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Introduction: Klebsiella poses a significant global threat due to its high antibiotic resistance rate. In recent years, researchers have been seeking alternative antimicrobial agents, leading to the introduction of natural compounds such as monoterpenes, specifically thymol and carvacrol. This review aims to illustrate the potential antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, and synergistic traits of thymol and carvacrol in combat against Klebsiella. Methods: Searching PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, we reviewed available evidence on the antibacterial effects of thymol, carvacrol, or combined with other compounds against Klebsiella until May 2024. Reference checking was performed after the inclusion of studies. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC), and anti-biofilm activity were gathered, and the MBC/MIC ratio was calculated to assess the bactericidal efficacy. Results: We retrieved 38 articles out of 2,652 studies screened. The gathered data assessed the anti-microbial activity of thymol, carvacrol, and both compounds in 17, 10, and 11 studies, respectively. The mean (± standard deviation) non-weighted MIC was 475.46 μg/mL (±509.95) out of 60 MIC for thymol and 279.26 μg/mL (±434.38) out of 68 MIC for carvacrol. Thymol and carvacrol showed anti-biofilm activities in the forms of disruption, inhibition, and mass reduction of biofilms. The MBC/MIC ratio was lower than 4 in 45 out of 47 cases, showing high bactericidal efficacy. FIC values were gathered for 68 combinations of thymol and carvacrol with other compounds, and they were mostly synergistic or additive. Conclusion: Thymol and carvacrol alone or in combination with other compounds, specifically known antibiotics, show great antimicrobial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Thymol is a phenol monoterpene that is naturally derived from cymene and is an isomer of carvacrol. It constitutes a significant portion (10%–64%) of the essential oils found in thyme (Thymus vulgaris L., Lamiaceae), a medicinal plant renowned for its therapeutic properties. Wild thyme is native to the Mediterranean region and has been used in cooking and medicine for a long time. In contemporary contexts, both thymol and thyme offer diverse functional applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Thymol has attracted scientific interest for its potential therapeutic applications in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Studies have explored its efficacy in treating respiratory, nervous, and cardiovascular disorders, highlighting its promising role in diverse therapeutic interventions. Additionally, this compound demonstrates antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, anti‐inflammatory, and antispasmodic properties. It also shows potential as a growth enhancer and has immunomodulatory properties as well. Other discussed aspects include thymol toxicity, bioavailability, metabolism, and distribution in animals and humans. This review summarizes the most significant data regarding the beneficial effects of thyme bioactive compounds and their applications as a food preservative while taking into account the thyme plant extract and its essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Postharvest mango fruit are highly susceptible to rapid ripening, softening and senescence, greatly limiting their distribution. In this study, we evaluated the potential effects of carvacrol (0.06 g L−1) on mango (25 ± 1 °C) and the mechanisms by which it regulates antioxidant activity, energy and cell wall metabolism.The results showed that carvacrol treatment delayed the ‘Guifei’ mango color transformation (from green to yellow) and the decrease in firmness, titratable acidity, weight loss and soluble solids content, and suppressed the increase in relative conductivity, malondialdehyde content and reactive oxygen species (H2O2 and O2·–) as well as enhancing antioxidant activity. In addition, carvacrol treatment increased ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione levels, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductase and dehydroascorbate reductase activities in mango. Meanwhile, energy level (adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, adenosine monophosphate and energy charge) content and energy metabolizing enzyme activities (H+‐ATPase, Ca2+‐ATPase, succinate dehydrogenasepears and cytochrome C oxidase) were increased on carvacrol treatment, which resulted in the maintenance of higher energy levels. Finally, the application of carvacrol was effective in maintaining firmness and cell wall components by inhibiting the activities of polygalacturonase, cellulase, pectin methyl esterase and β‐galactosidase.The current study demonstrates that carvacrol effectively delays the ripening and softening of mangoes by modulating energy metabolism and cell wall dynamics through the attenuation of oxidative stress. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing demand for herbicides that are more effective than conventional ones yet less harmful to ecosystems. In light of this, this study aimed to synthesize esters from phenols and phenoxyacetic acid, using compounds with known phytotoxic potential as starting materials. Phenoxyacetic acid was first synthesized and then utilized in the synthesis of seven esters through Steglich esterification, employing N,N'-dicyclohexylcarboimide and N,N-dimethylpyridin-4-amine in the presence of phenols (thymol, vanillin, eugenol, carvacrol, guaiacol, p-cresol, and β-naphthol), yielding esters 1–7. All synthesized compounds were characterized using mass spectrometry, 1H, and 13C NMR. These compounds were tested for phytotoxicity to evaluate their effects on the germination and root development of Sorghum bicolor and Lactuca sativa seeds, and for the induction of alterations in the mitotic cycle of meristematic cells of L. sativa roots. Esters 1, 3, 4, and 5 exhibited the most significant phytotoxic activity in both L. sativa and S. bicolor. Alterations in the mitotic index and frequency of chromosomal alterations in L. sativa roots revealed the cytotoxic, genotoxic effects, and the aneugenic mode of action of the tested molecules. These findings suggest that these compounds could serve as inspiration for the synthesis of new semi-synthetic herbicides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Oregano essential oil has recently garnered attention for its potential health benefits in both humans and animals. In rabbits, it can significantly enhance performance by promoting overall health and well-being. The active compounds in oregano oil, such as carvacrol and thymol, possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, that support the immune system and protect rabbits from diseases. Additionally, oregano essential oil help regulate gut flora, promoting digestion and nutrient absorption, which enhances rabbit performance. However, proper dilution and dosage are crucial to ensure the safety and effectiveness of oregano essential oil in rabbits. With careful consideration and expert guidance, oregano essential oil can be a valuable natural remedy for supporting rabbit health and performance. Antimicrobials long been used to enhance the performance and immunity of rabbits, typically by adding them to feed or drinking water to prevent illness. However, increasing consumer concerns about antibiotic-resistant microorganisms have led to a shift toward natural, eco-friendly, non-antibiotic feed supplements that can improve rabbit health and productivity. Recently, aromatic herbs and their extracts have gained considerable attention as natural antioxidants with growth-promoting and health-boosting properties. Essential oils and secondary metabolites play a central role in these effects, with Origanum vulgare (oregano) emerging as a standout option. Compared to synthetic alternatives, oregano is a natural, residue-free feed supplement with fewer harmful side effects. Its key bioactive components, thymol and carvacrol, have been shown to deliver significant benefits when incorporated into rabbit diets, particularly in improving production performance, immunity, and antioxidant capacity. Supplementing rabbit diets and drinking water with oregano essential oil (OEO) has been found to enhance growth performance, feed efficiency, and meat quality, while also lowering cholesterol levels and boosting antioxidant activity. Despite these promising results, research on the use of oregano in rabbit farming remains limited. This review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the potential effect of oregano supplements, on growth parameters, carcass and meat quality, hemato-biochemical parameters, antioxidant capacity, immunity response, gut health, and gene expression in rabbits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pichia kudriavzevii (formerly Candida krusei) poses a significant threat to immunocompromised patients due to its inherent resistance to various antifungal drugs. This study explored the anticandidal potential of citral, linalool, and carvacrol in combination with nystatin against P. kudriavzevii strains. Using the microdilution method following CLSI guidelines, Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) and fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) were determined. Citral exhibited MIC values ranging from 50 to 100 µg/ml, averaging 70.24 ± 16.99 µg/ml, while carvacrol had MIC values of 50 to 100 µg/ml, averaging 86.90 ± 16.99 µg/ml. Linalool demonstrated weaker antifungal activity, with MIC values between 100 and 200 µg/ml, averaging 150 ± 38.73 µg/ml. The study assessed the synergistic effectsof these phenols with nystatin through fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIS). In addition, flow cytometry was employed to assess apoptosis induction in P. kudriavzevii cells. Carvacrol displayed a remarkable synergistic effect in combination with nystatin against all 21 isolates tested. Conversely, linalool