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Epidemiology; Statistics Epidemiología; Estadísticas Epidemiologia; Estadístiques This research studies the evolution of COVID-19 crude incident rates, effective reproduction number R(t) and their relationship with incidence spatial autocorrelation patterns in the 19 months following the disease outbreak in Catalonia (Spain). A cross-sectional ecological panel design based on n = 371 health-care geographical units is used. Five general outbreaks are described, systematically preceded by generalized values of R(t) > 1 in the two previous weeks. No clear regularities concerning possible initial focus appear when comparing waves. As for autocorrelation, we identify a wave’s baseline pattern in which global Moran’s I increases rapidly in the first weeks of the outbreak to descend later. However, some waves significantly depart from the baseline. In the simulations, both baseline pattern and departures can be reproduced when measures aimed at reducing mobility and virus transmissibility are introduced. Spatial autocorrelation is inherently contingent on the outbreak phase and is also substantially modified by external interventions affecting human behavior. All the authors acknowledge funding from the Social Observatory of the “la Caixa” Foundation as part of the project LCF/PR/SR20/52550011. Partial funding was also received from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2020-117029RB-I00). Joan Benach gratefully acknowledges the financial support by ICREA under the ICREA Academia programme. J. Fernández-Gracia was supported by Direcció General de Política Universitària i Recerca from the government of the Balearic Islands through the postdoctoral program Vicenç Mut. J. P. Rodríguez is supported by Juan de la Cierva Formacion program (Ref. FJC2019-040622-I) funded by MCIN/AEI/ https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033.

En este trabajo presento el Bayesian Switchpoint Analysis, una técnica de inferencia Bayesiana para estimar los instantes en los que se han producido cambios en la evolución de un proceso estocástico y, así, entender su comportamiento. Además de introducir el concepto y potencial de esta técnica tan transversal, mostraré cómo el enfoque de Bayes resulta más intuitivo que el clásico o frecuentista a la hora de modelar los datos observados. Por otro lado, presento cuatro ejemplos prácticos. Aparte de reproducir algún ejemplo clásico, aplicaré la técnica de forma completamente original al servicio de transporte urbano Bizi de Zaragoza (España). En este, he encontrado correlaciones entre los resultados y las hipótesis sobre el comportamiento de los usuarios, formuladas con fuentes externas a los datos.

Las redes de comunicación se han convertido en una pieza fundamental de los sistemas modernos de información. Sin embargo, esto ha hecho que los elementos de estas redes se conviertan en un objetivo de ataque. Para protegerlos, en una primera clasificación, podemos distinguir entre modelos de defensa pasivos, reactivos o activos. En estos últimos, tanto el atacante como el defensor pueden aprovechar las propiedades topológicas de la red para realizar su misión. En este contexto, se ha propuesto crear aplicaciones que utilicen las mismas técnicas que los gusanos emplean para propagarse a través de los dispositivos pero, en lugar de atacar el dispositivo, estos programas reforzarían la seguridad del sistema.Cada gusano (el del atacante y el del defensor) puede utilizar vulnerabilidades distintas de los dispositivos y, por tanto, es posible que cada uno tenga características de propagación diferentes. Se propone explorar la dinámica de difusión de ambos gusanos y su interacción.

211 p., Understanding the basic components of the Universe, its structure, and evolution is one of the noblest and most ambitious undertakings of humanity. The fundamental laws of nature are the basis of all technology. Finding and understanding them requires exploring both the elementary components of matter at the smallest scales and the observable Universe at the largest scales. Only through understanding the laws that dictated the first instances of the Universe will we be able to find the ultimate reason for its actual appearance and future fate. Challenges in physics are intimately associated with technological challenges for the design and building of telescopes, space missions or accelerators, reactor and underground experiments, as well as developments in mathematics. Their resolution requires a worldwide, transdisciplinary effort and the orchestrated involvement of researchers, engineers, and technicians. The challenges described here are fully aligned with the priorities identified in international and European strategies.

