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Magnetism can greatly impact the evolution of stars. In some stars with OBA spectral types there is direct evidence via the Zeeman effect for stable, large-scale magnetospheres, which lead to the spin-down of the stellar surface and reduced mass loss. So far, a comprehensive grid of stellar structure and evolution models accounting for these effects was lacking. For this reason, we computed and studied models with two magnetic braking and two chemical mixing schemes in three metallicity environments with the MESA software instrument. We find notable differences between the subgrids, which affects the model predictions and thus the detailed characterisation of stars. We are able to quantify the impact of magnetic fields in terms of preventing quasi-chemically homogeneous evolution and producing slowly-rotating, nitrogen-enriched ("Group 2") stars. Our model grid is fully open access and open source., Comment: to appear in "Winds of Stars and Exoplanets" Proceedings IAUS 370, 2022, eds.: A.A. Vidotto, L. Fossati, J.S. Vink

We study the semi-metal/insulator phase transition in graphene using a Schwinger-Dyson approach. We consider various forms of vertex ansaetze to truncate the hierarchy of Schwinger-Dyson equations. We define a Ball-Chiu type vertex that truncates the equations without violating gauge invariance. We show that there is a family of these vertices, parametrized by a continuous parameter that we call a, all of which satisfy the Ward identity. We have calculated the critical coupling of the phase transition using different values of a. We have also tested a common approximation in which only the first term in the Ball-Chiu ansatz is included. This vertex is independent of a, and, although it is not gauge invariant, it has been used many times in the literature because of the numerical simplifications it provides. We have found that, with a one-loop photon polarization tensor, the results obtained for the critical coupling from the truncated vertex and the full vertex with a = 1 agree very well, but other values of a give significantly different results. We have also done a fully self-consistent calculation, in which the photons are backcoupled to the fermion degrees of freedom, for one choice a = 1. Our results show that when photon dynamics are correctly taken into account, it is no longer true that the truncated vertex and the full Ball-Chiu vertex with a = 1 agree well. The conclusion is that traditional vertex truncations do not really make sense in a system that does not respect Lorentz invariance, like graphene, and the need to include vertex contributions self-consistently is likely inescapable.

Magnetic fields can drastically change predictions of evolutionary models of massive stars via mass-loss quenching, magnetic braking, and efficient angular momentum transport, which we aim to quantify in this work. We use the MESA software instrument to compute an extensive main-sequence grid of stellar structure and evolution models, as well as isochrones, accounting for the effects attributed to a surface fossil magnetic field. The grid is densely populated in initial mass (3-60 M$_\odot$), surface equatorial magnetic field strength (0-50 kG), and metallicity (representative of the Solar neighbourhood and the Magellanic Clouds). We use two magnetic braking and two chemical mixing schemes and compare the model predictions for slowly-rotating, nitrogen-enriched ("Group 2") stars with observations in the Large Magellanic Cloud. We quantify a range of initial field strengths that allow for producing Group 2 stars and find that typical values (up to a few kG) lead to solutions. Between the subgrids, we find notable departures in surface abundances and evolutionary paths. In our magnetic models, chemical mixing is always less efficient compared to non-magnetic models due to the rapid spin-down. We identify that quasi-chemically homogeneous main sequence evolution by efficient mixing could be prevented by fossil magnetic fields. We recommend comparing this grid of evolutionary models with spectropolarimetric and spectroscopic observations with the goals of i) revisiting the derived stellar parameters of known magnetic stars, and ii) observationally constraining the uncertain magnetic braking and chemical mixing schemes., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. A full reproduction package is available on Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7069766

We study the effect of anisotropy on phase transitions in graphene. We work with an low energy effective field theory which is strongly coupled, and solve a coupled set of Schwinger-Dyson equations. We show that the effect of anisotropy is to reduce the critical coupling., Comment: 7 pages, 1 figure, based on a talk presented at the 9th International Conference on New Frontiers in Physics (ICNFP 2020), September 04, 2020 to October 02, 2020, Kolymbari, Crete, Greece

We study the effect of anisotropy (strain) on dynamical gap generation in graphene. We work with a low energy effective theory obtained from a tight-binding Hamiltonian expanded around the Dirac points in momentum space. We use a non-perturbative Schwinger-Dyson approach and calculate a coupled set of five momentum dependent dressing functions. Our results show that the critical coupling depends only weakly on the anisotropy parameter, and increases with greater anisotropy.