showed synergy in 17 isolates, while citral exhibited synergy in only 2 isolates. These findings highlight distinct patterns of synergy between the different compounds and nystatin against P. kudriavzevii. Also, Carvacrol emerged as the most potent inducer of apoptosis across all P. kudriavzevii strains, followed by citral and linalool. This suggests that carvacrol not only possesses a stronger antifungal effect but also has a more pronounced ability to trigger programmed cell death in P. kudriavzevii. In conclusion, the study supports the potential of carvacrol, citral and linalool, as anticandidal agents, suggesting their supplementation with nystatin for treating P. kudriavzevii infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary This study aims to develop a novel active food packaging material from hybrid micro‐nanofibrous mats fabricated from gelatin (G)–chitosan (Ch)–polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–Origanum elongatum essential oil (EO), (G‐Ch‐PVA‐EO) through electro‐blowing. The fibrous mats were characterised to assess their morphologies, shelf life efficiency, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, surface‐wetting, and thermal, chemical, and physical interactions, among other factors. Results showed that the antioxidant activity was improved with the addition of EO, this enhancement is potentially linked to its rich content of phenolic components; carvacrol and P‐cymene. In addition, G‐Ch‐PVA‐EO showed higher firmness measurements compared to the control samples. Herein, low microbial counts were noted for both mesophilic aerobic bacteria (3.76 log CFU g−1) and yeast/mould (3.91 log CFU g−1) even at day 20. To conclude, the G‐Ch‐PVA‐EO microfibrous mat exhibits great promise in preserving the freshness of tomatoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of an essential oil from the flowering tops of Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. (Spanish type origanum oil) when used as a sensory additive in feed and in water for drinking for all animal species. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that the additive under assessment is considered safe up to the maximum use level in complete feed of 15 mg/kg for poultry species, 30 mg/kg for pigs and horses, 20 mg/kg for ruminants, 25 mg/kg for rabbits, dogs, cats and ornamental fish, and 125 mg/kg for salmonids. These conclusions were extrapolated to other physiologically related species. For any other species, the additive is safe at 15 mg/kg complete feed. The FEEDAP Panel considered that the use level in water for drinking is safe provided that the total daily intake of the additive does not exceed the daily amount that is considered safe when consumed via feed. The use of the additive in animal feed under the proposed conditions of use is safe for the consumer and the environment. Regarding user safety, the essential oil under assessment should be considered as an irritant to skin and eyes and as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. Since T. capitata and its preparations were recognised to flavour food and its function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ticks pose a significant threat due to their ability to lay thousands of eggs, which can persist in the environment for extended periods. While the impact of various compounds on adult and larval ticks has been studied, research on their efficacy against tick eggs is limited. This study evaluated the ovicidal activity of commercial acaricides, disinfectants, and natural products against Rhipicephalus annulatus eggs using the egg hatch assay (EHA). Deltamethrin and cypermethrin caused a non-significant inhibition of hatching (IH%), even at concentrations higher than the recommended levels. By contrast, the acaricides chlorpyrifos, phoxim, and amitraz significantly inhibited hatching at all tested concentrations. Ivermectin also demonstrated significant IH% at various concentrations but did not fully inhibit the hatching process. Among the disinfectants tested, Virkon-S®, TH4, and Chlorox showed insignificant effects, whereas formalin achieved an IH% of only 34.1% at a high concentration of 200 mg/mL. Natural products, carvacrol and thymol, exhibited significant ovicidal activity, with a significant IH%. In a semi-field application, phoxim (0.5 mg/mL) and deltamethrin (0.05 mg/mL) were sprayed on tick eggs on pasture soil from a farm. The results indicated that phoxim-treated eggs had a 40% IH%, while deltamethrin-treated eggs showed only an 8.79% IH%. In conclusion, the acaricides amitraz, phoxim, and chlorpyrifos, as well as the natural products carvacrol and thymol, caused significant toxicity to R. annulatus eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: This research underscores the potential of Portuguese oregano and thyme accessions as rich sources of diverse phenolic compounds, particularly flavonoids and phenolic acids, which have been less studied compared to the dominant monoterpenes thymol and carvacrol. These compounds contribute significantly to the antioxidant properties of the plants, offering potential applications in the food industry. By incorporating these unique phenolic profiles into food formulations or active packaging, the antioxidant benefits can enhance the food shelf life, improve the nutritional value, and support health and well-being. This makes these accessions valuable for developing innovative, healthier food products. Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and thyme (Thymus mastichina L.) are popular aromatic plants used in the culinary sphere and are known for their antioxidant capacity. This study investigates the variability in the antioxidant capacity and phenolic profiles, focusing on flavonoids and phenolic acids, of oregano and thyme accessions from the Portuguese Bank of Plant Germplasm. The antioxidant capacity was assessed by measurements using the ferric-ion-reducing antioxidant power and DPPH radical scavenging activity assays, Total Phenolic Content, and individual phenolic compounds. Oregano extracts presented the highest total phenolic content (~2152 mg GAE/g DW), while thyme extracts showed the highest ferric-reducing antioxidant powers. However, both aromatic plants (~0.58 mmol TE/g DW) presented similar DPPH radical scavenging capacities. Rosmarinic acid was the major phenolic compound in methanolic extracts from oregano and thyme, but higher amounts were found in thyme (23.11 to 40.45 mg/g DW). The accessions of oregano and thyme showed statistical differences in the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. This study provides valuable insights into the phenolic profile of Portuguese oregano and thyme, which could constitute potential sources of natural antioxidants and bioactive compounds, to be used by the food industry as natural food additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of West China Journal of Stomatology is the property of Sichuan University, West China College of Stomatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Arsenic is a toxic environmental pollutant heavy metal, and one of its critical target tissues in the body is the liver. Carvacrol is a natural phytocompound that stands out with its antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties. The current study aims to investigate the protective feature of carvacrol against sodium arsenite‐induced liver toxicity. Thirty‐five Sprague‐Dawley male rats were divided into five groups: Control, Sodium arsenite (SA), CRV, SA + CRV25, and SA + CRV50. Sodium arsenite was administered via oral gavage at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 14 days, and 30 min later, CRV 25 or 50 mg/kg was administered via oral gavage. Oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy damage pathways parameters, and liver tissue integrity were analyzed using biochemical, molecular, western blot, histological, and immunohistological methods. Carvacrol decreased sodium arsenite‐induced oxidative stress by suppressing malondialdehyde levels and increasing superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities, and glutathione levels. Carvacrol reduced inflammation damage by reducing sodium arsenite‐induced increased levels of NF‐κB and the cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, RAGE, and NLRP3) it stimulates. Carvacrol also reduced sodium arsenite‐induced autophagic (Beclin‐1, LC3A, and LC3B) and apoptotic (P53, Apaf‐1, Casp‐3, Casp‐6, Casp‐9, and Bax) parameters. Carvacrol preserved sodium arsenite‐induced impaired liver tissue structure. Carvacrol alleviated toxic damage by reducing sodium arsenite‐induced increases in oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagic damage parameters in rat liver tissues. Carvacrol was also beneficial in preserving liver tissue integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The gut bacteria of insects play an important role in regulating their metabolism, immune system and metabolizing pesticides. Our previous results indicate that carvacrol has certain gastric toxic activity on Lymantria dispar larvae and affects their detoxification metabolism at the mRNA level. However, the impact of carvacrol on the gut bacteria of L. dispar larvae has been unclear. Methods: In this study, the 16S rRNA sequencing technology was used to sequence and analyze the gut bacteria of the larvae which were exposed with sublethal concentration (0.297mg/mL) and median lethal concentration (1.120mg/mL), respectively. Results: A total of 10 phyla, 16 classes, 47 orders, 72 families, 103 genera, and 135 species were obtained by using a 97% similarity cutoff level. The dominant bacterial phyla in the gut of the L. dispar larvae are Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. The treatment with carvacrol can significantly affect the structure of gut bacteria in the larvae of the L. dispar. At both doses, carvacrol can shift the dominant gut bacteria of the larvae from Proteobacteria to Firmicutes. At the genus level, two doses of carvacrol can significantly