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As the adverse impacts of hydrological extremes increase in many regions of the world, a better understanding of the drivers of changes in risk and impacts is essential for effective flood and drought risk management and climate adaptation. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive, empirical data about the processes, interactions and feedbacks in complex human-water systems leading to flood and drought impacts. Here we present a benchmark dataset containing socio-hydrological data of paired events, i.e., two floods or two droughts that occurred in the same area. The 45 paired events occurred in 42 different study areas and cover a wide range of socio-economic and hydro-climatic conditions. The dataset is unique in covering both floods and droughts, in the number of cases assessed, and in the quantity of socio-hydrological data. The benchmark dataset comprises: 1) detailed review style reports about the events and key processes between the two events of a pair; 2) the key data table containing variables that assess the indicators which characterise management shortcomings, hazard, exposure, vulnerability and impacts of all events; 3) a table of the indicators-of-change that indicate the differences between the first and second event of a pair. The advantages of the dataset are that it enables comparative analyses across all the paired events based on the indicators-of-change and allows for detailed context- and location-specific assessments based on the extensive data and reports of the individual study areas. The dataset can be used by the scientific community for exploratory data analyses e.g. focused on causal links between risk management, changes in hazard, exposure and vulnerability and flood or drought impacts. The data can also be used for the development, calibration and validation of socio-hydrological models. The dataset is available to the public through the GFZ Data Services (Kreibich et al. 2023, link for review: https://dataservices.gfz-potsdam.de/panmetaworks/review/923c14519deb04f83815ce108b48dd2581d57b90ce069bec9c948361028b8c85/).

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo principal establecer una estrategia didáctica a través de un estudio hidrobiológico preliminar del río Guarapas para la conservación y el uso sostenible de los recursos hídricos con los estudiantes de la institución educativa el Roble de Palestina – Huila. En su desarrollo, se utilizó enfoque mixto, desde un paradigma pragmático y un tipo de investigación acción participativa, como también, la observación directa, la encuesta y medición de variables físico-químicas y bilógicas como instrumentos de recolección de datos. Del mismo modo, se emplearon estrategias didácticas de intervención y reflexión como talleres, salidas de campo y charlas magistrales en educación ambiental para uso sostenible de los ecosistemas acuáticos apoyadas de técnicas pedagógicas visuales como folletos, carteleras, carteles y videos. Como conclusión, la investigación respondió de manera coherente y pertinente ante los problemas ambientales presentes en el territorio; lo que permitió reconocer una falta de conocimiento de los temas, como también, fortalecer la conciencia y hábitos sostenibles por la conservación de los recursos hídricos a través del trabajo en equipo, la adquisición de nuevos saberes teóricos y el interés por continuar en los procesos de mejoramiento del ambiente en la región.

En el presente estudio se realizó una aproximación a la comunidad de la vereda Barcelona para obtener información sobre su percepción acerca de los servicios ecosistémicos que el entorno les ofrece; analizando el valor que le dan a los mismos y las posibles tendencias de acuerdo con las características sociales. Para obtener esta información, se creó una encuesta con preguntas cerradas y abiertas, todas encaminadas a una caracterización sociocultural de la población y la obtención de información sobre los servicios ecosistémicos percibidos. Esta encuesta se realizó en la vereda Barcelona, un sector rural ubicado a las afueras de Villavicencio, allí 60 moradores del sector fueron encuestados de manera aleatoria. Según los resultados obtenidos, la mayoría de la población percibió la obtención de agua para uso doméstico cómo una de las más importantes, seguida de la tranquilidad y el uso del suelo para actividades agropecuarias. Lo anterior coincide con otros estudios en los cuales los servicios de abastecimiento son los más mencionados, lo cual puede ser debido a que estos son recursos tangibles de uso diario. Como principal impulsor de cambios en el entorno, el aumento de la urbanización ha causado perdida de cobertura boscosa y de afluentes hídricos. Finalmente, se recomienda la implementación de acciones que permitan mejorar el conocimiento de los habitantes sobre su entorno, para que así, desde acciones locales, logren mitigar el daño al ambiente.

