Search

Bacterial-mediated diseases are a major healthcare concern worldwide due to the rapid spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. One strategy to manage the bacterial infections while avoiding the emergence of resistant strains implies specific targeting and disruption of bacteria membranes. This work evaluates the potential of nanostructured biopolymer derivatives, nanocapsules (NCs), to disrupt the bacteria cell walls and effectively kill planktonic microorganisms. Two biopolymers, chitosan and cellulose, were chemically modified to synthesize derivatives with improved cationic character (thiolated chitosan and aminocellulose) prior to their processing into nanocapsules via a one-step sonochemical process. The interactions of NCs, displaying an average size of around 250 nm, with bacteria membrane were evaluated using two membrane models: Langmuir monolayers and liposome bilayers composed of a l-α-phosphatidylglycerol phospholipid extracted from Escherichia coli. NCs possessed improved membrane disturbing capacity in comparison to the nonprocessed biopolymer derivatives, by drastically increasing the monolayer fluidity and inducing more than 50% leakage of a dye inserted in the bilayered liposomes. In addition, membrane disturbance was directly proportional to the NCs cationic charge. Whereas evidence showed that thiolated chitosan and aminocellulose interacted with the bacteria membrane through a "carpet model", the NCs were found to induce larger surface defects and high local perturbance through a "detergent model". Importantly, the degree of disruption caused by the biopolymer derivatives and NCs correlated well with the antimicrobial capacity against Escherichia coli, selectively killing bacteria cells without imparting toxicity to human fibroblasts.

A growing customer demand currently exists for denim apparel with a used, worn, faded appearance or even holes in the fabric. In this work, we examined the effect of treating denim with an aqueous solution of an oxidant prior to UV-C irradiation for localized fading of the fabric in order to obtain the faded, worn apperance sought by some jeans users. We propose a new technology using ultraviolet light in combination with an oxidant to modulate the degree of fading of denim fabric

The aim of this work is to determine the influence of certain clay micro particles added to detergent formulation to act as builders in removal of impurities (detersive power) during the washing of a standard cotton fabric (EMPA), and also to determine the whiteness of the fabric and its softness after washing. Sepiolite was used separately and together with bentonite, in the forin of micro partides. Bentonite is held to have a softening effect on cotton. A whitener was added to the detergent formulations to compensate for a possible effect of diminished whiteness in the washed fabric. Scanning electron microscope images of the fibres were taken to show deposition of the builders on the fabric. A non-toxic microemulsified solvent, dimethylsulfoxi de (DMS), suitably microdispersed with use of an amphoteric sur­ factant as ernulsifier, was added to improve the performance of the detergent formulations used, notably enhancing the deter­ gency obtained in the presence of the clay microparticles tested. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, die Wirkung be­ stimmter Tonmikropartikel zu bestimmen, die in Waschm ittelfor­ mulierungen als Builder bei der Entfernung von Verunreinigun­ gen (Waschkraft) wahrend der Wasche von angeschmutztem Standard-Baumwolltestgewebe (EMPA) eingesetzt werden. Ebenso werden der Weigrad des Gewebes und seine Weich­ heit nach der Wasche bestimmt. Sepiolith-Mik ropartikel wurden allein und gemeinsam mit Bentonit verwendet. Bentonit wurde beibehalten, um einen weichmachenden Effekt an der Baum­ wolle zu erzielen. Ein Auf heller wurde der Waschmittelformulie­ rung ebenfalls zugesetzt, um eine mogliche Minderung des Weigrades der gewaschenen Gewebe zu kompensieren . Von den Geweben wurden rasterelektronenmikroskopische Aufnah­ men gemacht, um die Ablagerungen der Builder auf den Ge­ weben zu zeigen. Dimethylsulfoxid (DMS), ein nicht-toxisches, mikroemulgiertes Losemittel, wurde mit einem amphoteren Tensid (als Emulgator) mikrodipergiert und zur Verbesserung der Leistung der verwendeten Waschmittelformu ierung, speziell zur Verstarkung der Waschkraft in Gegenwart der Tonmikroparti­ kel, hinzudosiert