We consider a symmetric scalar theory with quartic coupling in 4-dimensions. We show that the 4 loop 2PI calculation can be done using a renormalization group method. The calculation involves one bare coupling constant which is introduced at the level of the Lagrangian and is therefore conceptually simpler than a standard 2PI calculation, which requires multiple counterterms. We explain how our method can be used to do the corresponding calculation at the 4PI level, which cannot be done using any known method by introducing counterterms., Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures, proceedings for the 7th International Conference on New Frontiers in Physics (ICNFP 2018), Kolymbari, Crete, Greece, 4-12 July 2018

We study the effect of a Chern-Simons term on dynamical gap generation in a low energy effective theory that describes some features of mono-layer suspended graphene. We use a non-perturbative Schwinger-Dyson approach. We solve a set of coupled integral equations for eight independent dressing functions that describe fermion and photon degrees of freedom. We find a strong suppression of the gap, and corresponding increase in the critical coupling, as a function of increasing Chern-Simons coefficient., Comment: 28 pages, 8 figures

Techniques based on $n$-particle irreducible effective actions can be used to study systems where perturbation theory does not apply. The main advantage, relative to other non-perturbative continuum methods, is that the hierarchy of integral equations that must be solved truncates at the level of the action, and no additional approximations are needed. The main problem with the method is renormalization, which until now could only be done at the lowest ($n$=2) level. In this paper we show how to obtain renormalized results from an $n$-particle irreducible effective action at any order. We consider a symmetric scalar theory with quartic coupling in four dimensions and show that the 4 loop 4-particle-irreducible calculation can be renormalized using a renormalization group method. The calculation involves one bare mass and one bare coupling constant which are introduced at the level of the Lagrangian, and cannot be done using any known method by introducing counterterms., Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1711.09135

We consider a symmetric scalar theory with quartic coupling in 4-dimensions. We show that the 4 loop 2PI calculation can be done using a renormalization group method. The calculation involves one bare coupling constant which is introduced at the level of the Lagrangian and is therefore conceptually simpler than a standard 2PI calculation, which requires multiple counterterms. We explain how our method can be used to do the corresponding calculation at the 4PI level, which can not be done using any known method by introducing counterterms., Comment: 25 pages, 10 figures

We study the frequency dependencies of the fermion and photon dressing functions in dynamical gap generation in graphene. We use a low energy effective QED-like description, but within this approximation, we include all frequency dependent effects including retardation. We obtain the critical coupling by calculating the gap using a non-perturbative Dyson-Schwinger approach. Compared to the results of our previous calculation [1] which used a Lindhard screening approximation instead of including a self-consistently calculated dynamical screening function, the critical coupling is substantially reduced., Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures, published version

Quark-gluon plasma produced at the early stage of ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions is unstable, if weakly coupled, due to the anisotropy of its momentum distribution. Chromomagnetic fields are spontaneously generated and can reach magnitudes much exceeding typical values of the fields in equilibrated plasma. We consider a high energy test parton traversing an unstable plasma that is populated with strong fields. We study the momentum broadening parameter $\hat q$ which determines the radiative energy loss of the test parton. We develop a formalism which gives $\hat q$ as the solution of an initial value problem, and we focus on extremely oblate plasmas which are physically relevant for relativistic heavy ion collisions. The parameter $\hat q$ is found to be strongly dependent on time. For short times it is of the order of the equilibrium value, but at later times $\hat q$ grows exponentially due to the interaction of the test parton with unstable modes and becomes much bigger than the value in equilibrium. The momentum broadening is also strongly directionally dependent and is largest when the test parton velocity is transverse to the beam axis. Consequences of our findings for the phenomenology of jet quenching in relativistic heavy ion collisions are briefly discussed., Comment: 43 pages, 5 figures, published version