Objetivo: Establecer los aportes de la experiencia, la reflexión y la mediación del maestro al método de proyectos. Metodología: artículo con base en una investigación en la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, UPTC, ejecutada durante los años 2010 al 2017 y obedece al proyecto de investigación inscrito en la misma universidad: La formación de los docentes de ingeniería civil con nueve variables trabajadas. Se hizo con siete proyectos de investigación: cuatro con ingenieros graduados, tres con estudiantes para graduarse como ingenieros y veinte proyectos de introducción a la ingeniería. Se hizo con investigación acción educativa, con reuniones semanales en casi todos ellos y en otros más distanciadas en el tiempo. Se verificó la incidencia de las variables en el método con docentes, monitores, jóvenes investigadores y estudiantes del programa de Ingeniería Civil de la universidad Santo Tomás. Conclusiones: se concluyó que las experiencias contribuyen en la reflexión y ésta a la construcción de conocimientos y al cambio de paradigmas., Objective: To determine the contributions of teacher experience, reflection and mediation to the project method. Methodology: article based on research conducted at the Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia, UPTC from 2010 to 2017 and corresponding to the following research project registered at the same university: The training of civil engineering teachers based on the study of nine variables. It was carried out with seven research projects: four with engineering graduates, three with engineering undergraduates, and twenty introductory engineering projects. The method used was educational action research, with meetings held on a weekly basis in almost all of the projects and at longer intervals in others. The incidence of the variables in the method was verified with teachers, monitors, young researchers and students in the Civil Engineering programme at Santo Tomás University. Conclusions: it was concluded that experience contributes to reflection and reflection to the construction of knowledge and paradigm shifts.

We report odd records in the southernmost range of the Tumbes Tyrant (Tumbezia salvini), a near-threatened species endemic of the Tumbesian region in Peru. We assessed whether these records could be considered geographically or ecologically marginal compared to the entire species distribution. By collecting occurrence records for the species and climatic information across its range and using multivariate analysis and species distribution models, we examined the position of the odd records across its geographical distribution and climatic niche, and its range dynamics in recent years. Our results show that the newly collected records are indeed found in geographically and climatically marginal situations. In the recent years, the species has been reported to move upward at its upper range limit but not at its lower limit, which may suggest a relatively recent range expansion. However, sampling frequency of occurrence records also increased over time, which may imply a better recent detection of the species at both its geographical and environmental margins and therefore a possible misinterpretation of its recent past range dynamics. Finally, recent temperature trends do not indicate an overall warming in the region, which might discard the hypothesis that the odd records were due to a range shift caused by climate change. The dry forest in the Tumbesian region is under serious threat by human disturbance. Further appropriate monitoring of the Tumbes Tyrant across its range and ecological niche margins through time, will help evaluate its threat and subsequent conservation status.

Resumen El artículo es producto de una investigación desarrollada durante cuatro años consecutivos. Su propósito fue construir conocimiento en matemáticas y estadística para cimentar la educación sustentada en valores mediante la aplicación del método el Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas-Organizado en Proyectos (ABP-OP). Se estudiaron 53 estudiantes de octavo grado, de un total de 520, del colegio de educación pública, Juan José Neira, de Gachantivá, (Boyacá) de las áreas rurales y urbana, de estratos 0-2, entre 11 y 15 años. Se utilizó la investigación acción educativa y con entrevistas, encuestas y diario, cuyos resultados fueron analizados a diario, resaltando el método que aporta de manera significativa a la formación en principios y valores y en forma práctica en la construcción de conocimiento de la estadística. Como reflexión final se obtuvo que el método del Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos (ABP-OP) formó en principios y en valores, mejoró los procesos de construcción del conocimiento de la matemática-estadística y cumplió con los contenidos del currículo de grado octavo.

