.78, 0.00 0.92; MAPE = 50.1 150.6%). However, agreement between daily step count measured by the accelerometer and the Xiaomi Mi Band wristbands were between acceptable (MAPE = 12.2 13.6%) to excellent (ICC, 95% CI = 0.94 0.95, 0.90 0.97). Furthermore, the Xiaomi Mi Band wristbands have a good to excellent validity for correctly classifying adolescents as meeting or not meeting the recommended 10,000 steps per day (P = 0.89 0.95, k = 0.71 0.87) and the recommended 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA per day (P = 0.89 0.94, k = 0.69 0.83). Furthermore, comparability between the four Xiaomi Mi Band generations were poor to excellent (ICC, 95% CI = 0.22 0.99, 0.00 1.00) for the daily PA levels outputs, although it was excellent (ICC, 95% CI = 0.99 1.00, 0.96 1.00; MAPE = 0.0 0.1%) for daily step count. Different models of Xiaomi Mi Band wristbands were comparable and presented good validity for measuring adolescents' step count, and they accurately classified adolescents as meeting or not meeting the PA recommendations under free-living conditions., PID2019-110179GB-100, MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033

Purpose: To examine the effect of two physical education–based alternated teaching units on students’ environmental knowledge for practicing out-of-school physical activity (PA), perceived autonomy support, self-determined and controlled motivation toward PA, intention to be physically active, self-reported and objective PA levels, and sedentary behavior. Method: A sample of 179 students (94 females) aged 13–15 years old was cluster randomly assigned to the innovative group (two alternated teaching units for practicing PA, with one lesson inside and one outside the school grounds) or the traditional group (a teaching unit for practicing PA, solely inside the school center). Results: The alternated teaching units improved students’ knowledge of their environment for practicing PA, perceived autonomy, autonomous motivation, intention to be physically active, and self-reported PA during the whole week (p Discussion/Conclusion: The innovative program improved students’ knowledge about their environment for practicing PA and self-reported PA but did not improve objectively measured PA levels.

The present study aimed: (a) to examine the effect of the Sport Education-based teaching unit on students’ sociometric status and quantitative relationship indices from a macro-analysis perspective (classroom-group level); and (b) to study the effect of the program on students’ relationships using a quantitative and visual analysis from a micro-analysis perspective (within the Sport Education subgroup teams level) in the Physical Education setting. One hundred and sixty-five high school students (46.7% females; Mage = 14.0 ± 1.1 years old) from six pre-established classes were cluster-randomly assigned into the experimental (n = 108) or control groups (n = 57). Both groups carried out a six-week intervention program (two Physical Education lessons a week). The experimental group followed the Sport Education model, while the control group methodology was based on direct instruction. Results of the Multilevel Linear Model showed that there were no significant differences in students’ sociometric indices nor sociometric status from a macro-analysis perspective. However, the results of the McNemar’s test and the visual analysis of social networks within-teams in the experimental group showed that the students’ relationships changed favorably within-team after the Sport Education program increased positive nominations and reduced negative nominations. In conclusion, these results suggest that the Sport Education model facilitates initiating new positive social relationships and removing negative relationships in within-team students.

Previous studies translating the daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) recommendation of total steps/day among adolescents are inconsistent, and those with cadence-based steps are scarce. The main purpose was to compare the accuracy of different daily steps index-based cut-points related to the daily 60 minutes of MVPA recommendation measured by a waist-worn accelerometer for adolescents. Following a cross-sectional design, 428 Spanish adolescents (final sample 351, 50.4% males), aged 13-16 years old, wore an ActiGraph GT3X/+ accelerometer (reference standard = MVPA; index tests = total steps/day, average steps/min and peak 1-min cadence) on the right hip for eight consecutive days. 32.5% of the adolescents met the daily MVPA recommendation. The multiple ROC curve comparisons showed that the accuracy of the daily total step-based recommendation (AUC = 0.97) was statistically higher than for those with the steps/min (AUC = 0.90) and peak 1-min cadence (AUC = 0.58) (

The aim of the study was to compare the effect of a Sport Education-based irregular teaching unit on the high-school students’ physical activity (PA) during school recess. A sample of 91 adolescent...