We study the frequency dependencies in the renormalization of the fermion Greens function for the $\pi$-band electrons in graphene and their influence on the dynamical gap generation at sufficiently strong interaction. Adopting the effective QED-like description for the low-energy excitations within the Dirac-cone region we self consistently solve the fermion Dyson-Schwinger equation in various approximations for the photon propagator and the vertex function with special emphasis on frequency dependent Lindhard screening and retardation effects., Comment: 19 pages, 5 figures

It is well known that perturbative pressure calculations show poor convergence. Calculations using a two particle irreducible (2PI) effective action show improved convergence at the 3 loop level, but no calculations have been done at 4 loops. We consider the 2PI effective theory for a symmetric scalar theory with quartic coupling in 4-dimensions. We calculate the pressure and two different non-perturbative vertices as functions of coupling and temperature. Our results show that the 4 loop contribution can become larger than the 3 loop term when the coupling is large. This indicates a breakdown of the 2PI approach, and the need for higher order $n$PI approximations. In addition, our results demonstrate the renormalizability of 2PI calculations at the 4 loop level. This is interesting because the counterterm structure of the 2PI theory at 4 loops is different from the structure at $n\le 3$ loops. Two vertex counterterms are required at the 4 loop level, but not at lower loop order. This unique feature of the 2PI theory has not previously been verified numerically., Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures

We present numerical studies of the dynamics of vortices in the Ginzburg Landau model using equations derived from the gradient flow of the free energy. These equations have previously been proposed to describe the dynamics of n-vortices away from equilibrium. We are able to model the dynamics of multiple n-vortex configurations starting far from equilibrium. We find generically that there are two time scales for equilibration: a short time scale related to the formation time for a single n-vortex, and a longer time scale that characterizes vortex-vortex interactions., Comment: version accepted for publication in PRB

The geometric measure of entanglement is the distance or angle between an entangled target state and the nearest unentangled state. Often one considers the geometric measure of entanglement for highly symmetric entangled states because it simplifies the calculations and allows for analytic solutions. Although some symmetry is required in order to deal with large numbers of qubits, we are able to loosen significantly the restrictions on the highly symmetric states considered previously, and consider several generalizations of the coefficients of both target and unentangled states. This allows us to compute the geometric entanglement measure for larger and more relevant classes of states., Comment: 16 pages, 3 figures, expanded introduction, some corrections and clarifications, final version to appear in J.Phys.A

We consider a symmetric scalar theory with quartic coupling in 4-dimensions and compare the standard 2PI calculation with a modified version which uses a functional renormalization group method. The set of integral differential equations that are obtained from the exact renormalization group method truncate naturally, without the introduction of additional approximations. The results of the two methods agree well, which shows that the exact renormalization group can be used at the level of the 2PI effective action to obtain finite results without the use of counter-terms. The method therefore offers a promising starting point to study the renormalization of higher order $n$PI theories., Comment: 35 pages, 5 figures

The 4PI effective action provides a a hierarchy of integral equations which have the form of Bethe-Salpeter equations. The vertex functions obtained from these equations can be used to truncate the exact renormalization group flow equations. This truncation has the property that the flow is a total derivative with respect to the flow parameter and is equivalent to solving the nPI equations of motion. This result establishes a direct connection between two non-perturbative methods., Comment: 6 pages; presented at the HIC for FAIR Workshop and XXXI Max Born Symposium `Three days of critical behaviour in hot and dense QCD,' Wroclaw, June 14-16, 2013

We consider a symmetric scalar theory with quartic coupling in 2- and 3-dimensions and compare the self-consistent 4-point vertex obtained from the 4PI effective action with the Bethe-Salpeter 4-vertex from 2PI effective action. At zero external momenta the two vertices agree well with each other when the coupling strength is small, but differences between them become more and more pronounced as the coupling strength is increased. We also study the momentum dependence of the two vertices and show that for certain momentum configurations they are almost identical, but differ for general momentum arguments., Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures

In this paper we derive a hierarchy of integral equations from the 4PI effective action which have the form of Bethe-Salpeter equations. We show that, together with the equation of motion for the self-consistent 4-vertex, these integral equations are closed, and that their expansions give infinite series of connected diagrams which have the correct symmetry., Comment: 20 pages, 13 figures

In this paper we study the hard-thermal-loop effective theory at next-to-leading order. Standard power-counting predicts that a large number of diagrams, including 2-loop diagrams, may need to be calculated. In all of the calculations that have been done however, with the exception of the photon self-energy, the full next-to-leading order contribution can be obtained by calculating only soft 1-loop diagrams with effective lines and vertices. It is of interest to know if the photon self-energy is the only exception to this rule, or if there are others, and which ones. In this paper we perform a refined power-counting analysis using real-time finite temperature field theory which is particularly well suited to the task. We show that the standard power-counting rules obtained from the imaginary time formalism usually over-estimate the size of the 2-loop diagrams. We argue that the only exceptions to the rule that the 1-loop soft diagrams give the next-to-leading order contribution are $2n$-photon vertices., Comment: 20 pages, 13 figures

In this paper we derive a hierarchy of integral equations from the 4PI effective action which have the form of Bethe-Salpeter equations. We show that the vertex functions defined by these equations can be used to truncate the exact renormalization group flow equations. This truncation has the property that the flow is a total derivative with respect to the flow parameter. We also show that the truncation is equivalent to solving the $n$PI equations of motion. This result establishes a direct connection between two non-perturbative methods., Comment: 21 pages, 20 figures

We consider a symmetric scalar theory with quartic coupling and solve the equations of motion from the 4PI effective action in 2- and 3-dimensions using an iterative numerical lattice method. For coupling less than 10 (in dimensionless units) good convergence is obtained in less than 10 iterations. We use lattice size up to 16 in 2-dimensions and 10 in 3-dimensions and demonstrate the convergence of the results with increasing lattice size. The self-consistent solutions for the 2-point and 4-point functions agree well with the perturbative ones when the coupling is small and deviate when the coupling is large., Comment: 14 pages, 11 figures; v5: added numerical calculations in 3D; version accepted for publication in EPJC

The energy loss of a fast parton scattering elastically in a weakly coupled quark-gluon plasma is formulated as an initial value problem. The approach is designed to study an unstable plasma, but it also reproduces the well known result of energy loss in an equilibrium plasma. A two-stream system, which is unstable due to longitudinal chromoelectric modes, is discussed here some detail. In particular, a strong time and directional dependence of the energy loss is demonstrated., Comment: 6 pages; presented by K. Deja at the conference Strangeness in Quark Matter, Cracow, Poland, September 18-24, 2011

Transport coefficients can be obtained from 2-point correlators using the Kubo formulae. It has been shown that the full leading order result for electrical conductivity and (QCD) shear viscosity is contained in the re-summed 2-point function that is obtained from the 3-loop 3PI effective action. The theory produces all leading order contributions without the necessity for power counting, and in this sense it provides a natural framework for the calculation and suggests that one can calculate the next-to-leading contribution to transport coefficients from the 4-loop 4PI effective action. The integral equations have been derived for shear viscosity for a scalar theory with cubic and quartic interactions, with a non-vanishing field expectation value. We review these results, and explain how the calculation could be done at higher orders., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, contribution to the proceedings of the HIC for FAIR Workshop and XXVIII Max Born Symposium "Three Days on Quarkyonic Island," Wroclaw, May 19-21, 2011

In this paper, we present a new method to calculate the n-Loop n-particle irreducible effective action. The key is an organizational trick that involves the introduction of a set of fictitious bare vertices that are set to zero at the end of the calculation. Using these fictitious vertices, we prove that the Schwinger-Dyson equations are the same as the equations of motion obtained from the n-particle irreducible effective action, up to the level at which they respect the symmetries of the original theory. This result allows us to obtain the effective action directly from the Schwinger-Dyson equations, which are comparatively easy to calculate. As a check of our method, we reproduce the known results for the n-Loop n-particle irreducible effective action with n = 4 and n = 5. We also use the technique to calculate the 6-Loop 6-particle irreducible effective action., Comment: 31 pages and 30 figures. Some sections are reorganized and typos are corrected. Final version to appear in PRD