Páramos, a neotropical alpine grassland‐peatland biome of the northern Andes and Central America, play an essential role in regional and global cycles of water, carbon, and nutrients. They act as water towers, delivering water and ecosystem services from the high mountains down to the Pacific, Caribbean, and Amazon regions. Páramos are also widely recognized as a biodiversity and climate change hot spots, yet they are threatened by anthropogenic activities and environmental changes. Despite their importance for water security and carbon storage, and their vulnerability to human activities, only three decades ago, páramos were severely understudied. Increasing awareness of the need for hydrological evidence to guide sustainable management of páramos prompted action for generating data and for filling long‐standing knowledge gaps. This has led to a remarkably successful increase in scientific knowledge, induced by a strong interaction between the scientific, policy, and (local) management communities. A combination of well‐established and innovative approaches has been applied to data collection, processing, and analysis. In this review, we provide a short overview of the historical development of research and state of knowledge of the hydrometeorology, flux dynamics, anthropogenic impacts, and the influence of extreme events in páramos. We then present emerging technologies for hydrology and water resources research and management applied to páramos. We discuss how converging science and policy efforts have leveraged traditional and new observational techniques to generate an evidence base that can support the sustainable management of páramos. We conclude that this co‐evolution of science and policy was able to successfully cover different spatial and temporal scales. Lastly, we outline future research directions to showcase how sustainable long‐term data collection can foster the responsible conservation of páramos water towers.

Risk management has reduced vulnerability to floods and droughts globally1,2, yet their impacts are still increasing3. An improved understanding of the causes of changing impacts is therefore needed, but has been hampered by a lack of empirical data4,5. On the basis of a global dataset of 45 pairs of events that occurred within the same area, we show that risk management generally reduces the impacts of floods and droughts but faces difficulties in reducing the impacts of unprecedented events of a magnitude not previously experienced. If the second event was much more hazardous than the first, its impact was almost always higher. This is because management was not designed to deal with such extreme events: for example, they exceeded the design levels of levees and reservoirs. In two success stories, the impact of the second, more hazardous, event was lower, as a result of improved risk management governance and high investment in integrated management. The observed difficulty of managing unprecedented events is alarming, given that more extreme hydrological events are projected owing to climate change3.

High-altitude wetlands of the Central Andes, locally known as bofedales, provide important ecosystem services, particularly carbon storage, forage provisioning, and water regulation. Local communities have artificially expanded bofedales by irrigating surrounding grasslands to maximise areas for alpaca grazing. Despite their importance, biophysical processes of both natural and artificial bofedales are still poorly studied, which hinders the development of adequate management and conservation strategies. We analyse and compare the vegetation composition, hydrological variables, groundwater chemistry, and soil characteristics of a natural and an artificial bofedal of at least 10 years old in southern Peru, to understand their interrelations and the consequences for ecosystem service provisioning. We do not find statistically significant differences in the soil, water, and vegetation characteristics. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content, which we use as a proxy for carbon storage, is negatively correlated to dissolved oxygen, pH, and soil water temperature. In addition, Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling analysis shows a positive relation between plant community composition, SOC content, and water electric conductivity. Our results suggest a three-way interaction between hydrological, soil, and vegetation characteristics in the natural bofedal, which also holds for the artificial bofedal. Vegetation cover of two of the most highly nutritious species for alpaca, Lachemilla diplophylla and Lilaeopsis macloviana with 19–22% of crude protein, are weakly or not correlated to environmental variables, suggesting grazing might be obscuring these potential relationships. Given the high economic importance of alpaca breeding for local communities, expanding bofedales artificially appears an effective strategy to enhance their ecosystem services with minimal impact on the ecohydrological properties of bofedales.