enhance the relative abundance of probiotic Lactobacillus in the gut of L. dispar larvae (p = 0.01). Additionally, significant differences were observed among the five bacterial genera Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, Anoxybacillus, Pelomonas, Mesorhizobium (p = 0.05). The analysis of α-diversity and β-diversity indicates that the treatment with carvacrol at two doses significantly affect the bacterial richness and diversity in the larvae. However, the results of functional classification prediction (PICRUSt) indicate that carvacrol significantly down-regulate 7 functions, including Energy metabolism, Cell growth and death, and up-regulate 2 functions, including Carbohydrate metabolism and Membrane transport. The network analysis indicates that the correlation between gut bacteria also has been changed. In addition, the insecticidal activity results of carvacrol against L. dispar larvae with gut bacteria elimination showed that gut bacteria can reduce the insecticidal activity of carvacrol against L. dispar larvae. Discussion: This study provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the role of gut bacteria in detoxifying plant toxins and conferring pesticide resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thymol and carvacrol belong to the class of terpenoids that usually contribute to the flavor, color, and development of plants, and their complexation with CD has been recently reported. Due to their structural similarities, including such guests in CD poses a challenging task to theoretical methodologies. With the present contribution, we applied the recently developed GFN2-xTB multi-equilibrium approach to study the inclusion of those guests into β-CD. The inclusion of 1-adamantane carboxylic acid in β-CD was also investigated for comparison. The study was conducted with a progressive increase in the number of systems in steps, comprising 792, 1,188, and 1,584 systems. Therefore, for the three guest/host pairs studied, complete optimization in vacuum and water with the ALPB continuum method was applied to 10,692 systems at the GFN2-xTB level of theory. Furthermore, single-point calculations at the B97-3c/def2-TZVPP level of theory were carried out using the SMD solvation model. As a result, beyond determining the experimental trend, we addressed that the additional degree of freedom represented by the gamma Euler parameter decreased the errors related to the estimated adjusted binding constants. On the other hand, the use of the B97-3c/def2-TZVPP in conjunction with the set of systems selected by GFN2-xTB (ALPB) must be further investigated since the experimental trend was obtained only with a basis in the difference in electronic energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) is a heavy metal that is toxic to the human body. Carvacrol (CAR) is a flavonoid found naturally in plants and has many biological and pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of CAR in HgCl2-induced testicular tissue damage. HgCl2 was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 1.23 mg/kg body weight alone or in combination with orally administered CAR (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg body weight) for 7 days. Biochemical and histological methods were used to investigate oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy pathways in testicular tissue. CAR treatment increased HgCl2-induced decreased antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT, and GPx) activities and GSH levels. In addition, CAR reduced MDA levels, a marker of lipid peroxidation. CAR decreased the levels of inflammatory mediators NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, iNOS, MAPK14, MAPK15, and JNK. The increases in apoptotic Bax and Caspase-3 with HgCl2 exposure decreased with CAR, while the decreased antiapoptotic Bcl-2 level increased. CAR reduced HgCl2-induced autophagy damage by increasing Beclin-1, LC3A, and LC3B levels. Overall, the data from this study suggested that testicular tissue damage associated with HgCl2 toxicity can be mitigated by CAR administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simple Summary: Carvacrol, an essential oil compound, has been shown to exhibit antimicrobial activity against pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the post-antibiotic effects (PAE) and post-antibiotic sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (PA-SME) effects of carvacrol on Salmonella Typhimurium at different concentrations (1×, 2×, 4× MIC) and inoculum sizes (106 and 108 CFU/mL). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of carvacrol was established at 0.6 mg/mL, with a required exposure time of 10 min for bacterial inhibition. The results demonstrated that carvacrol exhibited no PAE at the MIC. However, at the 2× MIC, the PAE was observed to be 2 h for the standard inoculum and 1 h for the high-density inoculum. At 4× MIC, the ECP exceeded 43.5 h for both inocula. Further exposure to sub-MIC carvacrol (0.15 mg/mL) after the post-antibiotic phase resulted in an extended ECP of over 43.5 h. These findings suggest that elevated carvacrol sub-MICs can markedly prolong PA-SME, potentially enabling reduced dosing frequencies, minimised adverse effects and enhanced efficacy in the treatment of infected animals and disinfection of agri-food facilities. Carvacrol is a compound present in essential oils with proven antimicrobial activity against numerous pathogens. We firstly determine the post-antibiotic effect (PAE) of carvacrol (1×, 2×, 4× MIC) and post-antibiotic sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) effect (1× + 0.25× MIC and 2× + 0.25× MIC) for two concentrations of Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC14028 (106 and 108 CFU/mL). Prior to testing, the minimum concentration and exposure time to achieve the bacterial inhibition (MIC 0.6 mg/mL and 10 min) were determined by broth microdilution and time–kill curve methods, respectively. At the MIC, carvacrol did not generate any PAE. At twice the MIC, the PAE was 2 h with the standard inoculum (106 CFU/mL) and 1 h with the high-density inoculum (108 CFU/mL). At 4× MIC concentrations, the PAE was higher in both cases > 43.5 h. Continuous exposure of post-antibiotic phase bacteria (1× and 2× MIC) to carvacrol at 0.25× MIC (0.15 mg/mL) resulted in an increase in PAE (PA-SME) above 43.5 h with both inocula. These results suggest that the PA-SME of carvacrol for S. Typhimurium can be significantly prolonged by increasing the sub-MICs, which would allow dose spacing, reduce adverse effects and improve its efficacy in the treatment of infected animals and as a disinfectant in agri-food facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer demand for high-quality meat has increased. This study aimed to investigate the potential application of cocrystals of thymol and carvacrol in broilers for high-quality meat production. Eight hundred 1-day-old chicks were assigned to four groups fed diets supplemented with 0, 40, 60, and 80 mg/kg of Crystal EO® (CEO), containing 25% cocrystals of thymol and carvacrol in a 42-d feeding trial. The results showed that dietary CEO supplementation decreased the muscle fiber diameter and increased the muscle fiber density, glycogen content, L*45 min value, and proportion of α-linolenic acid in the breast muscle; dietary 40 and 60 mg/kg of CEO decreased the lactate content, MDA concentration, cooking loss, shear force, and thrombogenicity index and increased the proportion of lauric acid in the breast muscle; dietary 60 and 80 mg/kg of CEO increased the glucose content, total superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity levels of breast muscle. Citrate synthase activity, free radical scavenging capacity, pH24 h and a*45 min values, and the cystine content in the breast muscle were especially higher in the 60 mg/kg CEO group compared to the control group. Collectively, dietary CEO supplementation improved meat quality and nutritional values and enhanced the antioxidant capacity of broiler meat, with 60 mg/kg of CEO having the greatest effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the growing safety and environmental concerns associated with biocides, phenolic-soy branched chain fatty acids (phenolic-soy BCFAs) are synthesized as new bio-based antimicrobial agents. Safety evaluation is essential before the wide adoption of these new antimicrobial products. This study was initiated to evaluate the safety of four phenolic-soy BCFAs (with phenol, thymol, carvacrol, or creosote branches). Methyl-branched iso-oleic acid, phenol, and creosote were included in the study as controls. In silico toxicity simulation tools predicted that the phenolic BCFAs had much higher toxicities to aquatic organisms than free phenolics did, while the opposite was predicted for rats. The developmental toxicity of four phenolic-soy BCFAs was assessed using an in vivo chicken embryonic assay. Results showed that creosote-soy BCFA had much lower mortality rates than creosote at the same dosages. Additionally, creosotesoy BCFA and methyl-branched iso-oleic acid induced minimal estrogenic activity in the concentration range of 10 nM - 1 μM. Carvacrol-soy BCFA treatments significantly increased (p < 0.05) oxidative stress levels with higher thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the livers of chicken embryos. Altogether, the phenolic-soy BCFAs, especially creosote-soy BCFA, reported in this study are potentially promising and safer bio-based antimicrobial products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a precancerous condition in the oral cavity, which is closely related to the myofibroblast conversion of buccal mucosal fibroblasts (BMFs) after chronic consumption of areca nut. Emerging evidence suggests pyroptosis, a form of programmed cell death that is mediated by inflammasome, is implicated in persistent myofibroblast activation and fibrosis. Besides, numerous studies have demonstrated the effects of non‐coding RNAs on pyroptosis and myofibroblast activities. Herein, we