The primary aim of this work is to attain improvement of the softness of cotton fabric during the washing process with ecological surfactants. To attain that improvement, sodium bentonite was added to the detergent formulations to produce a softening effect during washing and obtain the so called “soft detergent” effect. Sodium bentonite (a mineral composed mainly of hydrated aluminium silicates) was mixed with the surfactants used in ecological detergents. This product was used with a suitable particle size that, given its large specific surface area, facilitated its deposition on the cotton fabric, producing the desired effect of increasing the softness of the washed fabric. The surfactants used were an anionic surfactant, namely LAS, and two non-ionic surfactants, namely APG and AE, used separately and as mixtures, without co-formulants, to demonstrate their detersive power in one wash and repeated washes, depending on the nature of the surfactants and on their separate mixtures an mixtures in different proportions of anionic and non-ionic surfactants in combination in all cases with a constant concentration of sodium bentonite with two particle sizes. Evaluation was performed of the subjective softness (to the touch) of pairs of samples by several observers and also of changes in whiteness after deposition of the bentonite during washing

The textile washing process consists basically of three stages: 1) removal of the soiling from the substrate, 2) suspension of the soiling in the washing bath, and 3) prevention of redeposition of the soiling on the substrate from which has just been removed. The soiling removed may be caught again on the substrate to a greater or lesser extent during the detergent process. This phenomenon constitutes the unwanted redeposition of that impurity on the substrate and polymers are added to prevent it. The redeposition of impurities must be prevented during the washing of synthetic fibres, such as polyester or acrylic, which have a compact crystalline structure. The purpose of this work is to ascertain the behavior of a polyethylene glycol polyester copolymer when used as a detergent additive to prevent redeposition of solid impurities during the washing of standard polyester and acrylic fabrics. That polymer was used in washing tests in the presence of an anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), and a non-ionic surfactant, fatty alcohol ethoxylate with 7 moles E.O., separately and in mixtures of both with varying proportions. The soiling applied was carbon black, as a solid impurity in washing. In order to explain the observed behavior, the electrical double layer of the fabrics was characterized, depending on the surfactants and the mixtures tested

This work studies the detersive power and redeposition of impurities after washing standard wool fabrics with a non-toxic solvent microemulsion added to the conventional washing formulations in order improve the results of conventional washing. The solvent was dimethyl sulfoxide (DMS), emulsified and micro-dispersed with amphoteric surfactant. The fabric was washed using non-ionic surfactants, alcohol ethoxylate (AE-7) with 7 m. E.O. and an alkyl polyglucoside (APG). Detersive power was studied as function of those surfactants and their differing proportions in mixture. Detersive power was potentiated by addition sodium carbonate and sodium chloride as builders, and it was likewise studied under the influence of the salts with different water hardness used in the tests. A sequestering agent, DTPMP, was used to improve the results for detergency. The tensile strength and burst strength of the wool fabric washed with those surfactants and the microdispersed DMS with repeated washes was assessed. With those non-ionic surfactants used in the same programmed washing tests, the redeposition of a solid impurity, namely carbon black, during the washing was also studied, and a notable decrease of redeposition was attained with addition of the microemulsified DMS, which was also observed with the additional use of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (LAS). In order to predict the stability of the particles of carbon black and the particles of DMS in the washing bath, the size of those particles was determined

In this work the performance of several DTI copolymers (PVP, PV betaine, PVNO and PVNO with PVP) was tested for use as dye transfer inhibitors in washing undyed cotton fabric, in the presence of a direct dye in the washing bath. Three direct dyes were tested: red, blue and yellow. The detergent used was composed of an LAS anionic surfactant and a non-ionic fatty alcohol ethoxylate surfactant with 7 m.OE, both separately and in the different molar proportions anionic with non ionic, at a total concentration of 5 x 10-3 M, and in the presence of zeolite as a builder. Washing temperature was 40ºC and washing time was 30 minutes. Staining of the undyed cotton fabric was assessed as the CIELAB colour differences between the original fabric and the stained fabric after washing, with and without the different DTIs tested and the dye in the washing bath.

The sodium bentonite is a mineral composed by hydrated aluminium silicates with a great capacity for absorbing several types of substrates. In cotton articles, softeners are added after the washing process. Softeners are organic products which are absorbed within the last rinse. These types of softeners can present some disadvantages as the possible lack of biodegradability, solidity and higher hydrophobicity which might reduce the sensation of comfort in the clothes as water absorption is diminished. Previous researches evidenced bentonites could get adhered to cotton fibres giving a softening effect during the washing when used together with the detergent. This is the so-called softergent effect. Fragrances can be absorbed on bentonites surface. So, if adhered on clothing fibres it is reached an increase in the olfactory perception once the clothes are dry. Therefore, it is intended to add into detergents an additive as the bentonite with a fragrance incorporated in order to achieve a softening and perfuming effect amongst the washed products.