In the final quarter of the XX century the classical reductionist approach that had been driving the development of physics was questioned. Instead, it was proposed that systems were arranged in hierarchies so that the upper level had to convey to the rules of the lower level, but at the same time it could also exhibit its own laws that could not be inferred from the ones of its fundamental constituents. This observation led to the creation of a new field known as complex systems. This novel view was, however, not restricted to purely physical systems. It was soon noticed that very different systems covering a huge array of fields, from ecology to sociology or economics, could also be analyzed as complex systems. Furthermore, it allowed physicists to contribute with their knowledge and methods in the development of research in those areas. In this thesis we tackle problems covering three areas of complex systems: networks, which are one of the main mathematical tools used to study complex systems; epidemic spreading, which is one of the fields in which the application of a complex systems perspective has been more successful; and the study of collective behavior, which has attracted a lot of attention since data from human behavior in huge amounts has been made available thanks to social networks. In fact, data is also the main driver of our discussion of the other two areas. In particular, we use novel sources of data to challenge some of the classical assumptions that have been made in the study of networks as well as in the development of models of epidemic spreading. In the case of networks, the problem of null models is addressed using tools coming from statistical physics. We show that anomalies in networks can be just a consequence of model oversimplification. Then, we extend the framework to generate contact networks for the spreading of diseases in populations in which both the contact structure and the age distribution of the population are important. Next, we follow the historical development of mathematical epidemiology and revisit the assumptions that were made when there was no data about the real behavior of this kind of systems. We show that one of the most important quantities used in this kind of studies, the basic reproduction number, is not properly defined for real systems. Similarly, we extend the theoretical framework of epidemic spreading on directed networks to multilayer systems. Furthermore, we show that the challenge of incorporating data to models is not only restricted to the problem of obtaining it, but that it is also really important to be aware of its characteristics to do it properly.Lastly, we conclude the thesis studying two examples of collective behavior using data extracted from online systems. We do so using techniques that were originally developed for other purposes, such as earthquake prediction. Yet, we demonstrate that they can also be used to study this new type of systems. Furthermore, we show that, despite their unique characteristics, they possess properties similar to the ones that have been observed in the offline world. This not only means that modern societies are intertwined with the online world, but it also signals that if we aim to understand socio-technical systems a holistic approach, as the one proposed by complex systems, is indispensable.

Understanding the basic components of the Universe, its structure and evolution isa complex of questions at the heart of humanity and has been one of its noblest andmost ambitious undertakings. It can be traced back to the first natural philosophers ofthe antique world, but it gathered enormous impact and speed with the emergence ofthe scientific method in modern times. This quest has a double impact on society. Onthe one hand, there are the profound mental, emotional, philosophical, and potentiallyeven political - if one thinks of the global environmental movement - changes that areprompted by our increasing understanding of our place in the Universe. On the other hand,fundamental mathematical and physical science is the basis of all of modern technology.

Capítulo 2., Unraveling the structure behind the components of matter and the fundamental laws governing their interactions is the ultimate goal of particle physics. One of the central questions in the Standard Model is the origin of the fermion family replication, which may point towards a hidden flavour symmetry. Many experiments will be soon addressing this issue by exploring the flavour sector with impressive sensitivities. Understanding other symmetries, such as CPT and lepton or baryon numbers, is also crucial, since their violation would have dramatic consequences for the shape of the underlying physics. Other open questions, such as the origin of the chiral character of the weak interactions, the stability of the particle that may constitute the dark matter of the Universe and the possible unification of the fundamental interactions at high energies, may also be associated to the existence of new symmetries and dynamics, possibly better described with a new mathematical language.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Eligibility criteria. Description of inclusion and exclusion criteria in paediatric and adult patients enrolled in this study.

OBJECTIVE: To study the incidence and management of HELLP Syndrome at high altitude. DESIGN.- Descriptive, retrospective, analytical study. RESULTS: From 10 cases hospitalized in ICU for preeclampsia or severe eclampsia, 4 fulfilled criteria for HELLP syndrome, with mean age 33,6, parity 4,6, pre natal control in only 40%. Mean blood pressure was 114,6 mmHg, gestational age 29 weeks, all bad anasarca, echymosis, jaundice, oliguria or anuria. Management was in charge of ICU. One patient died (20%) and perinatal mortality was 100%. CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis, adequate prenatal control and treatment are essential to decrease HELLP syndrome's mobidity and mortality. OBJETIVO: Estudiar la incidencia y manejo terapéutico del síndrome HELLP en altura. DISEÑO: Estudio de tipo descriptivo retrospectivo analítico. RESULTADOS: Se estudia la incidencia del síndrome HELL en pacientes atendidos en el Hospital III Huancayo de 1993 a marzo de 1996, encontrándose que de 387 partos ocurrieron 4 defunciones, 1 por causa de síndrome HELLP. De los 10 casos internados en UCI por preeclampsia o eclampsia severa, 4 tuvieron criterio de síndrome HELLP, encontrándose los siguientes promedios: edad 33,6 años, paridad 4,6, asiste a CPN sólo el 40%. Presión arterial media de 114,6 mmHg, edad gestacional 29 sem., en todos se encontró anasarca, equimosis e ictericia; Hto 21%; plaquetas 70,400 por mm3; TGO 166 U/L TGP 137 U/L; creatinina 6,8; todas presentaron oligoanuria; el tratamiento fue en UCI con 1 paciente que fallece (20%); la mortalidad perinatal fue 100%. CONCLUSIONES: El diagnóstico precoz, mediante adecuado control prenatal y tratamiento oportuno, es esencial para disminuir la morbimortalidad en el síndrome de HELLP.

