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3. Ancient pigs reveal a near-complete genomic turnover following their introduction to Europe

Author

Frantz, Laurent A. F., Haile, James, Lin, Audrey T., Scheu, Amelie, Geörg, Christina, Benecke, Norbert, Alexander, Michelle, Linderholm, Anna, Mullin, Victoria E., Daly, Kevin G., Battista, Vincent M., Price, Max, Gron, Kurt J., Alexandri, Panoraia, Arbogast, Rose-Marie, Arbuckle, Benjamin, Bălăşescu, Adrian, Barnett, Ross, Bartosiewicz, László, Baryshnikov, Gennady, Bonsall, Clive, Borić, Dušan, Boroneanţ, Adina, Bulatović, Jelena, Çakirlar, Canan, Carretero, José-Miguel, Chapman, John, Church, Mike, Crooijmans, Richard, De Cupere, Bea, Detry, Cleia, Dimitrijevic, Vesna, Dumitraşcu, Valentin, du Plessis, Louis, Edwards, Ceiridwen J., Erek, Cevdet Merih, Erim-Özdoğan, Aslı, Ervynck, Anton, Fulgione, Domenico, Gligor, Mihai, Götherström, Anders, Gourichon, Lionel, Groenen, Martien A.M., Helmer, Daniel, Hongo, Hitomi, Horwitz, Liora K., Irving-Pease, Evan K., Lebrasseur, Ophélie, Lesur, Joséphine, Malone, Caroline, Manaseryan, Ninna, Marciniak, Arkadiusz, Martlew, Holley, Mashkour, Marjan, Matthews, Roger, Matuzeviciute, Giedre Motuzaite, Maziar, Sepideh, Meijaard, Erik, McGovern, Tom, Megens, Hendrik-Jan, Miller, Rebecca, Fatemeh Mohaseb, Azadeh, Orschiedt, Jörg, Orton, David, Papathanasiou, Anastasia, Pearson, Mike Parker, Pinhasi, Ron, Radmanović, Darko, Ricaut, François-Xavier, Richards, Mike, Sabin, Richard, Sarti, Lucia, Schier, Wolfram, Sheikhi, Shiva, Stephan, Elisabeth, Stewart, John R., Stoddart, Simon, Tagliacozzo, Antonio, Tasić, Nenad, Trantalidou, Katerina, Tresset, Anne, Valdiosera, Cristina, van den Hurk, Youri, Van Poucke, Sophie, Vigne, Jean-Denis, Yanevich, Alexander, Zeeb-Lanz, Andrea, Triantafyllidis, Alexandros, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Schibler, Jörg, Rowley-Conwy, Peter, Zeder, Melinda, Peters, Joris, Cucchi, Thomas, Bradley, Daniel G., Dobney, Keith, Burger, Joachim, Evin, Allowen, Girdland-Flink, Linus, and Larson, Greger

Published
2019

9. Four millennia of Iberian biomolecular prehistory illustrate the impact of prehistoric migrations at the far end of Eurasia

Author

Valdiosera, Cristina, Günther, Torsten, Vera-Rodríguez, Juan Carlos, Ureña, Irene, Iriarte, Eneko, Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo, Simões, Luciana G., Martínez-Sánchez, Rafael M., Svensson, Emma M., Malmström, Helena, Rodríguez, Laura, de Castro, José-María Bermúdez, Carbonell, Eudald, Alday, Alfonso, Vera, José Antonio Hernández, Götherström, Anders, Carretero, José-Miguel, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Smith, Colin I., and Jakobsson, Mattias

Published
2018

10. The earliest modern humans outside Africa

Author

Hershkovitz, Israel, Weber, Gerhard W., Quam, Rolf, Duval, Mathieu, Grün, Rainer, Kinsley, Leslie, Ayalon, Avner, Bar-Matthews, Miryam, Valladas, Helene, Mercier, Norbert, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Martinón-Torres, María, de Castro, José María Bermúdez, Fornai, Cinzia, Martín-Francés, Laura, Sarig, Rachel, May, Hila, Krenn, Viktoria A., Slon, Viviane, Rodríguez, Laura, García, Rebeca, Lorenzo, Carlos, Carretero, Jose Miguel, Frumkin, Amos, Shahack-Gross, Ruth, Mayer, Daniella E. Bar-Yosef, Cui, Yaming, Wu, Xinzhi, Peled, Natan, Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris, Weissbrod, Lior, Yeshurun, Reuven, Tsatskin, Alexander, Zaidner, Yossi, and Weinstein-Evron, Mina