aimed to target key long non‐coding RNA PVT1 with natural compound, carvacrol, to alleviate pyroptosis and myofibroblast activation in OSF. We first identified PVT1 was downregulated in the carvacrol‐treated fBMFs and then demonstrated that myofibroblast features and expression of pyroptosis makers were all reduced in response to carvacrol treatment. Subsequently, we analysed the expression of PVT1 and found that PVT1 was aberrantly upregulated in OSF specimens and positively correlated with several fibrosis markers. After revealing the suppressive effects of carvacrol on myofibroblast characterisitcs and pyroptosis were mediated by repression of PVT1, we then explored the potential mechanisms. Our data showed that PVT1 may serve as a sponge of microRNA(miR)‐20a to mitigate the myofibroblast activation and pyroptosis. Altogether, these findings indicated that the anti‐fibrosis effects of carvacrol merit consideration and may be due to the attenuation of pyroptosis and myofibroblast activation by targeting the PVT1/miR‐20a axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Otopetrin 1 (OTOP1) is a proton-activated channel crucial for animals' perception of sour taste. Despite its significance, the gating mechanism of OTOP1 remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that carvacrol activates the mouse OTOP1 (mOTOP1) channel under neutral and acidic conditions. Functional analysis showed that carvacrol enhances pH fluorescence signals in OTOP1-expressing cells, with reduced efficacy at lower pH levels. Carvacrol selectively activates mOTOP1, while mOTOP2, mOTOP3, and Chelonia mydas OTOP1 (CmOTOP1) are insensitive to carvacrol activation under neutral pH. Through chimera and point mutation experiments, swapping S134 in transmembrane segment 3 (TM3) and T247 in the TM5-6 linker abolished carvacrol activation of mOTOP1 and conferred activation on CmOTOP1, suggesting these two residues are critical for carvacrol sensitivity. These findings highlight TM3 and TM5-6 linker as pivotal gating apparatus of OTOP1 channels and potential docking sites for drug design. Carvacrol activates mouse OTOP1 (mOTOP1) at neutral and acidic pH, but not other OTOPs. Key residues S134 and T247 are critical for carvacrol sensitivity, highlighting TM3 and TM5-6 linker as crucial for gating and drug design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study we evaluate the potential of essential oil and extracts obtained from Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart) to inhibit the mycelial growth of economically important plant pathogens from genus Phytophthora. The metabolite profiles of the essential oil, exudate, extract and methanolic polarity-based fractions were analyzed by GC/MS. The inhibitory activity of the essential oil and extracts against P. nicotianae var. nicotianae, P. rosacearum, P. citricola, P. plurivora and P. cryptogea was evaluated in an in vitro bioassay. Carvacrol (55.48%), p-cymene (11.06%) and γ-terpinene (15.04%) were the most abundant in the essential oil composition. In the acetone exudate and non-polar fraction, the main compound was carvacrol (48.15% and 50.34% respectively). In least amount carvacrol was found in the methanolic extract (13.24%) and completely absent in the polar fraction, where carbohydrates were the most abundant. All Phytophthora isolates responded to extracts and essential oil treatments with a decline of the vegetative growth to a different extend. A complete inhibitory effect was observed with P. nicotianae var. nicotianae in the essential oil, nonpolar fraction, acetone exudate and methanol extract variants, while the mycelial growth of P. cryptogea and P. plurivora was inhibited to a moderate degree. P. rosacearum was the most tolerant among tested oomycete representatives in these variants. We conclude that the economically important Phytophthora species, investigated in this study are susceptible to the impact of essential oil, methanol extract, the methanol's non-polar fraction, and acetone exudates of the aromatic plant O. vulgare subsp. hirtum. Essential oil, methanol extract, acetone exudate and non-polar fraction of Greek oregano are rich of carvacrol and could find further application in different sustainable crop protection systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the evaluation of the phytotoxic activity of four essential oils (EOs) from the Mediterranean species of Thymus sp. pl., namely Thymus algeriensis Boiss. et Reut., T. ciliatus Desf. subspecies coloratus (Boiss. et Reut.) Batt., T. vulgaris L. ecotype Fasano and T. vulgaris cultivar L. Varico 3, to identify new biomolecules with herbicide potential. The chemical characterization of EOs was performed by GC-MS. The evaluation of the phytotoxicity of the EOs was conducted under in vitro conditions, and the inhibition of germination and seedling growth of Lolium perenne L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. were assessed. Five concentrations (100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µL/100 mL) were considered. Phytochemical analysis revealed a great diversity of compounds. T. algeriensis and T. ciliatus EOs were characterized by the absence of carvacrol and a low content of thymol in T. ciliatus. On the contrary, T. vulgaris ecotype Fasano and T. vulgaris cultivar Varico 3 were characterized by an important content of p-cymene, thymol and carvacrol. All the EOs expressed a potent phytotoxic activity against the tested species. The total inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth were recorded for the highest concentrations of all the EOs. T. vulgaris ecotype Fasano expressed the most effective activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skin is constantly exposed to a variety of environmental stressors, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Exposure of the skin to UV radiation causes a number of detrimental biological damages such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The ER stress response is a cytoprotective mechanism that maintains homeostasis of the ER by increasing the capacity of the ER against the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER. Carvacrol (CRV) is a monoterpenoid phenol found in essential oils with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. We investigated for the first time in the literature the potential protective role of CRV against combined UVA and UVB-induced skin damage by targeting the ER stress pathway in a rat model. For this purpose, expressions of Grp78, Perk, Atf6, Ire-1, Chop, Xbp1, Casp12, elF2α, and Traf2 genes related to ER stress were analyzed by RT-PCR and protein expression levels of GRP78, ATF6, CHOP, and XBP1 were determined by ELISA assay in tissue sections taken from the back of the rats. As a result of analysis, it was seen that the expression levels of aforementioned ER stress genes increased significantly in the UVA + UVB irradiated group compared to the control group, while their expression levels decreased markedly by supplementation of CRV in UVA + UVB + CRV group. With regard to expressions of foregoing proteins, their levels escalated notably with UVA + UVB application and decreased markedly by CRV supplementation. In conclusion, present study revealed that CRV ameliorates UVA + UVB-induced ER stress via reducing the expression of mRNA as well as proteins involved in the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway and inducing apoptosis as evidenced from high Caspase12 level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tribolium castaneum is a challenging pest of stored products, causing significant economic losses. The present study explored the efficacy of Coridothymus capitatus essential oil and its primary constituent, carvacrol, as eco-friendly alternatives for managing this pest. To evaluate their insecticidal potential, repellency, fumigant toxicity, and antifeedant properties, progeny inhibition assays were performed. Carvacrol exhibited superior repellency compared to the essential oil, achieving a 92% repellency rate at 2 mg/cm2. Both compounds demonstrated significant fumigant toxicity against T. castaneum, with LC50 values of 168.47 and 106.5 μL/L for the essential oil and carvacrol, respectively, after 24 h. Carvacrol also outperformed the essential oil in antifeedant activity, inducing an 80.7% feeding deterrence at 1.17 mg/g. Moreover, both treatments effectively suppressed the development of the pest's progeny. These results collectively underscore the potent insecticidal properties of C. capitatus essential oil and carvacrol, particularly carvacrol, as promising candidates for the sustainable management of T. castaneum in stored product protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mammals have approximately 80 genes that encode potassium (K+) channels. They have a wide range of physiological functions, such as modulation of action potential duration and relaxation of smooth muscles. Carvacrol, a compound found in various aromatic plants, has been used traditionally for treating asthma, menstrual spasms, and gastrointestinal disorders. However, its mechanism of action on smooth muscles remains insufficiently understood. This study investigates the role of potassium ion channels in the relaxing effects of carvacrol on isolated rat duodenum smooth muscles. Rats were euthanized and duodenal segments were prepared and placed in an isolated organ bath with Krebs' solution. The segments were equilibrated for 1 h and then treated with chemicals to obtain concentrationresponse curves. The data were evaluated using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's Honest Significant Difference (Tukey's HSD) test for multiple comparisons. Our findings demonstrate that carvacrol induces a dosedependent relaxation of these muscles. The relaxation effects were significantly reduced in the presence of specific potassium channel inhibitors, including paxilline, UCL1684, linopirdine, barium chloride, and 4-aminopyridine. They were completely blocked by the combination of barium