The last decade has seen a proliferation of studies that use plant functional traits to assess how plants respond to climate change. However, it remains unclear whether there is a global set of traits that can predict plants’ ability to cope or even thrive when exposed to varying manifestations of climate change. We conducted a systematic global review which identified 148 studies to assess whether there is a set of common traits across biomes that best predict positive plant responses to multiple climate changes and associated environmental changes. Eight key traits appear to best predict positive plant responses to multiple climate/environmental changes across biomes: lower or higher specific leaf area (SLA), lower or higher plant height, greater water-use efficiency (WUE), greater resprouting ability, lower relative growth rate, greater clonality/bud banks/below-ground storage, higher wood density, and greater rooting depth. Trait attributes associated with positive responses appear relatively consistent within biomes and climate/environmental changes, except for SLA and plant height, where both lower and higher trait attributes are associated with a positive response depending on the biome and climate/environmental change considered. Overall, our findings illustrate important and general trait-climate responses within and between biomes that help us understand which plant phenotypes may cope with or thrive under current and future climate change. publishedVersion

Social Impact Statement Climate change is expected to disproportionately affect sub-Saharan Africa in the next century, posing a threat to the livelihoods of smallholder farmers and deepening food insecurity. To adapt to this threat, more climate-resilient crops need to be brought into the food system; these may be developed through breeding with crop wild relatives with key traits to cope with climate change. Here, we assess the level of open-access trait documentation of crop wild relatives of 29 important crops, their resilience, how threatened they are in situ, how well they are preserved ex situ and we provide priorities for their conservation and use in breeding programmes. Summary - Climate change is projected to adversely affect smallholder agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) over the next century, with many areas becoming unsuitable for growing crops. Breeding programmes using crop wild relatives (CWRs) that are pre-adapted to projected future climatic conditions may lead to more resilient crops, but their traits have not been screened across a large diversity of CWRs. Furthermore, many are threatened and require greater protection in situ and ex situ to prevent the loss of an important adaptive solution to climate change. - A previous ecogeographical study found that 303 out of 836 CWRs of 29 major crops cultivated across SSA may represent priorities for future crop resilience. Here, we assessed the availability of trait information and compared traits between resilient and non-resilient CWRs. Subsequently, we analysed the conservation status of CWRs in situ and ex situ to set new global priorities for protection. - Our findings show that the traits of many CWRs are poorly described, but for those species with better coverage, key differences between resilient and non-resilient CWRs were identified, including lower plant height amongst resilient CWRs of tree crops (arabica and robusta coffee, mango and cacao) and a higher likelihood of invasive CWRs to be resilient. We found that 14% and 36% of resilient CWRs are threatened in situ and absent from seed collections, respectively. - Our study highlights CWR priorities for conservation based on resilience. A concerted international effort is recommended to conserve CWRs and improve agricultural resilience in a changing climate.

Although today the forest cover is continuous in Central Africa, this may have not always been the case, as the scarce fossil record in this region suggests that arid conditions might have significantly reduced tree density during the ice ages. Our aim was to investigate whether the dry ice age periods left a genetic signature on tree species that can be used to infer the date of the past fragmentation of the rainforest. We sequenced reduced representation libraries of 182 samples representing five widespread legume trees and seven outgroups. Phylogenetic analyses identified an early divergent lineage for all species in West Africa (Upper Guinea) and two clades in Central Africa: Lower Guinea-North and Lower Guinea-South. As the structure separating the Northern and Southern clades—congruent across species—cannot be explained by geographic barriers, we tested other hypotheses with demographic model testing using δαδι. The best estimates indicate that the two clades split between the Upper Pliocene and the Pleistocene, a date compatible with forest fragmentation driven by ice age climatic oscillations. Furthermore, we found remarkably older split dates for the shade-tolerant tree species with nonassisted seed dispersal than for light-demanding species with long-distance wind-dispersed seeds. Different recolonization abilities after recurrent cycles of forest fragmentation seem to explain why species with long-distance dispersal show more recent genetic admixture between the two clades than species with limited seed dispersal. Despite their old history, our results depict the African rainforests as a dynamic biome where tree species have expanded relatively recently after the last glaciation., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

