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Educator engagement with social media's entrepreneurial and commercial facets has received limited scholarly attention. This conceptual paper defines and contextualizes the "education influencer" phenomenon in relation to literature on micro-celebrity, social media influencers, teacher social media use, teacher identity, and teacher entrepreneurship. Some educators use social media platforms to gain large audiences of followers, develop personal brands, and monetize their perceived influence. To illustrate the education influencer phenomenon, we provide empirical examples from our research. Education influencers can affect other educators' practices, philosophies, and professional identities. We consider implications of the rise of education influencers and discuss future research avenues.

Social media offers potential for educator professional learning, but platforms' for-profit nature complicates this practice, especially for professional learning around justice-oriented pedagogies. This exploratory study investigated 551 publicly available Instagram posts shared by 11 purposefully sampled, justice-oriented education influencers over an 8-week period as the COVID-19 pandemic and renewed activism for racial justice unfolded in the United States. Qualitative analysis of post content indicated these influencers offered pandemic-related support, while also illustrating, enacting, and engaging culturally relevant and sustaining pedagogies. However, promotional content was abundantly layered within posts and a cohesive message of how to enact culturally sustaining pedagogies was largely absent. Reflecting some of the paradoxes of learning via social media, our findings suggest there is some opportunity for justice-oriented professional learning from social media, however education influencers' content is limited by platforms' opaque algorithms and for-profit business models, which govern what influencers post and what followers see.

While prior research suggests that many educators turn to social media to grow and enhance professional learning networks (PLNs) that extend beyond their schools, little is known about how PLNs shift over time. In this exploratory study, we investigated the nature of continuity and change in the PLNs of 192 K-12 and university educators from 17 countries. Participants responded to our request to comment on PLN descriptions they provided in a previous 2014 survey, and then identify continuity and change during the intervening years. Respondents overwhelmingly expressed that their PLNs had changed over the four years between the two surveys. The causes of PLN changes appeared to be diverse, dynamic, and interrelated. Various proximal and distal factors contributed to changes in professional activities. We frame the study through social ecological systems theory, discuss the significance of these findings, and consider implications for K-12 and higher education professional learning. Educators and those who lead and support their professional learning should reflect upon and attend to PLN change to ensure more educative results for teachers and students.

TeachersPayTeachers.com (TpT) has emerged as an alternative to traditional curricular publishing houses; however, the critical investigation into this for-profit platform is limited. The aggregate content offered and downloaded from the platform through 2019 was Web-scraped, enabling us to construct a content model of TpT and provide descriptive results regarding the interactions between content, technology, and users/usage on TpT. We find TpT's content model implicitly redefines what constitutes an education, elevating holiday activities and classroom decor to the same level as established curriculum. In terms of content, learning standards were largely absent and user ratings were uniformly high, casting doubt upon the validity of these technological features. 87.9% of resources were under $5, however, many small sales add up across users, indicating the platform extracts significant value from educators and schools. We discuss how the online educational marketplace phenomenon stands to impact the future of curriculum production and the teaching profession.

In the last decade, social media have become important tools for educator professional development, learning and community. While education has traditionally proven to be an isolating profession, technologies such as Twitter offer opportunities for educators to collaborate beyond their school, district, region and nation. Education-related Twitter hashtags play a key role in facilitating professional connections and interactions between geographically-dispersed educators with common interests and needs. To better understand this phenomenon, we examined more than 2.6 million tweets posted to 16 such education-related hashtags over a 13-month time period. We compared and contrasted synchronous and asynchronous uses of the hashtags, as well as the balance of tweets and retweets, among other characteristics of the hashtag usage. Across the combined hashtags, there was an increase in traffic and trends towards more retweeting and less original tweeting and link sharing. There were substantial differences in the traffic associated with the various hashtags. We discuss our findings in relation to the professional learning and development literature and consider implications for the research and practice of prospective and practicing teacher development in online spaces.

BackgroundEndovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is the dominant treatment modality for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Periprocedural risks are low, and cardiovascular events are the principle determinants of long-term survival. Recently, the concept of endovascular aneurysm sealing (EVAS) has been introduced into clinical investigation. In previous cohort studies, EVAS has been associated with a lower all-cause mortality than expected despite device issues. We used a propensity weighted approach to investigate whether EVAS was associated with lower all-cause mortality after aneurysm repair.MethodsWe compared 333 patients in the Nellix United States Investigational Device Exemption trial to 15,431 controls from the Vascular Quality Initiative between 2014 and 2016 after applying the exclusion criteria from the investigational device exemption (hemodialysis, creatinine > 2.0 mg/dL, or rupture). We calculated propensity scores and applied inverse probability weighting to compare risk adjusted medium-term survival using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression.ResultsAfter weighting, patients treated with the Nellix EVAS system experienced higher 3-year survival than controls from the Vascular Quality Initiative (93% vs. 88%, respectively). This corresponded to a 41% lower risk of mortality for EVAS compared with EVAR (HR 0.59 [0.38-0.92], P = 0.02). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that the association between EVAS and higher survival was strongest in the subgroup of patients with aneurysms over 5.5 cm (P for interaction

As teacher educators, we have used Twitter with the goal of jumpstarting the professional learning networks and teacher identity development of students in our courses and programs. Our use of Twitter has evolved over time and can inform the work of other teacher educators. In this article, we offer examples of the benefits of incorporating Twitter in teacher education. We describe some of the common challenges we have experienced at our two institutions and across multiple semesters of use. Based on our collective experiences, we offer recommendations to others who are using or are considering using Twitter with preservice teachers.

Technology can create new opportunities for learning "with" and "from" people of other cultures, not just "about" them. The Global Read Aloud (GRA) offers an example of such learning possibilities. The GRA is a project that connects classrooms via digital technologies to discuss common texts. This research explored the pedagogical opportunities and challenges associated with using technology to teach for global readiness in the GRA. Although technology broadened how and with whom GRA students read and discussed literature, the depth and quality of technology-facilitated teaching specifically for global readiness was somewhat unclear. We discuss implications for teaching for global readiness.

This article examines student teachers' use and perceptions of Twitter, based on a mixed-method comparative approach. Participants (n = 153) were education majors who used Twitter as a part of required coursework in their programs at two universities in Spain and the United States. The theoretical background covers research on international work carried out on Twitter as well as a brief overview of the introduction of technology in two educational national systems. Quantitative data were collected via a survey, while qualitative data were obtained from students' reflective written texts. The majority of participants from both contexts perceived educational benefits to Twitter. However, their use of Twitter, and the nature of their perceptions of its educational value, appeared to differ in important ways. The USA participants' longer and more frequent use of Twitter was accompanied by more positive beliefs regarding the educational relevance of Twitter. While many Spanish participants saw value in the use of Twitter to find and share information, USA students highlighted interactive and collaborative uses. The study uncovers some challenges for learning related to Twitter's short format. in the conclusion section we discuss implications for learning and teaching in an age of ubiquitous social media.

Despite social media's ubiquity in modern life, research on some topics related to educators' use of social media for professional purposes remains underdeveloped, such as how use may change over time. This study explores educators' self-directed learning through social media by comparing change and continuity in how users contribute, interact and converse in two teaching-related subreddits, r/Teachers and r/education. More than a million Reddit contributions spanning three-and-a-half years comprise the dataset: 696 660 contributions to r/Teachers from 55 148 users and 339 618 contributions to r/education from 43 711 users. Learning ecology and affinity space concepts frame multiple methods of analysis, including quantitative measures of individual contributions, content interactions and social interactions, as well as qualitative content analysis of top posts and responses. Findings are discussed in light of the literature as change and continuity in Redditors' participation patterns in the two subreddits suggest distinct spaces for distinct purposes. This study offers a starting point for further work to understand the opportunities and challenges of self-directed learning in open and complex social media spaces.