In this work, detersive power was studied after washing a soiled wool fabric with addition of a non-toxic solvent microemulsion to conventional wash formulations with the aim of improving the performance of the conventional washing. The non-toxic solvent used was dimethyl sulfoxide micro-dispersed with an amphoteric surfactant as emulsifier. The fabric was washed with biodegradable non-ionic surfactants such as an alcohol ethoxylate (AE) with 7 m.E.O and an alkyl polyglucoside with 1.4 glucoside groups (APG). The fabric used was EMPA 107 wool (soiled with standard impurities). The non-ionic surfactants were used separately and in mixture in varying proportions for the washes. Given the large amount of impurities in the wool fabric, sodium carbonate and sodium chloride were used to attain a suitable pH to avoid damaging the wool. The fabric was washed at low temperature with water of different hardness (20ºhf, 30ºhf and 40ºhf). In addition, the sequestering agent DTPMP was used to obtain an improvement of detersive power at the hardness of 40ºhf.

Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo principal conseguir una mejora en la suavidad del tejido de algodón en el mismo proceso lavado con tensioactivos ecológicos. Para ello, se añadió bentonita sódica al detergente, con el fin de producir un efecto de suavizado al ser lavado el tejido, pudiéndose obtener el denominado efecto “softergent”. La bentonita sódica (mineral formado por silicatos de aluminio hidratados) se mezcló con los tensioactivos utilizados en detergentes ecológicos. Este producto fue utilizado con un tamaño de partícula adecuado, que al poseer una gran superficie específica, facilitó su deposición en el tejido de algodón, produciendo el efecto deseado de aumentar la suavidad del tejido lavado. Los tensioactivos utilizados fueron un aniónico: LAS, y los no iónicos: APG y AE, por separado y en mezcla aniónico con no-iónico, sin coadyuvantes, con el objeto de mostrar su poder detergente durante uno y varios lavados repetidos, en función de la naturaleza de los tensioactivos, y de sus mezclas por separado y en diferentes proporciones de mezcla de tensioactivo aniónico con no-iónico y en presencia, en todos los casos, de una concentración constante de bentonita sódica con dos tamaños de partícula. Se obtuvo la valoración de la suavidad (al tacto) subjetiva por parejas de muestras a partir de varios observadores y también la variación de blancura después de la deposición de la bentonita durante el lavado, la cual se comprobó por imágenes de microscopía electrónica SEM de las fibras de algodón del tejido. The primary aim of this work is to propose an improvement in the smoothness of the cotton fabric during the washing process with ecological surfactants. Sodium bentonite into the detergent formulations was added with the intention of producing a smoothed out effect while the fabric was washed, to obtain the denominated “softdetergent”. The sodium bentonite (composed mainly by hydrated aluminium silicates) was mixed with the surfactants used in ecological detergents. This product, with a suitable particle size was used, having a great specific surface, facilitated its deposition in the cotton fabric, producing an increase in its smoothness (handle) during and after the washing process. The surfactants used in the detergent formulations were: one anionic LAS and the two non-ionics APG and AE separately and anionic with nonionic mixtures, without builders. The detersive effect after one and five repeated washings was shown, in all the cases in presence of one constant concentration of sodium bentonite and for two different particle sizes. The evaluation of the subjective handle by pairs of samples from several observers was obtained, and also the variation of whiteness as a result of the deposition of the bentonite during the washing, which was shown by images of electronic microscopy SEM of the fibers extracted from fabric.