chloride and tetraethylammonium. However, glibenclamide, ruthenium red, and nitroarginine did not alter the relaxing effects of carvacrol. In conclusion: carvacrol relaxes duodenum smooth muscles by opening barium chloride-sensitive Kir2.1 and Kir3.1, as well as tetraethylammoniumsensitive KCa1.1, KCa2.1, KCa2.2, KCa2.3, Kv1.2, Kv1.4, Kv1.5, Kv2.1, Kv2.2, Kv4.1, Kv4.2, Kv4.3, Kv7.1, Kv7.2, Kv7.3, Kv7.4, and Kv7.5 potassium channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• nSi-DA6, showed a notable increase in shoot and root dry weight, the number of leaves and the chlorophyll content. • nSi-DA6 and nSi-Atonik increased the phenols and flavonoids content and antioxidant activity in the leaves. • Sodium silicate and nSi-DA6 treatments increased the essential oil content in Z. multiflora. • The highest content of carvacrol and thymol was observed with Atonik and Si nanoparticles. Nanoparticles can drastically improve the growth, yield and quality of medicinal plants. In this study, silicon (Si) nanocomplexes were green synthesized from the growth regulators DA-6 and Atonik, and their effects on the growth, bioactive compounds, essential oil yield and composition in Zataria multiflora medicinal plant were compared with sodium silicate, a regular Si nanoparticle, DA-6 and Atonik. The Si-containing treatments such as sodium silicate and nanoparticles significantly increased shoot and root dry weight and the number of leaves, but not the inflorescence dry weight; however, the growth improvement effects of the Si-nanocomplexes were more evident. The nSi-DA6 and nSi-Atonik treatments did not affect the carotenoids and protein contents but increased the chlorophyll content in the leaves. The Si-nanocomplexes by increasing total phenols and total flavonoids enhanced antioxidant activity in the plant. Accumulation of epicatechin, naringenin and rosmarinic in response to the application of the Si-nanocomplexes promotes cardiovascular health effects and antioxidant activity of the plant. The essential oil (EO) content of the plants (2.75 %) increased to about 3.2 % after the application of Si-nanocomplexes. The main compounds of EO were carvacrol, thymol and linalool. The Si-nanocomplexes increased carvacrol and thymol content in the EO, however, linalool content remained unchanged after the treatments. Therefore, the application of silicon nanocomplexes increased the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of EO without reducing the important factor in the fragrance of the EO. In conclusion, the application of 6 mM of nSi-DA6 and nSi-atonik nanoparticles was suggested to improve the growth and quality of Z. multiflora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post‐transplantation immune rejection remains an important factor for transplant patients. However, conventional immunosuppressants are associated with substantial adverse effects. Natural immunosuppressants present a promising alternative to conventional counterparts, boasting exceptional biological activity, minimal toxicity and reduced side effects. We identified carvacrol as a prospective immunosuppressive agent following T cell proliferation experiment and validated carvacrol's immunosuppressive efficacy in the murine allogeneic skin graft model. T cell proliferation assay was used to screen natural small molecule compounds and the immunosuppressive effect of compounds was evaluated in MHC‐mismatched murine allogeneic skin graft model. H&E and immunohistochemical staining were applied to evaluate the pathological grade. Furthermore, flow cytometry was uitlized to analyse the immunophenotype changes of immune cells. Western blotting and q‐PCR were used to detect the expression of key molecules in macrophages. In vitro, carvacrol demonstrates significant inhibition of the proliferation of CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells. It notably reduces inflammatory factor expression within the allografts, suppresses T cell differentiation toward Th1 phenotype and expansion. Furthermore, carvacrol prominently hinders M1‐type macrophages polarization by activating Wnt signaling. Notably, the anti‐rejection efficacy of carvacrol was significantly weakened upon the removal of macrophages in mice using chlorophosphate liposomes. Carvacrol could significantly inhibit T cell proliferation, alleviate graft rejection and has outstanding toxicological safety. The molecular mechanism of the anti‐rejection effect of carvacrol is closely related to its mediating activation of macrophage Wnt pathway, inhibiting M1 polarization and inducing T cell differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Informacion Tecnica Economica Agraria is the property of Asociacion Interprofesional para el Desarrollo Agrario (AIDA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Active food packaging incorporated with natural plant extracts as food preservatives, which will totally replace chemical preservatives gradually, are of major interest. Sequentially to our and other scientists' previous work, in this paper we present the results of a study on the development of a novel active food packaging film based on the incorporation of a natural-halloysite/carvacrol-extract nanohybrid with the commercially used low-density polyethylene. The corona-treatment procedure was employed to incorporate a natural preservative on to the optimum final film. Packaging films are formatted with and without incorporation of natural-halloysite/carvacrol-extract nanohybrid and are coated externally, directly or via corona-treatment, with carvacrol essential oil. Mechanical, physicochemical, and preservation tests indicated that the low-density polyethylene incorporated perfectly with a natural-halloysite/carvacrol-extract nanohybrid. The extra external coating of the film with pure carvacrol extract using the corona-treatment technique led to approximately 100% higher Young Modulus values, slightly decreased ultimate strength by 20%, and exhibited almost stable elongation at break properties. The water vapor and oxygen properties were increased by 45 and 43%, correspondingly, compared to those of pure low-density polyethylene film. Finally, the antioxidant activity of the corona-treated film increased by 28% compared to the untreated film coated with carvacrol because of the controlled release rate of the carvacrol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor has become a major worldwide pest of the honey bees (Apis mellifera L). Intensive use of chemical acaricides has led to the development of acaricide resistance in mites, thereby reducing the efficacy of acaricides and causing contamination of hive products. Thus, natural products such as essential oils can become an important alternative to synthetic chemicals in controlling Varroa mites. In this study, essential oil from Thymus schimperi grown in the Ethiopian highland was investigated for its chemical composition and toxicity against Varroa mites through complete exposure tests. Hydrodistillation of T. schimperi leaves yielded a pale yellow essential oil (0.8% v/w) with a strong and pleasant odor. Analyzed by GC-MS, 29 compounds, comprising 96.67% of the oil, were identified. Carvacrol (34.84%), thymol (23.03%), and p-cymene (14.20%) were found to be the main constituents. In the toxicity assay, T. schimperi essential oil showed high acaricidal activity against Varroa mites, with a 4 h-LC50 value of 109.16 µg/ml (5.46 mg oil/l air volume). Among the main constituents, thymol and carvacrol induced high toxicity to Varroa mites, with 4 h-LC50 values of 70.71 µg/ml (3.54 mg thymol/l air volume) and 106.10 µg/ml (5.31 mg carvacrol/l air volume), respectively. However, p-cymene was less effective in toxicity testing (4 h-LC50 > 5000 µg/ml). The results show for the first time that the essential oil of Thymus schimperi and its two main constituents, thymol and carvacrol, are highly acaricidal and can be used to control Varroa mite infestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study investigates how carvacrol and thymol affect the quality of semen from Beni Arouss bucks stored in skim milk at 4 °C. Semen from eight bucks was collected weekly for 11 weeks, pooled, and divided into three groups: one diluted in skim milk, and the others diluted in skim milk supplemented with 200 µM of carvacrol and thymol. Sperm motility, viability, abnormalities, membrane integrity, lipid damage, and bacterial growth were assessed during 48 h of storage at 4 °C. After 48 h, carvacrol improved sperm motility, viability, and reduced bacterial growth and lipid damage. Thymol showed similar benefits but did not enhance progressive motility. These beneficial effects are due to the antimicrobial properties of these two compounds, offering potential benefits for livestock breeding. This study aims to investigate the impact of carvacrol and thymol on the quality of Beni Arouss buck semen stored in skim milk at 4 °C. Ejaculates were collected from eight Beni Arouss bucks weekly for 11 weeks, pooled, and then divided into three equal parts. Samples were diluted to 400 × 106 sperm/mL in skim milk (control) and skim milk supplemented with a single dose of 200 µM carvacrol and thymol each. Evaluations of sperm motility, viability, abnormalities, membrane integrity, lipid peroxidation, and bacterial growth were conducted at 0, 6, 24, and 48 h of liquid storage at 4 °C. After 48 h of storage, the results indicate that the addition of carvacrol positively influences total and progressive motility and viability. However, it also leads to a decrease in lipid peroxidation and bacterial growth compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Thymol showed similar results to carvacrol, except for progressive motility (p > 0.05). Bacterial growth was negatively correlated with total and progressive motility and viability (p < 0.05), while no correlation between lipid peroxidation and these parameters was observed (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of carvacrol and thymol to skim milk extender moderately improves