Published
2018

19. Ancient genomes link early farmers from Atapuerca in Spain to modern-day Basques

Author

Günther, Torsten, Valdiosera, Cristina, Malmström, Helena, Ureña, Irene, Rodriguez-Varela, Ricardo, Sverrisdóttir, Óddny Osk, Daskalaki, Evangelia A., Skoglund, Pontus, Naidoo, Thijessen, Svensson, Emma M., de Castro, José María Bermúdez, Carbonell, Eudald, Dunn, Michael, Storå, Jan, Iriarte, Eneko, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Carretero, José-Miguel, Götherström, Anders, and Jakobsson, Mattias

Published
2015

20. Postcranial morphology of the middle Pleistocene humans from Sima de los Huesos, Spain

Author

Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Carretero, José-Miguel, Lorenzo, Carlos, Gómez-Olivencia, Asier, Pablos, Adrián, Rodríguez, Laura, García-González, Rebeca, Bonmatí, Alejandro, Quam, Rolf M., Pantoja-Pérez, Ana, Martínez, Ignacio, Aranburu, Arantza, Gracia-Téllez, Ana, Poza-Rey, Eva, Sala, Nohemi, García, Nuria, de Velasco, Almudena Alcázar, Cuenca-Bescós, Gloria, de Castro, José María Bermúdez, and Carbonell, Eudald

Published
2015

36. Lower Magdalenian secondary human burial in El Miron Cave, Cantabria, Spain

Author

Straus, Lawrence Guy, Morales, Manuel R. Gonzalez, and Carretero, Jose Miguel

Subjects
Cantabria, Spain -- History, Excavations (Archaeology) -- Spain, Burial -- Research, Anthropology/archeology/folklore
Abstract

The authors describe the discovery of the first human burial of Magdalenian age to be found in the Iberian Peninsula--the partial skeleton of a young adult whose bones were stained with red ochre. The burial was well stratified in a sequence ar the vestibule tear running from the Mousterian to the Mesolithic, and was adjacent to a large block that had fallen from the cave roof and been subsequently engraved. A preliminary AMS radiocarbon date on associated faunal remains from the ochre-stained, galena speckled burial layer yielded a date of 15 700 BP, while a hearth directly above the burial is dated to 15 100 BP, placing the interment of this individual in the Lower Cantabrian Magdalenian, the period of most intensive human occupation of El Miron Cave during the Upper Palaeolithic. Keywords: El Miron Cave, Cantabrian Spain, Lower Magdalenian, Upper Palaeolithic, human burial, Introduction One century ago, in 1911, Hugo Obermaier discovered in El Castillo Cave (Cantabria, Spain) two human frontal bones that had been 'fashioned into bowls' (Obermaier 1925: 288; see also [...]

Published
2011

39. A complete human pelvis from the Middle Pleistocene of Spain

Author

Arsuaga, Juan-Luis, Lorenzo, Carlos, Carretero, Jose-Miguel, Gracia, Ana, Martinez, Ignacio, Garcia, Nuria, Bermudez de Castro, Jose-Maria, and Carbonell, Eudald.

Subjects
Paleobotany -- Pleistocene, Anthropometry -- Research, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

A collection of human pelvic material was recovered from Sima de los Huesos (SH). An almost entire male pelvis is broad, with a long superior pubic ramus, a long femoral neck and marked iliac flare. The body mass is estimated 95 kg or more. Based on cranial capacities of three specimens, the encaphalization quotients are much smaller than in Neanderthals and modern humans.

Published
1999

40. Erratum: Ancient pigs reveal a near-complete genomic turnover following their introduction to Europe

Author

Frantz, Laurent A.F., Haile, James, Lin, Audrey T., Scheu, Amelie, Geörg, Christina, Benecke, Norbert, Alexander, Michelle, Linderholm, Anna, Mullin, Victoria E., Daly, Kevin G., Battista, Vincent M., Price, Max, Gron, Kurt J., Alexandri, Panoraia, Arbogast, Rose Marie, Arbuckle, Benjamin, Bǎlǎşescu, Adrian, Barnettl, Ross, Bartosiewicz, Laszlo, Baryshnikov, Gennady, Bonsall, Clive, Borić, Dušan, Boroneanţ, Adina, Bulatović, Jelena, Çakirlar, Canan, Carretero, Jose Miguel, Chapman, John, Church, Mike, Crooijmans, Richard, De Cupere, Bea, Detry, Cleia, Dimitrijevic, Vesna, Dumitraşcu, Valentin, Du Plessis, Louis, Edwards, Ceiridwen J., Erek, Cevdet Merih, Erim-Özdoǧan, Asli, Ervynck, Anton, Fulgione, Domenico, Gligor, Mihai, Götherström, Anders, Gourichon, Lionel, Groenen, Martien A.M., Helmer, Daniel, Hongo, Hitomi, Horwitz, Liora K., Irving-Pease, Evan K., Lebrasseur, Ophelie, Lesur, Joséphine, Malone, Caroline, Manaseryan, Ninna, Marciniak, Arkadiusz, Martlew, Holley, Mashkour, Marjan, Matthews, Roger, Matuzeviciute, Giedre Motuzaite, Maziar, Sepideh, Meijaard, Erik, McGovern, Tom, Megens, Hendrik-Jan, Miller, Rebecca, Mohaseb, Azadeh Fatemeh, Orschiedt, Jorg, Orton, David, Papathanasiou, Anastasia, Pearson, Mike Parker, Pinhasi, Ron, Radmanović, Darko, Ricaut, Francois Xavier, Richards, Mike, Sabin, Richard, Sarti, Lucia, Schier, Wolfram, Sheikhi, Shiva, Stephan, Elisabeth, Stewart, John R., Stoddart, Simon, Tagliacozzo, Antonio, Tasić, Nenad, Trantalidou, Katerina, Tresset, Anne, Valdiosera, Cristina, Van Den Hurk, Youri, Van Poucke, Sophie, Vigne, Jean Denis, Yanevich, Alexander, Zeeb-Lanz, Andrea, Triantafyllidis, Alexandros, Gilbert, Thomas P., Schibler, Jorg, Rowley-Conwy, Peter, Zeder, Melinda, Peters, Joris, Cucchi, Thomas, Bradley, Daniel G., Dobney, Keith, Burger, Joachim, Evin, Allowen, Girdland-Flink, Linus, and Larson, Greger