Con objeto de obtener buenos niveles de biodegradabilidad y toxicidad en los productos tensioactivos, han aparecido en el mercado los alquilpoliglucósidos (APGs). Estos tensioactivos no iónicos, obtenidos a partir de sustancias naturales, son 100% biodegradables y resultan muy interesantes para su aplicación en el lavado. La doble capa eléctrica del tejido, caracterizada como potencial zeta, resulta un parámetro influyente en la deposición de impurezas sobre el mismo durante el lavado, por lo que resulta útil su estudio. El potencial zeta es dependiente de la carga de superficie del tejido y del medio polar en que esté inmerso. En este trabajo, se tuvo como objetivo la determinación de los potenciales zeta de un tejido de algodón, sin teñir, y teñido con tres diferentes colorantes directos. Con objeto de obtener la influencia del estado superficial del tejido se hizo variar el potencial zeta del tejido mediante una resina de apresto del tipo DMDHEU o con un suavizante de un compuesto microemulsionado de aminosilicona. La influencia del medio, en tales potenciales zeta, se determinó en función de la presencia de diversos tensioactivos: aniónico, no iónico y sus mezclas. Los tensioactivos utilizados fueron el dodecilbencenosulfonato sódico LAS (aniónico) mezclado con un alquilpoliglucósido (APG) no-iónico), para obtener su influencia en la doble capa eléctrica en función de varias proporciones de mezcla aniónico/no iónico y de diferentes concentraciones totales de las mismas. With object to obtain good levels of biodegradability and ecotoxicity, they have appeared in the market the alkyl polyglucosides (APGs). These ionic surfactants, obtained from natural substances, are biodegradable 100% and they are very interesting for their application in the washing. The double electrical layer of the fabric characterised by zeta potential, is a parameter, has influence in the deposition of impurities on fabric during washing, for this reason its study is useful. The variation of the superficial state of the fabric and the ionic solution in which it is immersed produces changes in their zeta potential. In this work, the determination of the potentials zeta of a cotton fabric, without dyeing, and dyed with three different direct dyes was an aim. To obtain the influence of the superficial state of the fabric in the variation of the zeta potential a resin of type DMDHEU or a softening treatment of the fabric with microemulsion of ammonium silicone was treated. The influence of the surfactants in the electrical double layer was determined in function of the anionic, nonionic and its mixtures. The surfactants the sodium dodecilbenzenesulfonate (LAS) (anionic) mixed with alkylpolyglucoside (APG) (non-ionic), in different proportions at different totalconcentrations were used. Dans le but d'obtenir de bons niveaux de biodegradabilité et de toxicité dans les produits tensioactifs, les alquilpolyglucosides sont apparus dans le marché. Ces tensioactifs non ioniques, obtenus à partir de substances naturelles, sont 100% biodégradables et sont très intéressants pour son application dans le lavage. La double cape électrique du tissu, caractérisée comme potentiel zêta, est un paramètre influent dans la déposition d'impuretés sur le même, pendant le lavage. Par conséquent son étude est utile. Le potentiel zêta est dépendant de la charge de surface du tissu et du moyen polaire dans lequel il soit immergé. Dans ce travail, ont eu come objective la détermination des potentiels zêta d'un tissu de coton, sans teindre, et teint avec trois différents colorants directs. Dans le but d'obtenir l'influence de l'état superficiel du tissu on fait varier les potentiels zêta du tissu moyennant une résine de préparation du type DMHDEU ou avec un adoucissant d'un composé microemulsioné d’aminosilicone. On a déterminé l'influence du moyen, dans ces potentiels zêta, en fonction de la présence de divers tensioactifs: anionique, non ionique et leurs mélanges. Les tensioactifs utilisés ont été le dodecilbencenosulphonate sodique (LAS) (anionique) mélangé avec un alquilpolyglucoside (APG) non-ionique, pour obtenir leur influence sur la double cape électrique en fonction de plusieurs proportions de mélange anionique/non ionique et de différentes concentrations totales.