the quality of Beni Arouss buck semen after 48 h storage at 4 °C due to its antimicrobial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of non-albicans Candida as a potential causative agent of candidiasis following Candida albicans is occurring globally. It is known that phenolic cresols, thymol, and carvacrol have anti-Candida characteristics. However, there are few papers that disclose the mechanism of action, which is characterized by a damaged cell wall and ergosterol synthesis, as well as calcium-induced death in C. albicans. This work utilized in-silico docking analysis to examine the molecular targets of thymol and carvacrol in Candida glabrata. The results were then validated in vitro by antifungal susceptibility testing and growth curve analysis. The study incorporated C. glabrata deletion mutants for the target proteins to gain understanding of the function of these proteins in the antifungal effects of the two monoterpenoids. After conducting molecular docking and in silico toxicity evaluations, thymol and carvacrol were chosen for in vitro investigations. Experimental tests conducted in a laboratory setting have shown that both phytocompounds exhibit strong binding affinity towards cell wall synthesis proteins (Kre1p, Kre2p, Ecm33p), calcium channel proteins (Mid1p, Ecm7p), and proteins involved in the ergosterol synthesis pathway (Erg5p). These proteins are likely to be the specific targets for the anti-Candida properties of the two isomeric monoterpenoids in C. glabrata. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) values for thymol and carvacrol range from 50 µg/ml to 75 µg/ml. The wild-type strains exhibit a minimum fungicidal concentration of 100 µg/ml for thymol and 125 µg/ml for carvacrol. The results underscore the significance of these proteins in the fungal reaction to thymol and carvacrol and also indicate a promising opportunity for the development of novel antifungal treatment methods utilizing these proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel, simple, rapid, and non-expensive analytical method based on square wave voltammogram at Pt-microelectrode coupled with partial least square multivariate calibration was used for the simultaneous quantitation of thymol (THY) and carvacrol (CAR) in thyme and oregano essential oils. Results demonstrated that the multivariate calibration method successfully exploited the first-order advantage, rendering highly satisfactory quantitative figures (average recoveries not statistically different than 100%). Moreover, the results agree well with those obtained from the official analytical method. Last, the method's environmental sustainability was asserted using the AGREE metric, highlighting its eco-friendly nature. More importantly, the proposed analytical procedure does not require previous sample preparation or electrode surface modification. The results underscore the suitability of the method for determining THY and CAR in essential oils at low concentrations (LOD ~ 7.6 µM) with REP% below 5.6%, meeting the requirements of the green analytical chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University / Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacilik Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ankara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Common thyme (Thymus vulgaris L., Lamiaceae) is one of the most well-known plants in the world, widely used in medicine, culinary arts, and cosmetics. The aim of this study was to analyse the content and composition of essential oils (EO) obtained from the T. vulgaris commercial samples grown in Estonia and in various European countries. Gas chromatography was used to characterize the quality and diversity of chemotypes of the studied plant raw material of different origins. The samples of the T. vulgaris herb contained 3â28 mL/kg of EO, and in five samples it was below the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) requirement (minimum 12 mL/kg). In total, 44 EO compounds were identified in the essential oils of the studied T. vulgaris samples. Among them, five principal compounds were carvacrol (2.3â87.5%), thymol (0.9â71.2%), p-cymene (0.3â26.0%), γ-terpinene (0.1â16.1%), and (E)-β-caryophyllene (0.6â9.2%). It was concluded that the main compound of T. vulgaris EO (n = 37) was thymol with an average content of 41.1%. Monoterpenoids (90.5%) and sesquiterpenoids (5.7%) were the most dominating groups of terpenoids in the studied EO. Regarding the minimum and maximum content of key compounds in EO, none of the studied samples (n = 22) fully met the requirements of Ph. Eur. 11. The content of the four most important terpenoids (thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, and γ-terpinene) in the EO of T. vulgaris does not change much from the beginning to the end of the flowering period. Correlations between the content of the most important (>2%) components (n = 14) of the studied EO (n = 37) showed a level >0.9 in several cases. Among seven studied chemotypes of T. vulgaris EO, five contained thymol as one of the main components.

IntroductionGarden thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), is a small perennial plant native to the Mediterranean region that is now found worldwide. It is commonly used as a culinary herb and for medicinal purposes as well (Silva et al., 2021). Thymol is one of the main and active chemical compounds of thyme. It has been shown to have antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties and is often used as a natural preservative in food and cosmetic products (Hammoudi et al., 2022). Golubkina et al. (2020) reported that the use of mycorrhizal fungi as a technology that is compatible with the environment and by increasing plant access to nutrients and increasing resistance to stresses as well as improving water absorption, can lead to improved plant growth. Today, the use of organic compounds such as humic acid can affect many morphological, physiological and biochemical processes of plants and lead to improvement in plant growth (Mousavi et al., 2022).Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the effects of foliar application of humic acid fertilization and mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis on Thymus vulgaris L., a factorial layout has been applied, based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the field of the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Takestan Branch during 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 growing seasons. Experimental factors included three species of mycorrhiza fungi (control, Glomus mosseae, G.etunicatum and G.intradices) and humic acid fertilizer levels included (control, 150 and 300 mg.L-1). Important traits such as plant height, herbal fresh weight, essential oil percentage, and yield, flavonoid content, root colonization percentage, thymol and carvacrol percentage were measured and analyzed.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the effects of the treatments were significant at the 1% level for all investigated traits. For the characteristics of essential oil percentage and essential oil yield, the interaction effect was also significant at 1%, with an observed increase of over 200%. The application of 300 mg/liter humic acid resulted in a 14% increase in root colonization and a 16% increase in flavonoid percentage. Similarly, the application of mycorrhiza increased these traits by 23% and 30%, respectively. Thymol and carvacrol were the most abundant essential oil compounds. It can be concluded that the quality of thyme essential oil improved under the treatments. Among the mycorrhizae used in this research, G. mosseae mycorrhizae were more effective than the other two types. The results suggest that the application of mycorrhiza has a more significant impact on improving the examined traits compared to humic acid.ConclusionBased on the results of this study, application of mycorrhiza due to creating a symbiotic relationship with the roots of the garden thyme plant and humic acid spraying could increase the quantity and quality of the produced product. mycorrhiza was better than the use of humic acid in most treatments.

Abstract Pichia kudriavzevii (formerly Candida krusei) poses a significant threat to immunocompromised patients due to its inherent resistance to various antifungal drugs. This study explored the anticandidal potential of citral, linalool, and carvacrol in combination with nystatin against P. kudriavzevii strains. Using the microdilution method following CLSI guidelines, Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) and fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) were determined. Citral exhibited MIC values ranging from 50 to 100 µg/ml, averaging 70.24 ± 16.99 µg/ml, while carvacrol had MIC values of 50 to 100 µg/ml, averaging 86.90 ± 16.99 µg/ml. Linalool demonstrated weaker antifungal activity, with MIC values between 100 and 200 µg/ml, averaging 150 ± 38.73 µg/ml. The study assessed the synergistic effectsof these phenols with nystatin through fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIS). In addition, flow cytometry was employed to assess apoptosis induction in P. kudriavzevii cells. Carvacrol displayed a remarkable synergistic effect in combination with nystatin against all 21 isolates tested. Conversely, linalool showed synergy in 17 isolates, while citral exhibited synergy in only 2 isolates. These findings highlight distinct patterns of synergy between the different compounds and nystatin against P. kudriavzevii. Also, Carvacrol emerged as the most potent inducer of apoptosis across all P. kudriavzevii strains, followed by citral and linalool. This suggests that carvacrol not only possesses a stronger antifungal effect but also has a more pronounced ability to trigger programmed cell death in P. kudriavzevii. In conclusion, the study supports the potential of carvacrol, citral and linalool, as anticandidal agents, suggesting their supplementation with nystatin for treating P. kudriavzevii infections.