Matters of data privacy related to social media are increasingly relevant for educators as happenings such as the 2018 Cambridge Analytica scandal have attracted public attention. Many educators use social media for professional purposes, including with their students and should, therefore, be knowledgeable regarding data privacy issues that impact education. This research explores this issue from an interpretive paradigm based on a mixed-methods approach derived from survey data from an international sample of 148 pre-service teachers who were studying education courses at three universities. Data suggest that pre-service teachers see both educational and distracting potential in social media, but lack knowledge regarding relevant policies and regulations, which reflects trends in the broader population. Attitudes toward educational social media use were not correlated with awareness of data privacy policies. However, comfort with companies' use of personal and student data and faith in governments' capacity to regulate social media companies were correlated. We discuss our findings in relation to the use of social media and related data privacy considerations and the need for data literacy training in teacher education programs. We include recommendations in light of the findings.

Background: Postoperative carotid endarterectomy (CEA) patch infection is a rare but well‐recognized complication of CEA. It is important for otolaryngologists to be aware of the presentation and challenges in its diagnosis. Methods: Patients who presented with a neck mass or hemorrhage and a known prior history of carotid endarterectomy with synthetic patch reconstruction were worked up with ultrasound, CT, or MRI imaging. In one case, fine needle aspiration biopsy was performed. Ultimately, all patients were taken to the operating room for neck exploration. Results: Of the three patients presented in this case series, two presented with a chronic neck mass, two‐to‐three years after carotid endarterectomy. One patient presented acutely with hemorrhage from the carotid endarterectomy site. Carotid patch infection was diagnosed after neck exploration in all cases. Vascular surgery was consulted intra‐operatively to perform definitive vascular repair. Conclusions: Infected carotid patch should be suspected in patients with a history of prior CEA, as many of the presenting complaints may resemble or mimic pathology managed by otolaryngology. The onset of symptoms can be perioperative or very delayed. A multidisciplinary approach with vascular surgery and infectious disease is required for appropriate management of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter compares and contrasts the findings of the preceding empirical monograph chapters. The findings from these chapters are addressed in terms of how they illustrate the positives, negatives, and tensions that can be associated with social media use for professional development and learning. Across the various chapters, similarities in findings as well as apparent contradictions are discussed. By illuminating the potential and the perils of social media use and misuse, a pragmatic summary of the findings can inform wise use and nonuse of social media for professional development and learning by those involved in the field of physical education and sport pedagogy. Although prior literature and this monograph have begun to address some aspects of social media use in physical education and sport pedagogy, much remains to be explored. Topics, social media tools, methods, and theory that could be taken up or expanded upon in future research to advance the field are suggested.

Purpose: This study investigated the benefits and challenges described by physical educators who had actively used social media professionally for an average of more than 6 years. Method: The data were collected through semistructured individual and focus group interviews, with an international sample of physical educators (N = 48). The data were analyzed through an open coding process to develop themes. Results: Diverse benefits and challenges associated with social media use were identified and organized in alignment with a social ecological model. The benefits included enhanced knowledge, skills, teaching, student learning, and access to professional community. The challenges included managing the quantity of available content, the risks of context collapse, and navigating the cultures and discourse of online spaces. Discussion: A deeper understanding of the benefits and challenges of physical educators' social media use can enable stakeholders to act in more strategic ways as they navigate the promise and the peril of social media.

Purpose: This descriptive study investigates the genesis and change in physical educators' social media use for professional development and learning. Method: Data were collected through semistructured interviews with 48 physical educators who had actively used various social media professionally for an extended period of time. The data were analyzed inductively and aligned to the basic psychological needs defined by self-determination theory: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Results: Building relationships with a trusted network of people and opportunities to express their autonomy were important drivers in the participants' genesis and continued use of social media. Developing competence at both the start and throughout their social media journey was also critical. Discussion/Conclusions: The findings provide a starting point for in-depth research on the motivational characteristics underpinning physical educators' reasons for starting and continuing to use social media for professional development and learning, and how these might change over time based on different psychological needs.