El notable desarrollo de los tensioactivosno iónicos como componentes dominantes en las formulaciones detergentes requiere la comprensión de sus prestaciones durante el lavado, no solamente como productos separados sino también como mezclas binarias con tensioactivo aniónico. Con objeto de obtener buenos niveles de biodegradabilidad y toxicidad han aparecido en el mercado los alquil poliglucósidos (APGs). Estos tensioactivos no iónicos, obtenidos de sustancias naturales, son 100% biodegradables y resultan muy interesantes para su aplicación en el lavado. En este trabajo se presenta el comportamiento del APG: C12-C14 con 1,4 grupos glucósido (no iónico), por separado y en mezcla con LAS, en diferentes proporciones de mezcla de estos tensioactivos aniónico con no iónico, sin coadyuvante, con objeto de mostrar su efecto detergente en el tejido de poliéster, ensuciado previamente con impurezas sólida y líquida (negro de humo y ácido oleico). Asimismo, teniendo en cuenta el sangrado de los tejidos teñidos durante el lavado, se obtuvo la decoloración de poliéster teñido y su correspondiente manchado en el mismo artículo y en materiales textiles blancos (tejido multifibra), al ser lavados al mismo tiempo con tales tensioactivos y sus mezclas, utilizando zeolita como coadyuvante y carbonato sódico. El tejido de poliéster antes de su lavado fue teñido con colorantes dispersos. The remarkable emergence of nonionic surfactants as key components in detergent formulations requires an understanding of their benefits during washing, not only as separate products but also as binary mixtures with anionic surfactants. In order to obtain good levels of biodegradability and ecotoxicity, alkyl polyglucosides (APGs) have appeared on the market. These nonionic surfactants, which are obtained from natural substances, are 100% biodegradable and may be usefully applied to the washing process. In this work we examined the behaviour of the APG C12-C14 with 1.4 glucoside groups (nonionic), separately and in a mixture with LAS, in various proportions and without a builder. The aim was to show its effect as a detergent for washing polyester fabric, which had been previously soiled with solid and liquid impurities (carbon black and oleic acid). By taking the bleed of dyed fabrics into account during washing, it was possible to decolour dyed polyester, soiled white polyester and white textile materials (multifibre fabrics) by washing them at the same time with the abovementioned surfactants and their mixtures and by using builders such as zeolite and sodium carbonate. The poliéster fabric was dyed with dispersed dyes. Le développement remarquable des tensioactifs non ioniques en tant que composants dominants dans les formulations de lessive passe par la compréhension de leurs prestations pendant le lavage, non seulement pris séparément, mais aussi en tant que mélanges binaires contenant un tensioactif anionique. Pour obtenir de bons niveaux de biodégradabilité et de toxicité, les alkylpolyglucosides (APG) ont fait leur apparition sur le marché. Ces tensioactifs non ioniques, tirés de substances naturelles, sont 100 % biodégradables et sont très intéressants, appliqués au lavage. L’étude propose une présentation de l’APG : C12-C14 avec 1,4 groupes glucosides (non ioniques), séparément et en mélange avec du LAS, dans différentes proportions de mélange de ces tensioactifs anionique et non ionique, sans adjuvant, pour montrer l’effet détergent sur le tisú en polyester, préalablement taché avec des impuretés solides et liquides (noir de fumée et acide oléique). En outre, compte tenu du dégorgement des tissus teints pendant le lavage, le polyester teint s’est décoloré et le même article a été taché, de même que les textiles blancs (tissu multifibre), lavés en même temps avec ces tensioactifs et leurs mélanges, en utilisant de la zéolite comme adjuvant et du carbonate de sodium. Le tissu en polyester avant lavage abatí été teint avec des colorants dispersés.

Recensió dels llibres: Mc Cutcheon's 2006. Emulsifiers & Detergents (North America Edition). Glen Rock: Mc Cutcheon's Division, 2006. 304 p. Mc Cutcheon's 2006. Functional Materials(North America Edition). Glen Rock: Mc Cutcheon's Division, 2006. 376 p. Mc Cutcheon's 2006. Emulsifiers & Detergents (International Edition). Glen Rock: Mc Cutcheon's Division, 2006. 252 p. Mc Cutcheon's 2006. Functional Materials(International Edition). Glen Rock: Mc Cutcheon's Division, 2006. 120 p.

