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ABSTRACT We propose a novel regression tree method named “TreeFuL,” an abbreviation for ‘Tree with Fused Leaves.’ TreeFuL innovatively combines recursive partitioning with fused regularization, offering a distinct approach to the conventional pruning method. One of TreeFuL's noteworthy advantages is its capacity for cross‐validated amalgamation of non‐neighboring terminal nodes. This is facilitated by a leaf coloring scheme that supports tree shearing and node amalgamation. As a result, TreeFuL facilitates the development of more parsimonious tree models without compromising predictive accuracy. The refined model offers enhanced interpretability, making it particularly well‐suited for biomedical applications of decision trees, such as disease diagnosis and prognosis. We demonstrate the practical advantages of our proposed method through simulation studies and an analysis of data collected in an obesity study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the impact of assistive mobility carts on companion animals and caretakers' quality of life by investigating factors pertaining to caretaker satisfaction, the ability to perform daily tasks, and complication rates. Materials and methods: A 23-question survey was distributed to caretakers of animals using carts to evaluate the animal and caretakers' quality of life, acceptance, ability to complete functional tasks, and complications. Data from canine, feline, and rabbit responses were analyzed separately. Results: Dogs and cats had improved quality of life in 62 and 57% of responses and 61 and 60% for their caretakers, respectively. There was no improvement in the quality of life of rabbits or their caretakers. Regarding the complication rate, 64% were reported to have at least one complication associated with cart use, 53% of which were wounds. Across all species, there was a reported improvement in ability to perform daily tasks and activities. Conclusions and clinical relevance: Caretakers reported that assistive mobility carts improve both companion animals' and caretakers' quality of life, despite high prevalence of complications, including wounds. Future studies exploring specific disease conditions and long-term outcomes will be useful for guiding clinical recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In dynamic scenarios, the status of a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system fluctuates with environmental changes. The key to improving system efficiency lies in the real-time monitoring and evaluation of the system status, along with adaptive adjustments to the system parameters and read algorithms. This paper focuses on the status changes in RFID systems in dynamic scenarios, aiming to enhance system robustness and reading performance, ensuring high link quality, reasonable resource scheduling, and real-time status evaluation under varying conditions. This paper comprehensively considers the system parameter settings in dynamic scenarios, integrating the interaction model between readers and tags. The system's real-time status is evaluated from both the physical layer and the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer perspectives. For the physical layer, a link quality evaluation model based on Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) and K-Means clustering is proposed from the link quality. For the MAC layer, a multi-criteria decision-making evaluation model based on combined weighting and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is proposed, which comprehensively considers both subjective and objective factors, utilizing the TOPSIS algorithm for an accurate evaluation of the MAC layer system status. For the RFID system, this paper proposes a real-time status evaluation model based on the Classification and Regression Tree (CART), which synthesizes the evaluation results of the physical layer and MAC layer. Finally, engineering tests and verification were conducted on the RFID robot system in mobile scenarios. The results showed that the clustering average silhouette coefficient of the physical layer link quality evaluation model based on K-Means was 0.70184, indicating a relatively good clustering effect. The system status evaluation model of the MAC layer, based on the combined weighting-TOPSIS method, demonstrated good flexibility and generalization. The real-time status evaluation model of the RFID system, based on CART, achieved a classification accuracy of 98.3%, with an algorithm runtime of 0.003 s. Compared with other algorithms, it had a higher classification accuracy and shorter runtime, making it well suited for the real-time evaluation of the RFID robot system's status in dynamic scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on a patient with ciltacabtagene autoleucel-induced movement and neurocognitive toxicity, which was refractory to immunosuppression but responsive to combination dopaminergic therapy (carbidopa/levodopa, ropinirole, amantadine). Response was seen upon both initial treatment and rechallenge after unintended withdrawal. This is the first report of a successful symptomatic treatment of this well-described neurotoxic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greedy search (GS) or exhaustive search plays a crucial role in decision trees and their various extensions. We introduce an alternative splitting method called smooth sigmoid surrogate (SSS) in which the indicator threshold function used in GS is approximated by a smooth sigmoid function. This approach allows for parametric smoothing or regularization of the erratic and discrete GS process, making it more effective in identifying the true cutoff point, particularly in the presence of weak signals, as well as less prone to the inherent end-cut preference problem. Additionally, SSS provides a convenient means of evaluating the best split by referencing a parametric nonlinear model. Moreover, in many variants of recursive partitioning, SSS can be reformulated as a one-dimensional smooth optimization problem, rendering it computationally more efficient than GS. Extensive simulation studies and real data examples are provided to evaluate and demonstrate its effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global temperature is increasing at an alarming rate, which increases the number of heatwaves. Heatwaves have significant impacts, both directly and indirectly, on human and natural systems and can create considerable risk to public health. Predicting the occurrence of a heatwave can save lives, increase