Objective: Amikacin (AK) is a wide-spectrum antibiotic routinely used to treat gram-negative and some gram-positive bacterial infections. However, its use is limited due to its potential to cause nephrotoxicity due to an increase in reactive oxygen radicals. The main goal of this study was to investigate the effect of carvacrol (CAR) on AK-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Methods: Thirty-two Sprague Dawley rats were randomly separated into four groups: the control (0.9% NaCl solution and sunflower oil), AK (400 mg/kg), CAR+AK (80 mg/kg CAR+400 mg/kg AK), and AK+CAR (400 mg/kg AK+80 mg/kg CAR) groups. AK and CAR were administered intramuscularly and orally, respectively for 7 days. Blood and kidney tissue samples were collected at the end of the experiment. The level of catalase, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and reduced glutathione, which are parameters of oxidative stress, were detected while comparing renal function and histopathological changes. Results: Histopathological findings (necrotic changes, dilatation and inflammatory cell infiltration) were significantly greater in the AK group than in the control group. Additionally, significant weight loss was detected in the rats in the AK group. CAR treatment, both before and after AK administration, significantly improved nephrotoxicity histopathologically (p

The present investigation explored the possible use of Thymus vulgaris essential oil (TVEO) as a beverage antifungal preservative instead of chemical ones. The chemical profile of TVEO exposed carvacrol (60.47%) as the predominant compound. The antifungal properties of TVEO were assessed on various food spoilage yeast and mould species using two tests. TVEO showed a powerful antimicrobial effect against all the fungal strains at the three volumes of essential oil (EO) used (i.e. 10, 20, and 30 µL). The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of TVEO was also evaluated and ranged from 0.0625% to 0.015% (v/v). Furthermore, the potency of TVEO as a beverage antimicrobial preservative was tested at four distinct concentrations (0.6, 1.25, 4, and 6 μL.mL-1) against Saccharomyces cerevisiae alone and combined with medium heating (70 °C for 2 min) in a real food matrix (Orangina® drink) for eight storage days. TVEO exhibited a significantly higher preservative effect than chemical preservatives (sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate). Lastly, a molecular docking examined the mechanism of action of carvacrol against two crucial enzymes in S. cerevisiae viability [ERG2 (sterol C8-isomerase) and ERG3 (sterol C5-desaturase)] compared to a chemical preservative (potassium sorbate). The two ligands highly interacted with the two target enzymes. However, carvacrol achieved a better score than potassium sorbate against ERG2 and ERG3, with binding energy of -10.19 kcal.mol-1 and -11.73 kcal.mol-1, respectively. Our results open up the perspective of using TVEO as a natural food preservative.

Abstract Satureja rechingeri Jamzad (known as “Jatra” in Persian), which belongs to the Lamiaceae family, is a rich source of essential oil particularly carvacrol, and rosmarinic acid. Drought stress has a detrimental impact on the physiological and biochemical parameters of plants, leading to a decline in plant productivity. Melatonin (MT), a new plant growth regulator found abundantly in plants, has been found to enhance the plant's internal resistance to various environmental stresses. The present study aimed to examine the impact of exogenously applied MT on the agro-morphological, physio-biochemical, and phytochemical traits of S. rechingeri plants cultivated under different levels of drought stress. The results indicated that plants treated with 200 µM MT obtained the highest plant height, length and width of leaf, fresh, dry and drug weight under different drought stress levels. The highest values of relative water content (RWC) (93.5%) and chlorophyll content (15.4 mg/g FW) were recorded by MT 200 µM and 100 µM, respectively, in 100% FC. Drought stress treatments (40, 60, and 80% FC) without foliar spray of MT significantly enhanced the H2O2 content, electrolyte leakage, and malondialdehyde content in leaves, whereas MT treatment under drought stress significantly decreased the above parameters. The lowest H2O2 content (11.5 nmol/g), electrolyte leakage (3.08%), and malondialdehyde content (0.78 µM/g) were obtained by 200 µM MT at 100% FC. In contrast, drought stress treatment increased the total phenol content (TPC), rosmarinic acid (RA), essential oils (EOs) content and yield, and carvacrol. The maximum values of TPC (28.1 mg GAE/g DW), EOs content (3.63%) and yield (0.96%), and carvacrol (95.66%) were achieved by 200 µM MT at 40% FC. The highest RA content (7.43 mg GAE/g DW) was recorded in 100 µM MT at 40% FC. Thus, foliar spray MT has the potential to enhance plant growth through the mitigation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative harm, as well as the augmentation of photosynthesis pigments, secondary metabolites such as phenolics, EOs levels, overall antioxidant scavenging capacity, and the preservation of RWC during periods of drought stress. Graphical Abstract

Active food packaging incorporated with natural plant extracts as food preservatives, which will totally replace chemical preservatives gradually, are of major interest. Sequentially to our and other scientists’ previous work, in this paper we present the results of a study on the development of a novel active food packaging film based on the incorporation of a natural-halloysite/carvacrol-extract nanohybrid with the commercially used low-density polyethylene. The corona-treatment procedure was employed to incorporate a natural preservative on to the optimum final film. Packaging films are formatted with and without incorporation of natural-halloysite/carvacrol-extract nanohybrid and are coated externally, directly or via corona-treatment, with carvacrol essential oil. Mechanical, physicochemical, and preservation tests indicated that the low-density polyethylene incorporated perfectly with a natural-halloysite/carvacrol-extract nanohybrid. The extra external coating of the film with pure carvacrol extract using the corona-treatment technique led to approximately 100% higher Young Modulus values, slightly decreased ultimate strength by 20%, and exhibited almost stable elongation at break properties. The water vapor and oxygen properties were increased by 45 and 43%, correspondingly, compared to those of pure low-density polyethylene film. Finally, the antioxidant activity of the corona-treated film increased by 28% compared to the untreated film coated with carvacrol because of the controlled release rate of the carvacrol.

Abstract Background Origanum species have been used in various commercial constructions as a remedy against burns and wounds, agriculture, alcoholic drinks, fragrance, and flavoring substances of food products. The essential oil of Origanum onites L. (EOOO) and its component carvacrol (CV) possesses a wide range of biological activities including anti-cancer activity. Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the growth inhibitory activity of the essential oil and its major component CV and then hepatotoxicity pathway-related genes in HepG2 cells. Methods The effects of the EOOO and CV on cell growth and mRNA expressions of 84 hepatotoxicity pathway-related genes were investigated in HepG2, using trypan blue exclusion/ bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation tests and real-time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) array, respectively. Results The EOOO and CV inhibited cell growth with IC50 values of 0.08 µg/mL and 45 µg/mL, respectively, after 24 h. Real-time, reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT2-PCR) array analysis revealed that expressions of 32 genes out of 84 were changed at least 2-fold or more in the EOOO-treated cells. Among them, expression levels of 17 genes were elevated, while expression levels of 15 genes were diminished. Furthermore, after exposure of cells to 45 µg/mL of CV, the expression of 8 genes was increased while the other 8 genes were decreased. Both the EOOO and carvacrol affected the expression of 48 genes of HepG2 cells which are involved in the hepatotoxicity pathway, indicating their hepatoprotective and possible anti-hepatocarcinogenic effects. Conclusion The present study demonstrates that the essential oil of Origanum onites and carvacrol can be used in various applications such as anticancer or herbal drugs, since its non-hepatotoxicity.

Objective: Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted protozoan parasite that usually causes infections in women. Metronidazole is used as the first choice in the treatment of this parasitic disease, but there is a need for new drugs since 1980’s with increasing numbers of reported resistance. In this study, it was aimed to determine the antitrichomonal activity of the major components of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) and Thymusvulgaris (thyme) essential oils, cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol and thymol against metronidazole resistant and susceptible T. vaginalis strains, and to determine their interaction with metronidazole by checkerboard method. Methods: Cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, thymol and metronidazole were obtained commercially. Two clinical isolates and one metronidazole resistant T. vaginalis reference strain were used in the study. MIC50 and MLC values of essential oil components and metronidazole were determined by broth microdilution method. The combinations of essential oil components with metronidazole were determined by the checkerboard method. Results: According to in vitro activity tests, cinnamaldehyde was determined to be most effective essential oil component. Clinical isolates were susceptible to metronidazole. In combination study, metronidazole showed synergy with cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol, and partial synergy with thymol. Conclusion: It was determined that cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol and thymol, which are known to have high antimicrobial activity, also have strong activity against T. vaginalis isolates and show a synergistic interaction with metronidazole. The use of metronidazole at lower doses in the synergistic interaction may contribute to the literature in terms of reducing drug side effects, creating a versatile antimicrobial target, and reducing the rate of resistance development.