En la actualidad podemos apreciar cómo, con gran facilidad y de forma acelerada, las aplicaciones tecnológicas han invadido diferentes espacios en la sociedad, impactando la forma de realizar los diversos procesos transformando de manera significativa la cotidianidad de las personas y el escenario educativo no escapa de esta realidad. Bajo este contexto, genera un cambio de mentalidad que ha transformado la comunicación humana y las prácticas laborales mediante formas cada vez más instantáneas e interactivas que desplazan las tradicionales, lo cual se ha comprendido como una cultura digital. En este sentido, la presente investigación estuvo orientada a profundizar teóricamente acerca del conocimiento y la cultura digital en el escenario educativo a través de una investigación documental, con un enfoque post positivista bajo el paradigma fenomenológico. Se presenta a la cultura digital como algo no acabado en constante evolución, por lo cual, lo cualitativo facilitó una visión del fenómeno, contextualizado en el área de educación. Para lograr lo previsto, se procedió a la revisión de documentos, con apoyo en la hermenéutica para la interpretación del material simbólico que se incorporó al estudio. Dicho material, fue organizado y analizado, extrayendo categorías que facilitaron la interpretación y la generación de los hallazgos. Se devela la existencia de una brecha comunicacional entre docentes y estudiantes influenciadas por la irrupción el acceso, uso y apropiación de las tecnologías de información y comunicación. Por lo que en la actualidad se demandan prácticas educativas innovadoras adaptadas al contexto actual que permitan generar un equilibrio y entendimiento entre los docentes y estudiantes así como despertar el espíritu crítico acerca del uso de la tecnología para pasar de consumidores de información a productores de conocimiento.

QUESTION: The existence of monodominant forest in highly diverse tropical rainforest has been the subject of much debate. One hypothesis suggests that the combination of advantageous traits and long periods of low disturbance is key for this forest's persistence. Here we ask whether there is evidence for the long‐term presence of monodominant Gilbertiodendron forest in the absence of fire and climate change. LOCATION: Republic of Congo. METHODS: We extracted fossil pollen and macro‐charcoal from a sediment sequence collected in present‐day monodominant Gilbertiodendron forest stand that spans the last 2,700 years. Climatic changes were inferred using other published palaeoecological records from Central Africa. We also looked at Gilbertiodendron dewevrei's present‐day ecological tolerances. RESULTS: Gilbertiodendron pollen was found in every sample covering the last 2,700 years in similar percentages to present‐day soil surface samples. In addition, no statistically significant change in pollen composition was found during this time despite vegetation changes being documented in nearby mixed and swamp forest cores over the same time period. No evidence of fire was found for a period of 2,400 years. Only minimal burning occurred over the last 300 years in this monodominant stand. The analysis of ecological tolerances shows G. dewevrei has a broad niche for precipitation (1,300–2,460 mm). CONCLUSIONS: Our pollen record is the first to describe the long‐term ecological history of an African monodominant forest. Our results show this monodominant stand existed over the past 2,700 years mostly in the absence of fire, providing support for the low disturbance hypothesis as an explanation for monodominance persistence. However, we show that the monodominant forest was continuous, at this site, despite climatic fluctuations in the immediate region. This combined with the broad tolerance of water requirements of the species suggests a potential resilience to future climate variability. However, additional pollen records from a wider area are needed to confirm this.

Aim: Climate change is expected to impact mountain biodiversity by shifting species ranges and the biomes they shape. The extent and regional variation in these impacts are still poorly understood, particularly in the highly biodiverse Andes. Regional syntheses of climate change impacts on vegetation are pivotal to identify and guide research priorities. Here we review current data, knowledge and uncertainties in past, present and future climate change impacts on vegetation in the Andes. Location: Andes. Taxon: Plants. Methods: We (i) conducted a literature review on Andean vegetation responses to past and contemporary climatic change, (ii) analysed future climate projections for different elevations and slope orientations at 19 Andean locations using an ensemble of model outputs from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5, and (iii) calculated changes in the suitable climate envelope area of Andean biomes and compared these results to studies that used species distribution models. Results: Future climatic changes (2040–2070) are projected to be stronger at high-elevation areas in the tropical Andes (up to 4°C under RCP 8.5), while in the temperate Andes temperature increases are projected to be up to 2°C. Under this worst-case scenario, temperate deciduous forests and the grasslands/steppes from the Central and Southern Andes are predicted to show the greatest losses of suitable climatic space (30% and 17%–23%, respectively). The high vulnerability of these biomes contrasts with the low attention from researchers modelling Andean species distributions. Critical knowledge gaps include a lack of an Andean wide plant checklist, insufficient density of weather stations at high-elevation areas, a lack of high-resolution climatologies that accommodates the Andes' complex topography and climatic processes, insufficient data to model demographic and ecological processes, and low use of palaeo data for distribution modelling. Main conclusions: Climate change is likely to profoundly affect the extent and composition of Andean biomes. Temperate Andean biomes in particular are susceptible to substantial area contractions. There are, however, considerable challenges and uncertainties in modelling species and biome responses and a pressing need for a region-wide approach to address knowledge gaps and improve understanding and monitoring of climate change impacts in these globally important biomes. publishedVersion