the production of crops, improve water quality, and reduce transportation restrictions. Because of its geographical location, Bangladesh is particularly vulnerable to cyclones, droughts, earthquakes, floods, and heatwaves. The Bangladesh Meteorological Department collects temperature data at multiple weather stations, and we use data from 10 weather stations in this research. Data show that most heatwaves occur in the summer months, namely, April, May, and June. In this research, we develop Classification and Regression Tree (CART) models that use daily temperature data for the months of March, April, May, and June to predict the likelihood of a heatwave within the next 7 days, the next 28 days, and on any particular day based on daily high temperatures from the previous 14 days. We also use different model parameters to evaluate the accuracy of the models. Finally, we develop treed Stepwise Logistic Regression models to predict the probability of heatwaves occurring. Even though this research uses data from Bangladesh Meteorological Department, the developed modeling approach can be used in other geographic regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decision trees are a fundamental statistical learning tool for addressing classification and regression problems through a recursive partitioning approach that effectively accommodates numerical and categorical data [1-2]. The Classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm underlies modern Boosting methodologies such as Gradient boosting machine (GBM), Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and Light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM). However, the standard CART algorithm may require improvement due to its inability to learn from unlabeled data. This study proposes several modifications to incorporate test data into the training phase. Specifically, we introduce a method based on Graph-based semi-supervised learning called "Distance-based Weighting," which calculates and removes irrelevant records from the training set to accelerate the training process and improve performance. We present Semi-supervised classification and regression tree (Semi-Cart), a new implementation of CART that constructs a decision tree using weighted training data. We evaluated its performance on thirteen datasets from various domains. Our results demonstrate that Semi-Cart outperforms standard CART methods and contributes to statistical learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The accurate prediction of COVID-19 mortality risk, considering influencing factors, is crucial in guiding effective public policies to alleviate the strain on the healthcare system. As such, this study aimed to assess the efficacy of decision tree algorithms (CART, C5.0, and CHAID) in predicting COVID-19 mortality risk and compare their performance with that of the logistic model. Methods: This retrospective cohort study examined 5080 cases of COVID-19 in Babol, a city in northern Iran, who tested positive for the virus via PCR from March 2020 to March 2022. In order to check the validity of the findings, the data was randomly divided into an 80% training set and a 20% testing set. The prediction models, such as Logistic regression models and decision tree algorithms, were trained on the 80% training data and tested on the 20% testing data. The accuracy of these methods for the test samples was assessed using measures like ROC curve, sensitivity, specificity, and AUC. Results: The findings revealed that the mortality rate for COVID-19 patients who were admitted to hospitals was 7.7%. Through cross validation, it was determined that the CHAID algorithm outperformed other decision tree and logistic regression algorithms in specificity, and precision but not sensitivity in predicting the risk of COVID-19 mortality. The CHAID algorithm demonstrated a specificity, precision, accuracy, and F-score of 0.98, 0.70, 0.95, and 0.52 respectively. All models indicated that factors such as ICU hospitalization, intubation, age, kidney disease, BUN, CRP, WBC, NLR, O2 sat, and hemoglobin were among the factors that influenced the mortality rate of COVID-19 patients. Conclusions: The CART and C5.0 models had outperformed in sensitivity but CHAID demonstrates a better performance compared to other decision tree algorithms in specificity, precision, accuracy and shows a slight improvement over the logistic regression method in predicting the risk of COVID-19 mortality in the population under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parts manufactured by additive manufacturing (AM) are criticized due to the high surface roughness. Roller burnishing is one of the post-processing processes which may be applied for reducing the roughness and asperities on surfaces of 3D printed parts. In this study, innovative zirconium oxide (ZrO2) reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) based composites have developed in filament form for 3D printing of roller burnishing rapid tools. The filaments of ABS-ZrO2 were extruded under the range of 230-240 °C of barrel temperature and 4-6 RPM of screw speed under heat treatment as per Taguchi L9 based experimentation. As per the mechanical properties concern of composite filament material, the combination of preheat treatment, 235 °C of barrel temperature, and 6 RPM of screw speed have been noted best setting (Young's modulus: 886.00 MPa). The filament preparation has been supported with such as x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), and microstructural analysis using metallurgical image analysis software (MIAS). A machine learning (ML) approach based on classification and regression trees (CART) has been utilized to predict the tensile peak and break strength. Finally, the 3D printed roller burnishing tool has significantly reduced the surface roughness after burnishing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 80 million people worldwide have been infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There are now approximately 39 million individuals living with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Although treatments against HIV infection are available, AIDS remains a serious disease. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), also known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), consists of treatment with a combination of several antiretroviral drugs that block multiple stages in the virus replication cycle. However, the increasing usage of cART is inevitably associated with the emergence of HIV drug resistance. In addition, the development of persistent cellular reservoirs of latent HIV is a critical obstacle to viral eradication since viral rebound takes place once anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is interrupted. Thus, several efforts are being applied to new generations of drugs, vaccines and new types of cART. In this review, we summarize the antiviral therapies used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS, both as individual agents and as combination therapies, and highlight the role of both macrophages and HIV cellular reservoirs and the most recent clinical studies related to this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world, the banking sector, government organizations, and various users in the finance and insurance sectors have grown exponentially. In such situations, they become primary targets for attackers. The main focus of these attackers is to disrupt services for legitimate users. Recently, attackers have targeted banks in Ukraine during the Russia-Ukraine war, causing a shortage of money in banks and making it difficult for people to withdraw funds. These types of attacks fall under the category of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. The primary objectives of these DDoS attacks are to gain financial control and damage the reputation of the affected organization or country. The purpose of this paper is to detect DDoS attacks using various Decision Tree Classifiers in Machine Learning algorithms. We utilized the 'caret' package in R, which is well-known for its Classification and Regression Techniques. We split the KDD'99 dataset based on the outcome variable. We employed the 'rpart' method to classify the dataset using CART and C4.5 algorithms. Experimental results indicate that our classification methods achieve a better accuracy rate compared to other decision tree methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineered T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have shown remarkable therapeutic effects on haematological malignancies. However, CART cells are less effective on solid tumours mainly due to their weak persistence, which might be caused by activation-induced cell death (AICD). To overcome this limitation, CART cell with the antigen, Epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII), targeting was modified to carry the anti-apoptotic molecule B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and the final construct was named as EGFRvIII·CART-Bcl2 cells. Compared with the EGFRvIII·CART cells, EGFRvIII·CART-Bcl2 cells revealed higher capacities of proliferation, anti-apoptosis and tumour cell killing in vitro. Moreover, EGFRvIII·CART-Bcl2 cells had a longer persistence rate and exerted better anti-tumour effects than EGFRvIII·CART cells in cervical carcinoma xenograft model. Taken together, our findings suggest that incorporating anti-apoptotic molecules into CART cells may enhance its therapeutic effects against solid tumours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer (PCa) poses a significant challenge because of the difficulty in identifying aggressive tumors, leading to overtreatment and missed personalized therapies. Although only 8% of cases progress beyond the prostate, the accurate prediction of aggressiveness remains crucial. Thus, this study focused on studying retinoblastoma phosphorylated at Serine 249 (Phospho-Rb S249), N-cadherin, β-catenin, and E-cadherin as biomarkers for identifying aggressive PCa using a logistic regression model and a classification and regression tree (CART). Using immunohistochemistry (IHC), we targeted the expression of these biomarkers in PCa tissues and correlated their expression with clinicopathological data of the tumor. The results showed a negative correlation between E-cadherin and β-catenin with aggressive tumor behavior, whereas Phospho-Rb S249 and N-cadherin positively correlated with increased tumor aggressiveness. Furthermore, patients were stratified based on Gleason scores and E-cadherin staining patterns to evaluate their capability for early identification of aggressive PCa. Our findings suggest that the classification tree is the most effective method for measuring the utility of these biomarkers in clinical practice, incorporating β-catenin, tumor grade, and Gleason grade as relevant determinants for identifying patients with Gleason scores ≥ 4 + 3. This study could potentially benefit patients with aggressive PCa by enabling early disease detection and closer monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction The accurate prediction of COVID-19 mortality risk, considering influencing factors, is crucial in guiding effective public policies to alleviate the strain on the healthcare system. As such, this study aimed to assess the efficacy of decision tree algorithms (CART, C5.0, and CHAID) in predicting COVID-19 mortality risk and compare their performance with that of the logistic model. Methods This retrospective cohort study examined 5080 cases of COVID-19 in Babol, a city in northern Iran, who tested positive for the virus via PCR from March 2020 to March 2022. In order to check the validity of the findings, the data was randomly divided into an 80% training set and a 20% testing set. The prediction models, such as Logistic regression models and decision tree algorithms, were trained on the 80% training data and tested on the 20% testing data. The accuracy of these methods for the test samples was assessed using measures like ROC curve, sensitivity, specificity, and AUC. Results The findings revealed that the mortality rate for COVID-19 patients who were admitted to hospitals was 7.7%. Through cross validation, it was determined that the CHAID algorithm outperformed other decision tree and logistic regression algorithms in specificity, and precision but not sensitivity in predicting the risk of COVID-19 mortality. The CHAID algorithm demonstrated a specificity, precision, accuracy, and F-score of 0.98, 0.70, 0.95, and 0.52 respectively. All models indicated that factors such as ICU hospitalization, intubation, age, kidney disease, BUN, CRP, WBC, NLR, O2 sat, and hemoglobin were among the factors that influenced the mortality rate of COVID-19 patients. Conclusions The CART and C5.0 models had outperformed in sensitivity but CHAID demonstrates a better performance compared to other decision tree algorithms in specificity, precision, accuracy and shows a slight improvement over the logistic regression method in predicting the risk of COVID-19 mortality in the population under study.