Among adolescents empirical studies examining the total daily steps translation of the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity recommendation are scarce and inconsistent, and there are no previous studies with cadence-based steps and related to sedentary behavior. The main objective of the present study was to establish and compare the accuracy of daily step-based recommendations related to the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary behavior thresholds in adolescents. The present study followed a cross-sectional design. A total of 126 adolescents (56 girls) aged 12-15 years old were assessed by ActiGraph GT3X accelerometers for eight consecutive days (moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, sedentary behavior, and steps) and the multistage 20-meter shuttle run test (cardiorespiratory fitness). ROC curve analyses showed that total daily steps (AUC = 0.94, 0.89-0.99; Threshold ≥ 11,111 steps/ day; P = 0.93; k = 0.67; p < 0.001) was a more appropriate indicator than cadence-based daily steps for distinguishing between physically active and inactive adolescents. Daily step-based thresholds represent a promising way to translate a total daily sedentary behavior threshold (e.g., total daily steps, AUC = 0.87, 0.81-0.93; Sensitivity = 0.87; Specificity = 0.70). Adolescents who met a favorable combination of step-based recommendations related to both physical activity and sedentary behavior thresholds had a higher probability of having a healthy cardiorespiratory fitness profile than those who did not meet either of them (e.g., risk ratio = 5.05, 1.69-15.08) or only the one related to physical activity (e.g., risk ratio = 4.09, 1.36-12.29). These findings may help policy-makers to provide accurate daily step-based recommendations that would simplify the physical activity and sedentary behavior thresholds for adolescents.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of a Physical Education (PE)-based Sport Education (SE) program on personal and interpersonal variables, social environment, and the predisposition of acquiring positive habits and autonomy in high school students in order to assess the contribution of this model to the students’ citizenship education. A sample of 123 adolescents, 60 boys and 63 girls, participated in the present study. Students were divided into one control (CG) and one experimental (EG) group. EG performed 12 PE-lessons of SE intervention based on volleyball small-sided games and educational competitions. CG followed a traditional treatment of sport in PE, mixing tasks with small-sided games and direct instruction methodologies. Results showed that EG participants had a statistically significant increase in the scores of the following dimensions: personal (the self-determined motivation toward PE, satisfaction/enjoyment toward sport, and the physical self-concept); interpersonal (relatedness with others, cooperative learning, and important role within a work-group); social (PE classroom climate, and sportspersonship); and autonomy and acquisition of habits (autonomy support, and the intention to be physically active) compared with the CG (p < .001). A SE intervention in PE will allow teachers to improve students’ citizenship competences.Resumen. El objetivo del estudio fue examinar el efecto de un programa de Educación Deportiva (ED) en Educación Física (EF) sobre variables personales e interpersonales, ambiente social, y la predisposición de adquirir hábitos positivos y autonomía en estudiantes de enseñanza secundaria para evaluar la contribución de este modelo a la educación para la ciudadanía de los alumnos. 123 adolescentes, 60 niños y 63 niñas, participaron en el presente estudio. Los estudiantes fueron divididos en un grupo control (GC) y un grupo experimental (GE). El GE realizó 12 sesiones de EF de ED basada en juegos y competiciones de situaciones reducidas de juego de voleibol. El GC siguió un tratamiento tradicional del deporte en EF, combinando tareas con situaciones reducidas de juego y metodologías de instrucción directa. Los resultados mostraron que los participantes del GE tuvieron un aumento estadísticamente significativo en las puntuaciones de las siguientes dimensiones: personal (motivación autodeterminada hacia la EF, satisfacción/disfrute hacia el deporte y autoconcepto físico); interpersonal (relación con los demás, aprendizaje cooperativo, y papel importante dentro del grupo); social (clima de aula en EF y deportividad); y autonomía y adquisición de hábitos (apoyo a la autonomía e intención de ser físicamente activo) en comparación con el GC (p < .001). Una intervención de ED en EF permitirá que los profesores mejoren las competencias de ciudadanía de los alumnos.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar el efecto de una unidad didáctica intermitente de acondicionamiento físico en Educación Física sobre los niveles de actividad física y capacidad cardiorrespiratoria entre estudiantes con un perfil saludable/no saludable de capacidad cardiorrespiratoria. Ochenta estudiantes de 2º-3º curso de Educación Secundaria fueron asignados aleatoriamente al grupo control y grupo experimental. El grupo experimental, dividido en perfiles saludable/no saludable, realizó una unidad didáctica intermitente de acondicionamiento físico para mejorar la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria. El grupo control trabajó un contenido diferente durante el mismo tiempo y con la misma frecuencia, pero sin hacer hincapié en la mejora de la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria. Antes y después de la intervención, la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria se evaluó objetivamente mediante el test de ida y vuelta de 20 metros. Los niveles de actividad física fueron medidos objetivamente a través de un pulsómetro durante las clases de Educación Física. Ambos perfiles tuvieron mayores niveles de actividad física durante las clases de Educación Física que el grupo control (p < .001). Sin embargo, solo los estudiantes con un perfil no saludable mejoraron significativamente sus niveles de capacidad cardiorrespiratoria tras la unidad didáctica (p < .01). Aunque una unidad didáctica intermitente de acondicionamiento físico parece tener un efecto similar en los niveles de actividad física de todos los perfiles de capacidad cardiorrespiratoria de los estudiantes, solo mejora la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria de los estudiantes con un perfil no saludable. Abstract. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of a Physical Education-based physical fitness intermittent teaching unit on physical activity levels and cardiorespiratory fitness among students with healthy/unhealthy cardiorespiratory fitness profile. Eighty students from 2º-3º grades of Secondary Education were randomly assigned to the control group and experimental group. The experimental group, divided into healthy/unhealthy profiles, performed a physical fitness intermittent teaching unit to improve the cardiorespiratory fitness. The control group worked a different content during the same time and with the same frequency, but without emphasizing cardiorespiratory fitness improvement. Before and after the teaching unit, students’ cardiorespiratory fitness was objectively measured by the 20-meter shuttle run test. Participants’ physical activity levels were measured objectively using a heart rate monitor during Physical Education lessons. Students from both profiles had higher physical activity levels during Physical Education lessons than the control group (p < .001). However, only students with an unhealthy cardiorespiratory fitness profile statistically improved their cardiorespiratory fitness levels after the teaching unit (p < .01). Although an intermittent physical fitness teaching unit seems to have similar effect on physical activity levels of students from all cardiorespiratory fitness profiles, it only improves the cardiorespiratory fitness of those with an unhealthy one.