Objetivo. Observar el comportamiento de la experticia, la comunicación y el pensamiento crítico con el método de Proyectos. La investigación se llevó a cabo en la Universidad Santo Tomás de Tunja, con estudiantes de varios cursos de pregrado y con proyectos para optar al título de ingenieros civiles. Se aplicaron entrevistas, encuestas y rejillas de observación a docentes, monitores y estudiantes. Se hizo en cuatro proyectos de pregrado con la dirección del investigador principal, cuatro docentes, cuatro monitores y diez estudiantes. La investigación se inició en el año 2012 y se documentó desde el 2014 al 2018. Resultados y conclusiones. Se encontraron avances significativos en la experticia, el trabajo en equipo, el pensamiento crítico y en competencias humanas. Los resultados aportan a la educación en la ingeniería, aunque pueden ser útiles a otras profesiones., To observe the behavior of expertise, communication, and critical thinking with the project method. The research was carried out at Universidad Santo Tomás de Tunja with students from various undergraduate courses and with projects that are part of obtaining a civil engineering degree. Interviews, surveys, and observation grids were applied to teachers, instructors, and students. This was done with four undergraduate projects under the direction of the principal researcher, four teachers, four instructors, and ten students. The research began in 2012 and was documented from 2014 to 2018. Significant progress was observed in expertise, teamwork, critical thinking, and human competences. The results contribute to engineering education, although they may be useful for other professions.

Una de las grandes necesidades de nuestra sociedad es formar capital humano para soportar el desarrollo de soluciones a los grandes retos y desafíos que se establecen en nuestro país, y que con los retos inherentes al proceso de paz, al cuidado del medio ambiente y al posicionamiento de la ingeniería que requiere Colombia a nivel regional, la universidad como actor formador e identificador de necesidades, a través de los autores de esta obra se presenta una ruta de formación integral de docentes de ingeniería, que conjuga la formación disciplinar con la pedagogía y la didáctica, aspectos que se condensan en la enseñanza de la ingeniería a través del aprendizaje por problemas orientado por proyectos, estableciendo principios orientadores que reflejan la estrecha relación de la teoría interdisciplinar y la práctica, que a nivel académico se logra relacionar a través del currículo y los planes de estudio, siempre bajo un ambiente propicio de aprendizaje.

Background The páramos, the high-elevation ecosystems of the northern Andes, are well-known for their high species richness and provide a variety of ecosystem services to local subsistence-based communities and regional urbanizations. Climate change is expected to negatively affect the provision of these services, but the level of this impact is still unclear. Here we assess future climate change impact on the ecosystem services provided by the critically important páramos of the department of Boyacá in Colombia, of which over 25% of its territory is páramo. Methods We first performed an extensive literature review to identify useful species of Boyacá, and selected 103 key plant species that, based on their uses, support the provision of ecosystem services in the páramos. We collated occurrence information for each key species and using a Mahalanobis distance approach we applied climate niche modelling for current and future conditions. Results We show an overall tendency of reduction in area for all ecosystem services under future climate conditions (mostly a loss of 10% but reaching up to a loss of 40%), but we observe also increases, and responses differ in intensity loss. Services such as Food for animals, Material and Medicinal, show a high range of changes that includes both positive and negative outcomes, while for Food for humans the responses are mostly substantially negative. Responses are less extreme than those projected for individual species but are often complex because a given ecosystem service is provided by several species. As the level of functional or ecological redundancy between species is not yet known, there is an urgency to expand our knowledge on páramos ecosystem services for more species. Our results are crucial for decision-makers, social and conservation organizations to support sustainable strategies to monitor and mitigate the potential consequences of climate change for human livelihoods in mountainous settings.