The study conducts exhaustive field surveys in 67 wards in Bhubaneswar city, Odisha. 29 factors under 10 aspects have been considered for the study to assess the water requirement per household per day. SEM and CART modeling have been used to estimate the water requirement. The SEM model predicts that 4 aspects, namely, expenses, governance, possession, and resources are the major aspects that decide the water requirement of a household. Similarly, construction and repair costs, energy consumption, reinforcement practices, awareness, presence of a garden, presence of washing machine, presence of other appliances, water charges, and the type of storage majorly affect the water requirement. CART predicts energy consumption, storage, construction and repair, and washing machines to be important estimators with MAPE < 1% for the prediction of water requirement. The study reveals that with proper governance and proper use of water-intensive appliances, the required quantity of water can be decreased in any household. Secondly, by abiding by certain rules while using washing machines, like using them daily or weekly two times, etc., the inequity of water among households can be reduced.

In this study, classification and regression tree (CART) and multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS) models are proposed to predict the stress concentration factor (SCF) around an extracted underground coal panel. Models are trained and tested using 120 collected datasets with 100 series allocated for models training and 20 datasets reserved for testing. For SCF prediction using the CART and MARS models, input parameters including overburden thickness (H), specific gravity of rock mass (γ), straight distance from the panel edge (D), and height of disturbed zone over the mined panel (Hd) are utilized, employing principal component analysis (PCA) to remove correlations. A predictive tree graph and 17 if–then rules with quantitative outputs are generated from the CART model, while a predictive equation is derived from the MARS technique for SCF prediction. The achieved values of the coefficient of determination (R2) for CART and MARS models are 0.940 and 0.957, respectively. Furthermore, obtained amounts of normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), variant account for (VAF), and performance index (PI) for CART are 0.043 92.473%, and 1.82, respectively. For the MARS model these values are 0.035, 95.419%, and 1.876,. Additionally, performance evaluations of the models using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks and Friedman non-parametric tests, along with Taylor diagrams and error analysis demonstrate the reliability and suitability of the proposed models for SCF prediction. However, error and accuracy analyses confirm that MARS model yields more precise outputs, achieving 2.57% greater accuracy and 10.84% lower error than the CART model. Furthermore, the importance analysis demonstrated that both H and Hd have the highest importance on the SCF, while γ has the lowest, with importance values of 33.33% and 11.11%, respectively. Models verification based on the field SCF measurement confirms the models validity, as indicated by the relative errors of 6.83 for the MARS model and 7.05 for the CART model. Finally, a comparative analysis based on a case study data validates the practical application of the proposed models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a new ensemble framework for supervised learning, called machine collaboration (MaC), using a collection of possibly heterogeneous base learning methods (hereafter, base machines) for prediction tasks. Unlike bagging/stacking (a parallel and independent framework) and boosting (a sequential and top‐down framework), MaC is a type of circular and recursive learning framework. The circular and recursive nature helps the base machines to transfer information circularly and update their structures and parameters accordingly. The theoretical result on the risk bound of the estimator from MaC reveals that the circular and recursive feature can help MaC reduce risk via a parsimonious ensemble. We conduct extensive experiments on MaC using both simulated data and 119 benchmark real datasets. The results demonstrate that in most cases, MaC performs significantly better than several other state‐of‐the‐art methods, including classification and regression trees, neural networks, stacking, and boosting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic is an ongoing global health problem affecting 38 million people worldwide with nearly 1.6 million new infections every year. Despite the advent of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), a large percentage of people with HIV (PWH) still develop neurological deficits, grouped into the term of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Investigating the neuropathology of HIV is important for understanding mechanisms associated with cognitive impairment seen in PWH. The major obstacle for studying neuroHIV is the lack of suitable in vitro human culture models that could shed light into the HIV-CNS interactions. Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) culture and 3D brain organoid systems have allowed the generation of 2D and 3D culture methods that possess a potential to serve as a model of neurotropic viral diseases, including HIV. In this study, we first generated and characterized several hiPSC lines from healthy human donor skin fibroblast cells. hiPSCs were then used for the generation of microglia-containing human cerebral organoids (hCOs). Once fully characterized, hCOs were infected with HIV-1 in the presence and absence of cART regimens and viral infection was studied by cellular, molecular/biochemical, and virological assays. Our results revealed that hCOs were productively infected with HIV-1 as evident by viral p24-ELISA in culture media, RT-qPCR and RNAscope analysis of viral RNA, as well as ddPCR analysis of proviral HIV-1 in genomic DNA samples. More interestingly, replication and gene expression of HIV-1 were also greatly