Summary Objective The main aim was to examine the effects of a physical education-based reinforced program through outdoor physical activities and body expression on cardiorespiratory fitness in secondary students. A secondary aim was to analyze the physical activity levels during the physical education-based development and reinforced programs. Methods A sample of 92 secondary students (Mage 12.4 ± 0.7 years), from five classes, were cluster-randomly assigned into 3 groups: an experimental group without a reinforced program of physical activities [non-reinforced group (NRG)], an experimental group with a reinforced program [reinforced group (RG)], and a control group (CG). The NRG and RG students performed a physical fitness development program twice a week for nine weeks. Then, the RG completed a reinforced program through outdoor physical activities and body expression twice a week for six weeks. Students’ cardiorespiratory fitness was measured at the beginning and at the end of the development program, as well as at the end of the reinforced program. Physical activity levels were measured objectively through a heart rate monitor and subjectively by a self-reported scale during physical education sessions. Results The results of the mixed two-way [3 × 3; group (NRG, RG, CG) × time (pre-intervention, post-intervention and post-maintenance)] analysis of covariance [performance (s): F = 11.926, P Conclusion A reinforced program of nine weeks (initial development) and six weeks (maintenance thorough other physical education contents) allowed teachers to increase and maintain students’ cardiorespiratory fitness levels and to develop other curricular contents at the same time.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of the intermittent and traditional physical fitness-based teaching units on cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity levels in high school students during Physical Education sessions.One hundred and three high school students (Mage=13.6±0.7) from six classes, balanced by grade, were cluster-randomly assigned into traditional (TG), intermittent (IG), and control (CG) groups. The TG performed a fitness teaching unit twice a week for nine weeks (35-40 minutes of the main part of each session). The IG worked during the first half of the sessions' main part (18-20 minutes) similarly to the TG, and during the second half they worked on technical-tactical aspects of invasion sports. Students' cardiorespiratory fitness was measured at the beginning and at the end of the teaching unit. Physical activity levels were measured objectively through a heart rate monitor and subjectively by a self-reported scale during Physical Education sessions.Both traditional and intermittent teaching units developed students' cardiorespiratory fitness levels (Δ post-pre-intervention: TG, M∆=19.8, SE=9.4; IG, M∆=16.6, SE=7.7); P0.01). Additionally, both TG (M=86.2, SE=9.9) and IG (M=90.9, SE=7.6) had higher physical activity levels than the CG (M=76.3, SE=13.5) (P0.05). However, no differences in physical activity levels were found between the IG and TG (P0.05).The intermittent teaching unit allowed the simultaneous development of cardiorespiratory fitness and another curricular objective in the same Physical Education sessions.