In a previous paper we examined a geometric measure of entanglement based on the minimum distance between the entangled target state of interest and the space of unnormalized product states. Here we present a detailed study of this entanglement measure for target states with a large degree of symmetry. We obtain analytic solutions for the extrema of the distance function and solve for the Hessian to show that, up to the action of trivial symmetries, the solutions correspond to local minima of the distance function. In addition, we show that the conditions that determine the extremal solutions for general target states can be obtained directly by parametrizing the product states via their Schmidt decomposition., Comment: 16 pages, references added and discussion expanded

In numerical simulations of nonabelian plasma instabilities in the hard-loop approximation, a turbulent spectrum has been observed that is characterized by a phase-space density of particles $n(p)\sim p^{-\nu}$ with exponent $\nu\simeq 2$, which is larger than expected from relativistic $2\leftrightarrow 2$ scatterings. Using the approach of Zakharov, L'vov and Falkovich, we analyse possible Kolmogorov coefficients for relativistic $(m \ge 4)$-particle processes, which give at most $\nu=5/3$ perturbatively for an energy cascade. We discuss nonperturbative scenarios which lead to larger values. As an extreme limit we find the result $\nu=5$ generically in an inherently nonperturbative effective field theory situation, which coincides with results obtained by Berges et al.\ in large-$N$ scalar field theory. If we instead assume that scaling behavior is determined by Schwinger-Dyson resummations such that the different scaling of bare and dressed vertices matters, we find that intermediate values are possible. We present one simple scenario which would single out $\nu=2$., Comment: published version

In this paper we show that the skeleton diagrams in the m-Loop nPI effective action correspond to an infinite resummation of perturbative diagrams which is void of double counting at the m-Loop level. We also show that the variational equations of motion produced by the n-Loop nPI effective theory are equivalent to the Schwinger-Dyson equations, up to the order at which they are consistent with the underlying symmetries of the original theory. We use a diagrammatic technique to obtain the 5-Loop 5PI effective action for a scalar theory with cubic and quartic interactions, and verify that the result satisfies these two statements., Comment: 43 pages, 48 figures, add a paragraph in conclusions, Figs. 25,45,46 changed, typos corrected, final version to appear in PRD

In the standard geometric approach, the entanglement of a pure state is $\sin^2\theta$, where $\theta$ is the angle between the entangled state and the closest separable state of products of normalised qubit states. We consider here a generalisation of this notion by considering separable states that consist of products of unnormalised states of different dimension. The distance between the target entangled state and the closest unnormalised product state can be interpreted as a measure of the entanglement of the target state. The components of the closest product state and its norm have an interpretation in terms of, respectively, the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the reduced density matrices arising in the Schmidt decomposition of the state vector. For several cases where the target state has a large degree of symmetry, we solve the system of equations analytically, and look specifically at the limit where the number of qubits is large.

Transport coefficients can be obtained from 2-point correlators using the Kubo formulae. It has been shown that the full leading order result for electrical conductivity and (QCD) shear viscosity is contained in the re-summed 2-point function that is obtained from the 3-loop 3PI re-summed effective action. The theory produces all leading order contributions without the necessity for power counting, and in this sense it provides a natural framework for the calculation. In this article we study the 4-loop 4PI effective action for a scalar theory with cubic and quartic interactions in the presence of spontaneous symmetry breaking. We obtain a set of integral equations that determine the re-summed 2-point vertex function. A next-to-leading order contribution to the viscosity could be obtained from this set of coupled equations., Comment: 24 pages, 18 figures. Added references and minor rewordings: published version