suppressed by cART in hCOs as early as 7 days post-infections. Our results suggest that hCOs derived from hiPSCs support HIV-1 replication and gene expression and may serve as a unique platform to better understand neuropathology of HIV infection in the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review we summarize the current evidence describing the management of patients with relapsed/refractory MCL and outline the various novel therapeutics that have been developed over the past two decades. We also describe how overall response rates, complete response rates, duration of responses, and life expectancy have dramatically increased with the introduction of novel therapies, particularly covalent Bruton Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors (BTKi) and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy. The most recent emerging options for patients with progressive disease following BTKi or CAR-T, including non-covalent BTKi, antibody-drug conjugates, Bcl-2 inhibitors, and bispecific antibodies, may further improve response rates and outcomes. Future directions should focus on identifying the best sequencing and/or combinations of the increasingly available treatment options while prioritizing strategies with curative potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury (MIRI) is a common clinic scenario that occurs in the context of reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction. It has been shown that cocaine and amphetamine‐regulated transcript (CART) can ameliorate cerebral ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury, but the effect of CART on MIRI has not been studied yet. Here, we revealed that CART protected the heart during I/R process by inhibiting apoptosis and excessive autophagy, indicating that CART would be a potential drug candidate for the treatment of MIRI. Further analysis showed that CART upregulated the activation of phospho‐AKT, leading to downregulation of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, apoptosis, oxidative stress and excessive autophagy after I/R, which was inhibited by PI3K inhibitor, LY294002. Collectively, CART attenuated MIRI through inhibition of cardiomyocytes apoptosis and excessive autophagy, and the protective effect was dependent on PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The huge volume of data from the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2), designed for mapping polar ice, sea ice, and continental vegetation, requires a highly automated data analysis and reliable terrain classification. In particular, we have developed a method to identify 4 distinct terrain categories in observed terrain, namely ocean, land, sea ice, and ice sheets. This study performed the following efforts: first, the spatial distribution characteristics for each of the 4 categories within individual ICESat-2 "major frames" along the orbit were extracted; second, these features were fed into Classification and Regression Tree (CART) and Random Forest (RF) for training; and lastly, post-processing enhancement was used to improve the classification results. Based on the 76,891 major frame samples (10,764,740 m along track) acquired via various ICESat-2 datasets, the accuracy of the two model were calculated using ten-fold cross-validation. The results indicate that the RF algorithm obtained higher classification accuracy (average accuracy [AA] = 0.9353, overall accuracy [OA] = 0.9342, and Cohen's Kappa coefficient [kappa] = 0.9122) when compared with the CART algorithm (AA = 0.9066, OA = 0.9057, and kappa = 0.8743). Overall, our approach can effectively reduce the workload of human field investigation or visual inspection of altimetry data, improve the accuracy for Earth surface classification, and add to the variety of ways to obtain global surface information from ICESat-2 data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• History of cancer treatments. • The current landscape of cancer treatments. • Potential future cancer therapies. There is a rich history of cancer treatments which provides a number of important lessons for present and future cancer therapies. We outline this history by looking in the past, reviewing the current landscape of cancer treatments, and by glancing at the potential future cancer therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interface bonding between asphalt layers plays a vital role in ensuring the proper functionality of pavement structures. Interlayer Shear Strength (ISS) is recognized as an indicator quantifying the interface bonding quality. Consequently, accurate evaluation and prediction of the ISS is imperative in determining the performance of asphalt pavement structures. By conducting laboratory experiments and employing machine learning (ML) techniques, this research aims to predict and assess the ISS in asphalt pavement. In this regard, the classification and regression trees (CART) model was proposed based on measured data collected from laboratory experiments. Three experimental factors of curing temperature, normal stress, and tack coat application rate were selected as variables. The findings showed that the developed CART model explained over 98% of the experimental data in a relatively short period. The curing temperature was found to have the most significant influence on the ISS, followed by normal stress and tack coat dosage. Moreover, a parametric analysis of the interaction effects of input parameters on the ISS revealed that higher curing temperature and lower normal stress reduced the ISS. In contrast, a high tack coat application rate and low normal stress corresponded to a lower ISS of the asphalt pavement. The outcomes of this study could pave the way for the realization of a reliable and efficient design of interlayer bonding between asphalt pavement layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research, conducted in the mountainous catchment near Abant Lake in the Western Black Sea region of Türkiye, aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal variations of snow depth (SD) and snow