Subjects
Aquaculture and Fisheries, Aquacultuur en Visserij, WIAS, Life Science, Fokkerij en Genomica, Animal Breeding and Genomics
Abstract

The authors note that the affiliation for Alexandros Triantafyllidis and Panoraia Alexandri should be listed as Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; and that the affiliation for Rose-Marie Arbogast should be listed as CNRS UMR 7044, Maison interuniversitaire des sciences de l'Homme, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France. The corrected author and affiliation lines appear below. The online version has been corrected.

Published
2020

41. Intrapopulational body size variation and cranial capacity variation in middle Pleistocene humans: the Sima de los Huesos sample (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain)

Author

Lorenzo, Carlos, Carretero, Jose Miguel, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Gracia, Ana, and Martinez, Ignacio

Subjects
Paleontology -- Pliocene, Body size -- Research, Craniology -- Research, Sex differences -- Research, Anthropology/archeology/folklore
Abstract

A sexual dimorphism more marked than in living humans has been claimed for European Middle Pleistocene humans, Neandertals and prehistoric modern humans. In this paper, body size and cranial capacity variation are studied in the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene sample. This is the largest sample of non-modern humans found to date from one single site, and with all skeletal elements represented. Since the techniques available to estimate the degree of sexual dimorphism in small palaeontological samples are all unsatisfactory, we have used the bootstraping method to asses the magnitude of the variation in the Sima de los Huesos sample compared to modern human intrapopulational variation. We analyze size variation without attempting to sex the specimens a priori. Anatomical regions investigated are scapular glenoid fossa; acetabulum; humeral proximal and distal epiphyses; ulnar proximal epiphysis; radial neck; proximal femur; humeral, femoral, ulnar and tibial shaft; lumbosacral joint; patella; calcaneum; and talar trochlea. In the Sima de los Huesos sample only the humeral midshaft perimeter shows an unusual high variation (only when it is expressed by the maximum ratio, not by the coefficient of variation). In spite of that the cranial capacity range at Sima de los Huesos almost spans the rest of the European and African Middle Pleistocene range. The maximum ratio is in the central part of the distribution of modern human samples. Thus, the hypothesis of a greater sexual dimorphism in Middle Pleistocene populations than in modern populations is not supported by either cranial or postcranial evidence from Sima de los Huesos. KEY WORDS body size; cranial capacity; sexual dimorphism; bootstrapping

Published
1998

42. Multivariate analysis of the sexual dimorphism of the hip bone in a modern human population and in early hominids

Author

Arsuaga, Juan Luis and Carretero, Jose Miguel

Subjects
Sex differences -- Physiological aspects, Hip -- Physiological aspects, Prehistoric peoples -- Physiological aspects, Anthropology/archeology/folklore
Abstract

A large sample of hip bones of known sex coming from one modern population is studied morphologically and by multivariate analysis to investigate sexual dimorphism patterns. A principal component analysis of raw data shows that a large amount of the hip bone sexual dimorphism is accounted for by size differences, but that sex-linked shape variation is also very conspicuous and cannot be considered an allometric consequence of differences in body size between the sexes. The PCA of transformed ('shape') variables indicates that the female hip bones are different in those traits associated with a relatively larger pelvic inlet (longer pubic bones, a greater degree of curvature of the iliopectineal line, and a more posterior position of the auricular surface), as well as a broader sciatic notch. The analysis of nonmetric traits also shows marked sexual dimorphism in the position of the sacroiliac joint in the iliac bone, in the shape of the sciatic notch, in pubic morphology, and in the presence of the pre-auricular sulcus in females. When the australopithecine AL 288-1 and Sts 14 hip bones are included in the multivariate analysis, they appear as 'ultra-females.' In particular these early hominids exhibit extraordinarily long pubic bones and iliopectineal lines, which cannot be explained by allometry.