Using hard-loop (HL) effective theory for an anisotropic non-Abelian plasma, which even in the static limit involves nonvanishing HL vertices, we calculate the imaginary part of the static next-to-leading-order gluon self energy in the limit of a small anisotropy and with external momentum parallel to the anisotropy direction. At leading order, the static propagator has space-like poles corresponding to plasma instabilities. On the basis of a calculation using bare vertices, it has been conjectured that, at next-to-leading order, the static gluon self energy acquires an imaginary part which regulates these space-like poles. We find that the one-loop resummed expression taken over naively from the imaginary-time formalism does yield a nonvanishing imaginary part even after including all HL vertices. However, this result is not correct. Starting from the real-time formalism, which is required in a non-equilibrium situation, we construct a resummed retarded HL propagator with correct causality properties and show that the static limit of the retarded one-loop-resummed gluon self-energy is real. This result is also required for the time-ordered propagator to exist at next-to-leading order., Comment: REVTEX, 15 pages, 4 figures. v2: slightly shortened title, shorter appendix B

In this article we calculate the leading order shear viscosity in QCD using the resummed 3PI effective action. We work to 3-loop order in the effective action. We show that the integral equations that resum the pinching and collinear contributions are produced naturally by the formalism. All leading order terms are included, without the need for any kind of power counting arguments., Comment: 23 pages, 27 figures

In this paper the structure of the next-to-leading (NLO) static gluon self energy for an anisotropic plasma is investigated in the limit of a small momentum space anisotropy. Using the Ward identities for the static hard-loop (HL) gluon polarization tensor and the (nontrivial) static HL vertices, we derive a comparatively compact form for the complete NLO correction to the structure function containing the space-like pole associated with magnetic instabilities. On the basis of a calculation without HL vertices, it has been conjectured that the imaginary part of this structure function is nonzero, rendering the space-like poles integrable. We show that there are both positive and negative contributions when HL vertices are included, highlighting the necessity of a complete numerical evaluation, for which the present work provides the basis., Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures

The calculation of the real part of a quasi-particle dispersion relation at next-to-leading order in the hard thermal loop effective theory is a very difficult problem. Even though the hard thermal loop effective theory is almost 20 years old, there is only one next-to-leading order calculation of the real part of a quasi-particle dispersion relation in the literature. In this paper, we calculate the fermion mass in QED and QCD at next-to-leading order. For QED the result is M=eT/sqrt{8} * [1-(1.427 \pm 0.02)e/4pi] and for QCD with N_f=2 and N_c=3 we obtain M=gT/sqrt{6} * [1+(1.867 \pm 0.02)g/4pi]., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures

In this paper we study the production of energetic di-leptons. We calculate the rate for 2 $\to$ 2 processes. The log term is obtained analytically and the constant term is calculated numerically. When the photon mass is of the order of the thermal quark mass, the result is insensitive to the photon mass and the soft logarithmic divergence is regulated by the thermal quark mass, exactly as in the case of real photons. We also consider the production of thermal Drell-Yan dileptons (thermal quark and antiquark pairs produced by virtual photons) and calculate the rate systematically in the context of the hard thermal loop effective theory. We obtain analytic and numerical results. We compare our results with those of previous calculations., Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures

In this article we study the electrical conductivity in QED using the resummed 3PI effective action. We work to 3-loop order in the effective action. We show that the resulting expression for the conductivity is explicitly gauge invariant, and that the integral equations that resum the pinching and colinear contributions are produced naturally by the formalism. All leading order terms are included, without the need for any kind of power counting arguments., Comment: 10 pages, 15 figures

In this article we calculate the electrical conductivity in QED using the 2PI effective action. We use a modified version of the usual 2PI effective action which is defined with respect to self-consistent solutions of the 2-point functions. We show that the green functions obtained from this modified effective action satisfy ward identities and that the conductivity obtained from the kubo relation is gauge invariant. We work to 3-loop order in the modified 2PI effective action and show explicitly that the resulting expression for the conductivity contains the square of the amplitude that corresponds to all binary collision and production processes., Comment: 24 pages, 21 figures