water equivalent (SWE) throughout the snow season from December 2019 to March 2020, encompassing both accumulation and melting periods. In total, 14 snow surveys were conducted, covering 58 permanent snow measurement points (PSMP) marked with snow poles. The classification and regression tree (CART) method was employed to statistically analyse their relationships with eight variables: snow period, forest canopy, aspect, slope, elevation, slope position, plan and profile curvature. The root mean square error (RMSE) for SD and SWE was determined to be 0.15 m and 46 mm, respectively. The study findings revealed that mean SD and SWE values were higher in forest gaps compared with under‐forest and open areas. Although the snow cover disappeared earliest in under‐forest areas, the melting rate was observed to be 43% and 17% slower compared with forest gaps and open areas, respectively. Wind redistribution resulted in minimum snow accumulation on western aspects, upper slope positions and ridges, while maximum accumulation was observed on southern aspects, valleys and lower slope positions. Higher elevations (>1580 meters) experienced faster snow melting rates, leading to earlier disappearance of snow cover. PSMPs located on slopes with lower degrees (<15°) exhibited lesser accumulation and earlier snow disappearance. The CART model identified the snow period as the most significant factor in predicting SD and SWE, based on variations in snowfall and air temperature. Other significant variables included forest canopy, aspect and elevation. The study suggests that the CART method is well‐suited for modelling complex snow dynamics, providing valuable insights into spatiotemporal variations in SD and SWE in mountainous regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efforts to discover HIV therapeutics have continued since the first human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patient was confirmed in the 1980s. Ten years later, the first HIV drug, zidovudine (AZT), targeting HIV reverse transcriptase, was developed. Meanwhile, scientists were enlightened to discover new drugs that target different HIV genes, like integrase, protease, and host receptors. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is the most feasible medical intervention to suppress the virus in people with HIV (PWH) and control the epidemic. ART treatment has made HIV a chronic infection rather than a fatal disease, but ART does not eliminate latent reservoirs of HIV-1 from the host cells; strict and life-long adherence to ART is required for the therapy to be effective in patients. In this review, we first discussed the scientific history of conventional HIV drug discovery since scientists need to develop more and more drugs to solve drug-resistant issues and release the side effects. Then, we summarized the novel research technologies, like gene editing, applied to HIV treatment and their contributions to eliminating HIV as a complementary therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study analyzed the intersecting biophysical, biochemical, and functional properties of extracellular particles (EPs) with the human immunodeficiency virus type‐1 (HIV‐1) beyond the currently accepted size range for HIV‐1. We isolated five fractions (Frac‐A through Frac‐E) from HIV‐infected cells by sequential differential ultracentrifugation (DUC). All fractions showed a heterogeneous size distribution with median particle sizes greater than 100 nm for Frac‐A through Frac‐D but not for Frac‐E, which contained small EPs with an average size well below 50 nm. Synchronized and released cultures contained large infectious EPs in Frac‐A, with markers of amphisomes and viral components. Additionally, Frac‐E uniquely contained EPs positive for CD63, HSP70, and HIV‐1 proteins. Despite its small average size, Frac‐E contained membrane‐protected viral integrase, detectable only after SDS treatment, indicating that it is enclosed in vesicles. Single particle analysis with dSTORM further supported these findings as CD63, HIV‐1 integrase, and the viral surface envelope (Env) glycoprotein (gp) colocalized on the same Frac‐E particles. Surprisingly, Frac‐E EPs were infectious, and infectivity was significantly reduced by immunodepleting Frac‐E with anti‐CD63, indicating the presence of this protein on the surface of infectious small EPs in Frac‐E. To our knowledge, this is the first time that extracellular vesicle (EV) isolation methods have identified infectious small HIV‐1 particles (smHIV‐1) that are under 50 nm. Collectively, our data indicate that the crossroads between EPs and HIV‐1 potentially extend beyond the currently accepted biophysical properties of HIV‐1, which may have further implications for viral pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil moisture is the most direct evaluation index for agricultural drought. It is not only directly affected by meteorological conditions such as precipitation and temperature but is also indirectly influenced by environmental factors such as climate zone, surface vegetation type, soil type, elevation, and irrigation conditions. These influencing factors have a complex, nonlinear relationship with soil moisture. It is difficult to accurately describe this non-linear relationship using a single indicator constructed from meteorological data, remote sensing data, and other data. It is also difficult to fully consider environmental factors using a single drought index on a large scale. Machine learning (ML) models provide new technology for nonlinear problems such as soil moisture retrieval. Based on the multi-source drought indexes calculated by meteorological, remote sensing, and land surface model data, and environmental factors, and using the Cubist algorithm based on a classification decision tree (CART), a comprehensive agricultural drought monitoring model at 10 cm, 20 cm, and 50 cm depth in Gansu Province is established. The influence of environmental factors and meteorological factors on the accuracy of the comprehensive model is discussed, and the accuracy of the comprehensive