Objective The aim was to compare the effect of a Physical Education (PE)-based fitness teaching unit to improve cardiorespiratory fitness levels between students’ motivational profiles toward PE in high-school students using cluster analysis. Method One hundred and eighty-one high school students (final sample 165, 52.1% females; Mage = 12.9 ± 0.9) from nine pre-established classes were cluster-randomly assigned into an experimental group (n = 120) and control group (n = 61). The experimental group performed a fitness teaching unit twice a week for nine weeks. Students’ baseline of self-determined motivation toward PE was measured by the Spanish version of the Perceived Locus of Causality-II Scale. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured before and after the intervention through the 20-m shuttle run test. Results Based on a two-stage cluster analysis approach, four clusters were identified in both groups. Results showed that the experimental group students within the high self-determined motivational profiles toward PE (i.e., clusters 2 and 4) statistically significantly improved their cardiorespiratory fitness levels compared with the control group students in cluster 2 (i.e., those with moderate self-determined motivational profile toward PE) (p 0.05). Conclusions: With the objective of increasing all students’ cardiorespiratory fitness levels, PE teachers should encourage students’ motivation toward PE applying specific motivational strategies during PE lessons.

Monográfico con el título: "Actividades Físicas en el Medio Natural (1ª parte)" Resumen basado en el de la publicación Título, resumen y palabras clave también en inglés Se pretende analizar la evolución del número de publicaciones sobre actividad física en el medio natural en educación física. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en la base de datos Web of ScienceTM desde 1990 hasta 2016. Los términos de búsqueda usados se basaron en dos conceptos: 1) actividad física en el medio natural y 2) educación física. Se encontraron un total de 116 resultados, con una media de 4,3 publicaciones por año, observándose una tendencia a aumentar el número de publicaciones a lo largo de los años, especialmente desde 2011 hasta la actualidad. En cambio, del total de estudios sobre educación física desde 1990 hasta 2016, solo el 5% trataron sobre actividades en el medio natural, con una media de 0,2% de publicaciones por año. En general, se observó una cantidad relativa de publicaciones muy similar desde 1990 hasta 2016. Se concluye afirmando que se produce un aumento absoluto significativo en la producción de publicaciones sobre actividad física en el medio natural en educación física, especialmente desde 2011. En cambio, si se tiene en cuenta la evolución relativa a la investigación sobre la educación física, la producción científica sobre el contenido de medio natural se mantiene estable. ESP