Dispersal is a key ecological process that influences plant community assembly. Therefore, understanding whether dispersal strategies are associated with climate is of utmost importance, particularly in areas greatly exposed to climate change. We examined alpine plant communities located in the mountain summits of the tropical Andes across a 4,000-km latitudinal gradient. We investigated species dispersal strategies and tested their association with climatic conditions and their evolutionary history. We used dispersal-related traits (dispersal mode and growth form) to characterize dispersal strategies for 486 species recorded on 49 mountain summits. Then we analysed the phylogenetic signal of traits and investigated the association between dispersal traits, phylogeny, climate and space using structural equation modelling and fourth-corner analysis together with RLQ ordination. A median of 36% species in the communities was anemochorous (wind-dispersed) and herbaceous. This dispersal strategy was followed by the barochory-herb combination (herbaceous with unspecialized seeds, dispersed by gravity) with a median of 26.3% species in the communities. The latter strategy was common among species with distributions restricted to alpine environments. While trait states were phylogenetically conserved, they were significantly associated with a temperature gradient. Low minimum air temperatures, found at higher latitudes/elevations, were correlated with the prevalence of barochory and the herb growth form, traits that are common among Caryophyllales, Brassicaceae and Poaceae. Milder temperatures, found at lower latitudes/elevations, were associated with endozoochorous, shrub species mostly from the Ericaceae family. Anemochorous species were found all along the temperature gradient, possibly due to the success of anemochorous Compositae species in alpine regions. We also found that trait state dominance was more associated with the climatic conditions of the summit than with community phylogenetic structure. Although the evolutionary history of the tropical Andean flora has also shaped dispersal strategies, our results suggest that the environment had a more predominant role. Synthesis. We showed that dispersal-related traits are strongly associated with a gradient of minimum air temperatures in the Andes. Global warming may weaken this key filter at tropical alpine summits, potentially altering community dispersal strategies in this region and thus, plant community structure and composition. Fil: Tovar, Carolina. Royal Botanic Gardens; Reino Unido Fil: Melcher, Inga. University of Amsterdam; Países Bajos Fil: Kusumoto, Buntarou. Royal Botanic Gardens; Reino Unido. University Of The Ryukyus, Okinawa; Japón Fil: Cuesta, Francisco. Universidad de Las Américas.; Ecuador Fil: Cleef, Antoine. University of Amsterdam; Países Bajos Fil: Meneses, Rosa Isela. Universidad Católica del Norte; Chile Fil: Halloy, Stephan. Ministry For Primary Industries; Nueva Zelanda Fil: Llambi, Luis Daniel. Universidad de Los Andes; Venezuela Fil: Beck, Stephan G.. Universidad Mayor de San Andrés; Bolivia Fil: Muriel, Priscilla. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador; Ecuador Fil: Jaramillo, Ricardo Luis. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador; Ecuador Fil: Jacome, Jorge. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; Colombia Fil: Carilla, Julieta. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; Argentina

A new species from the Northern Peruvian Andes (Cajamarca department), Drymaria veliziaesp. nov., is proposed in the present paper. It grows in the high-elevation montane grasslands and it is morphologically similar to D. auriculipetala from which it differs in having elliptic-ovate leaves, blade margin bases glandular, large number of stipules arranged in a pedicel form at the leaf axis and by the short and glandular pedicels. A detailed description, original photographs and a location map are provided, as well as an updated diagnostic key of Drymaria Ser. Frutescens. The IUCN status of the new species is assessed as Endangered (EN).