model is evaluated. The results show that the comprehensive model has a significant improvement in accuracy compared to the single variable model, which is a decrease of about 26% and 28% in RMSE and MAPE, respectively, compared to the best MCI model. Environmental factors such as season, DEM, and climate zone, especially the DEM, play a crucial role in improving the accuracy of the integrated model. These three environmental factors can comprehensively reduce the average RMSE of the comprehensive model by about 25%. Compared to environmental factors, meteorological factors have a slightly weaker effect on improving the accuracy of comprehensive models, which is a decrease of about 6.5% in RMSE. The fitting accuracy of the comprehensive model in humid and semi-humid areas, as well as semi-arid and semi-humid areas, is significantly higher than that in arid and semi-arid areas. These research results have important guiding significance for improving the accuracy of agricultural drought monitoring in Gansu Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop classification plays a pivotal role in agricultural remote sensing, offering critical insights into planting areas, growth monitoring, and yield evaluation. Leveraging the power of Google Earth Engine, this paper centers on the agricultural landscape of Krishna District as its study region. It explores the efficacy of multiple machine learning approaches, specifically Random Forest (RF), Classification and Regression Tree (CART), Naive Bayes, and Support Vector Machine (SVM), in composition of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery for crop categorization. By meticulously assessing and contrasting the evaluations of these four classification methods, the results highlight the efficacy of RF. The overall accuracy (OA) regarding RF classification reaches 0.86, surpassing the results obtained by Naive Bayes (OA = 0.68), CART (OA = 0.63), and SVM (OA = 0.78). This scalable and straightforward classification methodology harnesses the advantages of cloud-based platforms for data handling and analysis. The timely and precise identification in crop typing holds immense importance for monitoring alterations in harvest patterns, estimating yields, and issuing crop safety alerts in the Krishna District and beyond. This paper contributes to the agricultural geospatial sensing domain by providing an innovative approach for accurate crop classification, with broad applications in precision farming and crop management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semiconductor chip is the core of the digital economy, has important strategic significance, in recent years, the global semiconductor market size is growing rapidly. At present, the domestic semiconductor industry is still in the late stage relative to the leading enterprises with first-mover advantages, and is in urgent need of rapid and stable development. The international and domestic semiconductor market has been analysed and focuses on the opportunities and challenges currently facing the domestic semiconductor industry. Based on the semiconductor component risk assessment data, the risk value of semiconductor components is modelled and analysed from a microscopic point of view using the CART regression tree method in data mining, and the model accuracy is further verified and improved by XGBoost, which analyses the microscopic influencing factors of semiconductor component risk, and is an important revelation for the construction of a complete semiconductor component risk prediction mechanism in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell-free and concentrated ascites reinfusion therapy (CART) is a treatment for refractory ascites wherein filtered and concentrated ascitic fluid is reinfused. Although fever is one of the side effects of CART, its cause is not clear. Patients who underwent at least one CART session between June 2011 and May 2021 at our medical center were retrospectively enrolled in the study. They were classified according to the primary disease and nature of ascites. Ninety patients were included in this study. Increase in body temperature (BT) after CART was observed, regardless of the primary disease and nature of ascites. The difference in temperature before and after CART did not differ based on the primary disease [cancerous (including hepatocellular carcinoma, ovarian cancer) and non-cancerous] and nature of ascites. Elevated BT and fever after CART are not related to the primary disease and nature of the ascites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study employes a picosecond laser (532 nm) for selective P1 laser scribing on the indium tin oxide (ITO) layer and subsequent fine‐tuning of P1 scribing conditions with machine learning (ML) techniques. Initially, the scribing is performed by varying different laser parameters and further evaluate them via an optical microscope and two probe resistivity measurements. The corresponding scribing width and sheet resistance data are used as input databases for ML analysis. The classification and regression tree (CART)‐based ML analysis revealed that median pulse energy <5.7 μJ insufficient to separate the adjacent scribing regions. While pulse energy >5.7 μJ, APL > 35%, LSO > 46%, and processing speed ≥1250 mm s−1 gives ≥16 μm of scribing width. Further, the decision tree (DT) analysis showed that pulse energy of ≥8.1 μJ, and LSO ≥ 37% are required for electrically isolated lines. The feature importance score suggests that laser fluence and pulse energy determined the scribing width, whereas electrical isolation strongly depends on LSO and processing speed. Finally, the ML achieved conditions experimentally validated and reassessed via scanning electron microscope, and atomic force microscopy aligns well with optical microscope measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to determine the factors affecting the wet grass yield of pea plants grown in Turkey. Wet grass yield was predicted using parameters such as genotype, crude protein, crude