Background. Diabetes mellitus is a condition that causes biochemical and physiological changes in the body. In this study, the effects of carvacrol on blood biochemical factors related to diabetes in diabetic adult rats induced by streptozocin were investigated. Methods. In this study, 32 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups as follows: a) control group; b) diabetic control group that received normal saline as a solvent; c) diabetic rats treated with 75 mg/kg carvacrol; d) healthy rats that received 75 mg/kg carvacrol. The experimental groups were induced with diabetes by injecting a single dose of 50 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) (Sigma) dissolved in 5 ml citrate buffer (pH=4.5) intraperitoneally. Then, fasting blood sugar, serum insulin level, serum level of fat profile, and testosterone hormones LH and FSH were measured. Results. Fasting blood sugar and serum levels of TG and cholesterol increased significantly in the diabetic control group compared to the control group (P

Paraquat (PQ) is an herbicide toxin that induces injury in different organs. The anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects of carvacrol were reported previously. The effects of carvacrol and pioglitazone (Pio) alone and their combination on inhaled PQ‐induced systemic and lung oxidative stress and inflammation as well as behavioral changes were examined in rats. In this study, animals were exposed to saline (control [Ctrl]) or PQ (PQ groups) aerosols. PQ‐exposed animals were treated with 0.03 mg/kg/day dexamethasone (Dexa), 20 and 80 mg/kg/day carvacrol (C‐L and C‐H), 5 mg/kg/day Pio, and Pio+C‐L for 16 days. Inhaled PQ markedly enhanced total and differential white blood cell (WBC) counts, nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels but decreased catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and thiol levels both in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood and increased interferon‐gamma (INF‐γ) and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) levels in the BALF (p < 0.001 for all cases) except lymphocyte count in blood which was not significantly changed. The escape latency and traveled distance were increased in the PQ group. However, the time spent in the target quadrant in the Morris water maze (MWM) test and the duration of time latency in the dark room in the shuttle box test were reduced after receiving an electrical shock (p < 0.05–p < 0.001). Inhaled PQ‐induced changes were significantly improved in carvacrol, Pio, Dexa, and especially in the combination of the Pio+C‐L treated groups (p < 0.05–p < 0.001). Carvacrol and Pio improved PQ‐induced changes similar to Dexa, but ameliorative effects produced by combination treatments of Pio+C‐L were more prominent than Pio and C‐L alone, suggesting a potentiating effect for the combination of the two agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary The manipulation of multiple transcription units for simultaneous and coordinated expression is not only key to building complex genetic circuits to accomplish diverse functions in synthetic biology, but is also important in crop breeding for significantly improved productivity and overall performance. However, building constructs with multiple independent transcription units for fine‐tuned and coordinated regulation is complicated and time‐consuming. Here, we introduce the Multiplex Expression Cassette Assembly (MECA) method, which modifies canonical vectors compatible with Golden Gate Assembly, and then uses them to produce multi‐cassette constructs. By embedding the junction syntax in primers that are used to amplify functional elements, MECA is able to make complex constructs using only one intermediate vector and one destination vector via two rounds of one‐pot Golden Gate assembly reactions, without the need for dedicated vectors and a coherent library of standardized modules. As a proof‐of‐concept, we modified eukaryotic and prokaryotic expression vectors to generate constructs for transient expression of green fluorescent protein and β‐glucuronidase in Nicotiana benthamiana, genome editing to block monoterpene metabolism in tomato glandular trichomes, production of betanin in tobacco and synthesis of β‐carotene in Escherichia coli. Additionally, we engineered the stable production of thymol and carvacrol, bioactive compounds from Lamiaceae family plants, in glandular trichomes of tobacco. These results demonstrate that MECA is a flexible, efficient and versatile method for building complex genetic circuits, which will not only play a critical role in plant synthetic biology, but also facilitate improving agronomic traits and pyramiding traits for the development of next‐generation elite crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction by solidifying floating organic droplets, coupled to a form of temperature-programmed gas chromatography flame ionization detection, has been developed for the extraction and determination of thymol and carvacrol. This method utilizes undecanol as the extraction solvent, offering advantages such as facilitating phase transfer through solidification and enhancing solvent-focusing efficiency. The optimal gas chromatography conditions include a sample injection volume of 0.2 µL, a split ratio of 1:10, and a flow rate of 0.7 mL min−1. The extraction conditions entail an extraction solvent volume of 20 µL, a disperser solvent (acetone) volume of 500 µL, pH 7.0, 7.0% NaCl (3.5 M), a sample volume of 5.0 mL, an ultrasound duration of 10 min, and a centrifuge time of 7.5 min (800 rpm). These conditions enable the achievement of a high and reasonable linear range of 3.5 to 70. 0 μg mL−1 for both thymol and carvacrol. The detection limits are found to be 0.95 and 0.89 μg mL−1, respectively, for thymol and carvacrol. The obtained relative standard deviations, 2.7% for thymol and 2.6% for carvacrol, demonstrate acceptable precision for the purpose of quantitative analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aerial parts essential oils of six Nepeta species (N. prostrata, N. saturejoides, N. sessilifolia, N. fissa, N. betonicifolia and N. ucranica) were analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. In the oils of two populations of N. prostrata, 1,8-cineole (49.8%–51.1%) was main constituent. Epoxy-alloaromadendrene (42.5%) was major compound in the oil of one population of N. saturejoides and α-humulene (25.4%), and caryophyllene oxide (19.7) were major components of the second population. In the oils of two populations of N. sessilifolia, n-octadecanol (17%–19%) and caryophyllene oxide (5.8%–16%) were main constituents, while α-pinene (32.5%) and spathulenol were major components of the third population. In the essential oils of three populations of N. fissa, caryophyllene oxide (16.1%–33.5%) was major compound, but each population had particular compound such as carvacrol, (E)-caryophyllene or spathulenol with remarkable amount. Tetradecanal (55.5%) and trans-muurola-4(14),5-diene (46.2%.) were main components in the oils of N. betonicifolia and N. ucranica, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satureja rechingeri Jamzad (known as "Jatra" in Persian), which belongs to the Lamiaceae family, is a rich source of essential oil particularly carvacrol, and rosmarinic acid. Drought stress has a detrimental impact on the physiological and biochemical parameters of plants, leading to a decline in plant productivity. Melatonin (MT), a new plant growth regulator found abundantly in plants, has been found to enhance the plant's internal resistance to various environmental stresses. The present study aimed to examine the impact of exogenously applied MT on the agro-morphological, physio-biochemical, and phytochemical traits of S. rechingeri plants cultivated under different levels of drought stress. The results indicated that plants treated with 200 µM MT obtained the highest plant height, length and width of leaf, fresh, dry and drug weight under different drought stress levels. The highest values of relative water content (RWC) (93.5%) and chlorophyll content (15.4 mg/g FW) were recorded by MT 200 µM and 100 µM, respectively, in 100% FC. Drought stress treatments (40, 60, and 80% FC) without foliar spray of MT significantly enhanced the H2O2 content, electrolyte leakage, and malondialdehyde content in leaves, whereas MT treatment under drought stress significantly decreased the above parameters. The lowest H2O2 content (11.5 nmol/g), electrolyte leakage (3.08%), and malondialdehyde content (0.78 µM/g) were obtained by 200 µM MT at 100% FC. In contrast, drought stress treatment increased the total phenol content (TPC), rosmarinic acid (RA), essential oils (EOs) content and yield, and carvacrol. The maximum values of TPC (28.1 mg GAE/g DW), EOs content (3.63%) and yield (0.96%), and carvacrol (95.66%) were achieved by 200 µM MT at 40% FC. The highest RA content (7.43 mg GAE/g DW) was recorded in 100 µM MT at 40% FC. Thus, foliar spray MT has the potential to enhance plant growth through the mitigation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative harm, as well as the augmentation of photosynthesis pigments, secondary metabolites such as phenolics, EOs levels, overall antioxidant scavenging capacity, and the preservation of RWC during periods of drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]