We study next-to-leading order contributions to the soft static fermion dispersion relation in hot QED. We derive an expression for the complete next-to-leading order contribution to the retarded fermion self-energy. The real and imaginary parts of this expression give the next-to-leading order contributions to the mass and damping rate of the fermionic quasi-particle. Many of the terms that are expected to contribute according to the traditional power counting argument are actually subleading. We explain why the power counting method over estimates the contribution from these terms. For the electron damping rate in QED we obtain: $\gamma_{QED} = \frac{e^2 T}{4\pi}(2.70)$. We check our method by calculating the next-to-leading order contribution to the damping rate for the case of QCD with two flavours and three coulours. Our result agrees with the result obtained previously in the literature. The numerical evaluation of the nlo contribution to the mass is left to a future publication., Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures

We have written a {\it Mathematica} program that calculates the integrand corresponding to any amplitude in the closed-time-path formulation of real time statistical field theory. The program is designed so that it can be used by someone with no previous experience with {\it Mathematica}. It performs the contractions over the tensor indices that appear in real time statistical field theory and gives the result in the 1-2, Keldysh or RA basis. We have used the program to calculate the ward identity for the QED 3-point function, the QED 4-point function for two photons and two fermions, and the QED 5-point function for three photons and two fermions. In real time statistical field theory, there are seven 3-point functions, 15 4-point functions and 31 5-point functions. We produce a table that gives the results for all of these functions. In addition, we give a simple general expression for the KMS conditions between $n$-point green functions and vertex functions, in both the Keldysh and RA bases, Comment: 25 pages, 12 figures

The goal of this paper is to study the effect of entanglement on the running time of a quantum computation. Adiabatic quantum computation is suited to this kind of study, since it allows us to explicitly calculate the time evolution of the entanglement throughout the calculation. On the other hand however, the adiabatic formalism makes it impossible to study the roles of entanglement and fidelity separately, which means that results have to be interpreted carefully. We study two algorithms: the search algorithm and the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm. We find some evidence that entanglement can be considered a resource in quantum computation., Comment: 29 pages, 25 figures

We present the results of an analysis of superradiant energy flow due to scalar fields incident on an acoustic black hole. In addition to providing independent confirmation of the recent results in [5], we determine in detail the profile of energy flow everywhere outside the horizon. We confirm explicitly that in a suitable frame the energy flow is inward at the horizon and outward at infinity, as expected on physical grounds., Comment: 8 pages, 9 figures, Comments added to discussion of energy flow and introductory section abbreviated

We work with $\phi^4$ theory and study the 4PI effective action at 3-loop order. We discuss the relationship between the equations of motion obtained by taking functional derivatives of the effective action with respect to the variational parameters, and the Schwinger-Dyson (SD) equations. We show that the equation obtained by differentiating with respect to the 2-point function is identical to the SD equation for the 2-point function; differentiating with respect to the 3-point function reproduces the SD equation for the 3-point function, up to 1-loop order; and differentiating with respect to the 4-point function reproduces the SD equation for the 4-point function, at the tree level. These results establish a connection between two techniques for performing non-equilibrium calculations, and provide a starting place for a study of the gauge dependence of quantities derived from an $n$PI effective action., Comment: 13 pages

In the present paper we calculate the dielectric functions of an ultra-relativistic plasma, such as an electron-positron or a quark-gluon plasma. We use classical transport theory and take into account collisions within the relaxation time approximation. From these dielectric functions we derive the dispersion relations of longitudinal and transverse plasma waves., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, final version to be published in Can. J. Phys

The problem of maintaining gauge invariance when truncating the two particle irreducible (2PI) effective action has been studied recently by several authors. Here we give a simple and very general derivation of the gauge dependence identities for the off-shell 2PI effective action. We consider the case where the gauge is fixed by an arbitrary function of the quantum gauge field, subject only to the restriction that the Faddeev-Popov matrix is invertable. We also study the background field gauge. We address the role that these identies play in solving gauge invariance problems associated with physical quantities calculated using a truncated on-shell 2PI effective action., Comment: 11 pages, version accepted for publication in Eur. Phys. Jour. C