Published
1994

43. Three new human skulls from the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene site in Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain

Author

Arsuaga, Juan-Luis, Martinez, Ignacio, Gracia, Ana, Carretero, Jose-Miguel, and Carbonell, Eudald

Subjects
Prehistoric peoples -- Research, Paleontology -- Pleistocene, Human evolution -- Research, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

The discovery of three fossil hominid skulls at Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain, in Jul 1992 is reported. The hominid skulls were found in the Sima de los Huesos, a Middle Pleistocene cave site, and are estimated to be at least 300,000 years old. The cranial samples fit the archaic Homo sapiens group but are distinct from the Asian Homo erectus group. The Atapuerca fossil hominid collection is so far the most complete sample of Middle Pleistocene hominids discovered in one site and are a significant contribution to understanding the stages of human evolution before the Neanderthals.

Published
1993

48. Middle Pleistocene lower back and pelvis from an aged human individual from the Sima de los Huesos site, Spain

Author

Història i Història de l'Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carbonell, Eudald, Bermudez de Castro, Jose Maria, Lorenzo, Carlos, LORENZO MERINO, CARLOS, Martinez, Ignacio, Gracia, Ana, Carretero, Jose Miguel, Arsuaga, Juan-Luis, Gomez-Olivencia, Asier, Bonmati, Alejandro, Història i Història de l'Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carbonell, Eudald, Bermudez de Castro, Jose Maria, Lorenzo, Carlos, LORENZO MERINO, CARLOS, Martinez, Ignacio, Gracia, Ana, Carretero, Jose Miguel, Arsuaga, Juan-Luis, Gomez-Olivencia, Asier, and Bonmati, Alejandro

Abstract

We report a nearly complete lumbar spine from the Middle Pleistocene site of the Sima de los Huesos (SH) that is assigned to the previously published SH male Pelvis 1 [Arsuaga JL, et al. (1999). Nature 399: 255-258]. The "SH Pelvis 1 individual" is a unique nearly complete lumbo-pelvic complex from the human Middle Pleistocene fossil record, and offers a rare glimpse into the anatomy and past lifeways of Homo heidelbergensis. A revised reconstruction of Pelvis 1, together with the current fossil evidence, confirms our previous hypothesis that the morphology of this pelvis represents the primitive pattern within the genus Homo. Here we argue that this primitive pattern is also characterized by sexual dimorphism in the pelvic canal shape, implying complicated deliveries. In addition, this individual shows signs of lumbar kyphotic deformity, spondylolisthesis, and Baastrup disease. This suite of lesions would have postural consequences and was most likely painful. As a result, the individual's daily physical activities would have been restricted to some extent. Reexamination of the age-at-death agrees with this individual being over 45 y old, relying on the modern human pattern of changes of the articular surfaces of the os coxae. The presence of degenerative pathological lesions and the advanced age-at-death of this individual make it the most ancient postcranial evidence of an aged individual in the human fossil record. Additional nonpathological SH lumbo-pelvic remains are consistent with previous hypotheses, suggesting a less-pronounced sagittal spinal curvature in Neandertals compared with Homo sapiens.

Published
2010

50. Clavicles, scapulae and humeri from the Sima de los Huesos site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain)

Author

Carretero, Jose´ Miguel, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, and Lorenzo, Carlos

Abstract

The scapulae, clavicles and humeri recovered from the Sima de los Huesos (SH) site between 1976 and 1994 are studied. All elements are briefly described anatomically with metrics and compared with other fossil hominids in order to establish the morphological pattern of the SH hominids. A minimum of 13 individuals are represented by the humeri in the SH sample. Almost all of them can be classified as adolescents and young adults. The morphology of the SH hominid shoulder girdle and humeri indicates that much of the shoulder morphology recognized in the later true Neandertal was present in Europe long before they appeared. Thus, this morphological pattern is not exclusive to Neandertals alone. The SH clavicles, scapulae and humeri share with the Neandertals many traits usually considered to be Neandertal specializations. The comparative analysis of the SH evidence suggests that most of the SH and Neandertal shared traits are either primitive features within the genusHomoor even for all hominids, or display high variability within different hominid samples. These traits must be used with caution, or not used at all, in phylogenetic analysis. There are, however, traits that to date have only been detected in the SH hominids and the Neandertals, which could be exclusive to the European phyletic lineage (clade) ofHomo.

Published
1997
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