Twitter and other social media have assumed important places in many educators' professional lives by hosting spaces where new kinds of collegial interactions can occur. However, such spaces can also attract unwelcome Twitter traffic that complicates researchers' attempts to explore and understand educators' professional social media experiences. In this article, we define various kinds of spam that we have identified in our research on educators' uses of Twitter. After providing an overview of the concept of spam, we evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches to addressing the presence of spam in educator-focused Twitter spaces. Then we suggest practical, holistic metrics that can be employed to help identify spam. Through secondary analyses of our past research, we describe the use of such metrics to identify and deal with spam in three specific cases. Finally, we discuss implications of spam and these suggested methods for teacher educators, instructional designers and educational technology researchers.

The website Reddit has received scant attention from educational researchers despite the presence of numerous teaching-related subreddits that host thousands of threaded conversations. The purpose of this study was to provide an initial comparison of discussions occurring in several different affinity spaces on Reddit. Because of the lack of relevant prior research, there was no baseline for what to expect in Reddit discussions, so all posts and responses in four different teaching-related subreddits over the course of a full year were analyzed to answer three research questions: How much did individuals contribute to different subreddits? What content interactions occurred in different subreddits? What social interactions occurred in different subreddits? Comparative quantitative analysis revealed substantial differences among the subreddits in terms of levels of voting and network characteristics. Results suggest that Reddit hosts diverse spaces that could present benefits and challenges for educators. These findings are addressed in relation to the extant literature and implications for educational practice and future research.

The coronavirus pandemic has upended educators' lives and work in many ways. Many educators turned to social media spaces, such as Twitter, to navigate the transition to remote life and teaching. For this study, we examined two popular hashtags - #RemoteLearning and #RemoteTeaching - that served as just-in-time affinity spaces for educators navigating COVID-19 pandemic-induced work upheaval. Initial analysis of a random sample of tweets indicated that these hashtags served as spaces for meeting educators' cognitive, social, and affective needs. In this paper, we detail findings from our early-stage study and offer recommendations for teacher professional development.

BackgroundEndovascular treatment with mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is beneficial for patients with acute stroke suffering a large-vessel occlusion, although treatment efficacy is highly time-dependent. We hypothesized that interhospital transfer to endovascular-capable centers would result in treatment delays and worse clinical outcomes compared with direct presentation.MethodsSTRATIS (Systematic Evaluation of Patients Treated With Neurothrombectomy Devices for Acute Ischemic Stroke) was a prospective, multicenter, observational, single-arm study of real-world MT for acute stroke because of anterior-circulation large-vessel occlusion performed at 55 sites over 2 years, including 1000 patients with severe stroke and treated within 8 hours. Patients underwent MT with or without intravenous tissue plasminogen activator and were admitted to endovascular-capable centers via either interhospital transfer or direct presentation. The primary clinical outcome was functional independence (modified Rankin Score 0-2) at 90 days. We assessed (1) real-world time metrics of stroke care delivery, (2) outcome differences between direct and transfer patients undergoing MT, and (3) the potential impact of local hospital bypass.ResultsA total of 984 patients were analyzed. Median onset-to-revascularization time was 202.0 minutes for direct versus 311.5 minutes for transfer patients (P

This study investigated the impact of a course-based community asset mapping (CAM) project on undergraduate students' capacity for identifying and understanding assets within communities surrounding specific schools. The mapping project was grounded in the literature on culturally sustaining pedagogy and experiential education and involved teacher education students (n = 45) collaborating to complete and report on an analysis of local community assets. Findings indicated participants gained improved knowledge and competence regarding CAM, were able to provide more accurate and detailed explanations of assets and the asset mapping process, and were able to identify various assets available to PK-12 students and families in particular communities within the local school district. The discussion highlights participants' success in inventorying physical, tangible assets, and notes where they fell short of recognizing other assets. We also discuss how coursework could have better supported the project and could have allowed the potential of CAM to be more fully realized. The conclusion addresses implications for teacher preparation, particularly for connecting candidates with communities and for the implementation of assignments similar to the community asset mapping project studied herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]