ash, acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) with some data mining algorithms. These techniques provided easily interpretable data trees and precise cutoff values. This led to a comparison of the predictive abilities of data mining methods, including multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS), Chi-square automatic interaction detection (CHAID), classification and regression tree (CART), and artificial neural network (ANN). To test the compatibility of the data mining algorithms, seven goodness-of-fit criteria were used. The predictive abilities of the fitted models were assessed using model fit statistics such as the coefficient of determination (R2), adjusted R2, root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), standard deviation ratio (SD ratio), Akaike information criterion (AIC), and corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc). With the greatest R2 and adjusted R2 values (0.998 and 0.986) and the lowest values of RMSE, MAPE, SD ratio, AIC, and AICc (10.499, 0.7365, 0.047, 268, and 688, respectively), the MARS method was determined to be the best model for quantifying plant fresh herbage yield. In estimating the fresh herbage production of the pea plant, the results showed that the MARS method was the most appropriate model and a good substitute for other data mining techniques.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of assistive mobility carts on companion animals and caretakers’ quality of life by investigating factors pertaining to caretaker satisfaction, the ability to perform daily tasks, and complication rates.Materials and methodsA 23-question survey was distributed to caretakers of animals using carts to evaluate the animal and caretakers’ quality of life, acceptance, ability to complete functional tasks, and complications. Data from canine, feline, and rabbit responses were analyzed separately.ResultsDogs and cats had improved quality of life in 62 and 57% of responses and 61 and 60% for their caretakers, respectively. There was no improvement in the quality of life of rabbits or their caretakers. Regarding the complication rate, 64% were reported to have at least one complication associated with cart use, 53% of which were wounds. Across all species, there was a reported improvement in ability to perform daily tasks and activities.Conclusions and clinical relevanceCaretakers reported that assistive mobility carts improve both companion animals’ and caretakers’ quality of life, despite high prevalence of complications, including wounds. Future studies exploring specific disease conditions and long-term outcomes will be useful for guiding clinical recommendations.

Biological invasion poses a critical global issue, leading to substantial detrimental impacts on biodiversity, the environment, and the economy. The objective of the study is to offer a thorough understanding of how both climatic and human-induced elements impact the geographic richness of invasive plant species across the Loess Plateau. We evaluate the distribution of invasive plant species at the county level across the Loess Plateau by examining herbarium records from China. We incorporate 16 climatic and anthropogenic variables to depict the local environmental settings. Furthermore, we apply a classification and regression tree approach to investigate the correlation between the richness of invasive plant species and the identified factors. Our study demonstrates that a total of 401 invasive plant species are identified, which are spread across 249 genera and 61 families. Among these, the Asteraceae family stands out as the most prevalent, trailed by Poaceae and Fabaceae. The spatial distribution of invasive plant species richness reveals a notable trend, with the highest frequencies found in the southeastern parts of the region and the lowest in the northwestern areas. It is noteworthy that regions with higher levels of economic advancement tend to harbor a more significant abundance of invasive plant species. The richness of invasive plant species on the Loess Plateau is predominantly shaped by a combination of climatic and human variables, such as annual precipitation, gross domestic product, maximum temperature of warmest month, and minimum temperature of coldest month. To fully comprehend the ecological and biological mechanisms underlying the diversity of invasive plant species on the Loess Plateau, a pioneering conceptual framework has been established. Our study suggests that achieving a harmonious equilibrium among development, conservation, and invasion mitigation is essential for recognizing emerging risks associated with habitat alterations, climate change, and socio-economic advancements in arid regions.

Abstract Little is known about the outcome for HIV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma (HIV-HL) as this is less common than HIV-negative lymphoma. Therefore, we performed a multi-center study to analyze the clinical characteristics and outcomes of HIV-HL patients in China. Nineteen cases of HIV-HL were diagnosed and treated at three center and including the sixth people’s hospital of Zhengzhou, Peking union medical college hospital, and Chongqing university cancer hospital, between December 2013 and June 2022. Data on the clinical features, laboratory results, response, and prognosis were collected and analyzed. The median age at diagnosis was 43(22–74) years. All patients were infected with HIV through sexual transmission, with ten cases transmitted through man having sex with man (MSM) and nine cases transmitted through heterosexual transmission. Seven patients were diagnosed with lymphoma and found to be infected with HIV. Four cases were in stage III, and fifteen cases were in stage IV. After a median follow up of 46.8(4.0-112.9) months, 17 cases were alive after ABVD regimen chemotherapy combined with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rate were 83.9% and 89.5%,respectively. HIV-HL exhibits an invasive process in clinical practice, and cART combined with ABVD regimen chemotherapy can achieve long-term survival for patients.