En la práctica, la humectación está relacionada con el ángulo de contacto en equilibrio del líquido (fase fluida) sobre el sólido (material textil). Cuando esta humectación es dinámica y el sólido se presenta en forma de fibra o monofilamento y, por tanto, con curvatura en la superficie a humectar, la obtención del ángulo de contacto presenta dificultades, dadas sus pequeñas dimensiones y las irregularidades geométricas y de anisotropía. Teniendo en cuenta lo expuesto, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo la determinación de la humectación dinámica de un polímero textil, tal como el Nylon 6.6, en forma de monofilamento de sección circular. Para ello se utilizaron soluciones acuosas de tensioactivos: aniónico, no-iónico y sus mezclas. Los tensioactivos utilizados fueron del tipo aniónico (DBSS) y como tensioactivo no-iónico un alquil poliglucósido de origen natural y sumamente interesante bajo el punto de vista ecológico. Esta humectación fue caracterizada mediante ángulos de contacto de avance y de retroceso, lo que hizo posible la obtención de la histéresis de mojado, lo cual está en conexión con la rugosidad, heterogeneidad química superficial y las interacciones posibles del líquido con la superficie del sólido. In practice, wetting is related to the equilibrium contact angle of the liquid (fluid phase)with the solid (textile material). When the wetting is dynamic and the solid is in the form of a fibre or monofilament, and consequently with curvature of the surface to be wetted, obtaining the contact angle involves certain difficulties, given the small dimensions and the geometric and anisotropic irregularities. Bearing these considerations in mind, the aim of this work was to determine the dynamic wetting of a textile polymer, Nylon 6.6, in the form of a monofilament with a circular cross-section. For this purpose aqueous surfactant solutions were used: anionic, nonionic and mixtures of the two. The anionic surfactant used was DBSS and the nonionic surfactant was an alkyl polyglucoside from natural sources that is particularly attractive from an ecological standpoint. This wetting was characterised in terms of advancing and receding contact angles, allowing us to obtain the wetting hysteresis, which is related to roughness, surface chemical heterogeneity and possible interactions between the liquid and the surface of the solid. Dans la pratique, l’humectation est liée à l’angle de contact en équilibre du liquide (phase fluide) sur le solide (matière textile). Quand cette humectation est dynamique et que le solide se présente sous forme de fibre ou de mono-filament et, par conséquent, avec une incurvation de la surface à humecter, il est difficile d’obtenir l’angle de contact, compte tenu de ses petites dimensions et des irrégularités géométriques et d’anisotropie. Cela étant, l’étude se propose de déterminer l’humectation dynamique d’un polymère textile, tel que le nylon 6.6, sous forme de monofilament à section circulaire. Des solutions aqueuses de tensioactifs ont été utilisées à cet effet : anionique, non-ionique et leurs mélanges. Les tensioactifs utilisés ont été du type anionique (DBSS) et comme tensioactif non-ionique un alkylpolyglucoside d’origine naturelle et extrêmement intéressant du point de vue écologique. Cette humectation a été caractérisée avec des angles de contact d’avance et de recul, ce qui a permis d’obtenir l’hystérèse de mouillage, ce qui est en rapport avec la rugosité, l’hétérogénéité chimique superficielle et les interactions possibles du liquide avec la surface du solide.

La tintura del algodón con colorantes reactivos requiere grandes cantidades de sales sódicas inorgánicas, tales como el cloruro y el sulfato. Dadas sus altas solubilidades en agua, es imposible su eliminación en las aguas residuales de tales tinturas por los métodos convencionales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue el mostrar como alternativa el efecto de las sales magnésicas para la reducción de la concentración de sales sódicas en la tintura del algodón con una terna de tres colorantes reactivos. Por tal motivo se seleccionaron las sales inorgánicas: cloruro y sulfato y las sales orgánicas: acetato y citrato para efectuar un estudio comparativo de las mismas por separado y en mezcla con tripolifosfato. The dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes requires large amounts of inorganic sodium salts such as chloride and sulphate. Due to their high solubilities in water, it is impossible to remove them from the waste water produced by these dyes. The aim of this work was to show the effect of magnesium salts as an alternative for reducing the concentration of sodium salts in the dyeing of cotton with a set of three reactive dyes by the conventional methods. For this reason the inorganic salts chloride and sulphate and the organic salts acetate and citrate were selected to carry out a comparative study separately and in a mixture with tripolyphosphate. La teinture du coton avec des colorants réactifs requiert de grandes quantités de sels de sodium inorganiques, tels que le chlorure et le sulfate. Compte tenu de leur haute solubilité dans l’eau, il est impossible de les éliminer dans les eaux résiduelles de ces teintures par les méthodes conventionnelles. Ce travail vise à montrer comme alternative l’effet des sels de magnésium pour la réduction de la concentration des sels de sodium dans la teinture du coton avec une triade de colorants réactifs. C’est pourquoi la sélection a retenu les sels inorganiques chlorure et sulfate et les sels organiques acétate et citrate pour effectuer une étude comparée de ces sels, séparément et en mélange avec du tripolyphosphate.