Penzias and Wilson discovered the cosmic microwave background, a luminous echo of the Big Bang, in 1965. The amount of information encoded in this relic of the early universe is truly extraordinary. At present, the most precise data about the origin and structure of the universe comes from the study of this primordial light, the full potential of which has yet to be explored. En 1965 se descubrió el fondo de radiación de microondas, un eco luminoso de la Gran Explosión (Big Bang). La cantidad de información contenida en esta reliquia del universo primitivo es verdaderamente extraordinaria. En la actualidad los datos más precisos sobre el origen y estructura del universo provienen del estudio de esta luz primigenia, que aún no ha sido explorada en todo su potencial.

El término Smart City está de moda, muy de moda, aunque la mayor parte de nosotros no sepamos muy bien que significa (reconozcámoslo). Los proveedores de telecomunicaciones, los suministradores de energía y sistemas distribuidos, las empresas de transporte, el diseñador urbano, arquitectos, los expertos varios... me temo que tampoco lo saben. Sin embargo todos ellos alimentan la expectación creada por el casi mágico término (aunque como acrónimo S.M.A.R.T. describe algo muy diferente).

La teoría de redes ha experimentado grandes avances en los últimos 15 años debido a que posee un papel fundamental en el estudio de los sistemas complejos. Sin embargo, recientemente se ha visto la necesidad de extender el concepto clásico de red al de redes "multicapa". A pesar del gran interés que han suscitado, al tratarse de un concepto tan joven existe todavía un gran debate sobre aspectos tan básicos como la propia definición de una red multicapa o como cuáles son las herramientas matemáticas más adecuadas para trabajar con ellas. En este trabajo exploramos algunas de las medidas que se han propuesto como características de este tipo de redes y las aplicaremos sobre redes de transporte urbano de ciudades españolas. Una vez claras las propiedades estructurales de estas redes se pasará al estudio de la dinámica de la red de transporte urbano de Zaragoza. Comprobaremos si el modelo de red propuesto es capaz de reflejar la realidad y analizaremos su resistencia ante posibles disrupciones del servicio y las posibilidades de optimización.

En los últimos años el interés por el estudio de la difusión de epidemias se ha incrementado enormemente. Vivimos en una sociedad cada día más grande y más conectada, lo que es el caldo de cultivo perfecto para una epidemia. Los modelos clásicos de difusión de epidemias se centran en estudiar la propagación dentro de poblaciones aisladas. Sin embargo, hoy en día es necesario extender estos modelos para abarcar múltiples poblaciones separadas espacialmente. Es en este contexto en el que surgen los modelos metapoblacionales. La introducción de la física estadística, la teoría de transiciones de fase y la de fenómenos críticos ha resultado de gran utilidad para describir el comportamiento macroscópico de los brotes epidémicos. En particular, la aproximación de campo medio ha permitido reducir considerablemente los grados de libertad del sistema, algo imprescindible para poder estudiar los modelos metapoblacionales. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo último desarrollar un modelo computacional que nos permita estudiar la persistencia de una epidemia en una metapoblación. Para conseguirlo será necesario analizar y comprender cómo se puede modelar la difusión de una epidemia en una población y el papel que juega la estructura de la red subyacente en el proceso. Comenzaremos con una breve introducción a la teoría de redes y a los modelos clásicos de difusión de epidemias. A continuación emplearemos estos conceptos en la construcción de un modelo metapoblacional. Por último, finalizaremos aplicando todos los conocimientos adquiridos en el desarrollo de un modelo computacional para el estudio de la persistencia. Los resultados obtenidos abren la puerta a futuros estudios teóricos que permitirán establecer nuevos mecanismos de control de las epidemias.

Introduction: Electromagnetic fields (EMF) are commonly used in hospitals to detect and treat certain diseases or ailments, exposing healthcare workers daily to such fields and casting doubts about workers and patients safety. Objectives: To quantify the actual exposure to high-frequency electric fields of workers and public hospitals users in the Balearic Islands (Spain) and the compliance with the references levels established by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Material and Methods: High-frequency radiation exposure levels were measured in different areas and compared with ICNIRP levels and Spanish regulation, using a broadband field strength meter and a spectrum analyzer. Results: 1,290 measurements were performed obtaining a median electric field of 0.31 V/m (1st quartile: 0.16 V/m; 3rd quartile: 0.67 V/m). Users and workers are exposed to electric fields from 0.19 V/m to 0.25 V/m in all areas, but Rehabilitation and Radiology. In the former, the patients (not under microwave therapy) are exposed to EMF between 1.87 V/m and 25.71 V/m. Discussion and conclusions: Although effective electric field values are lower than the reference levels, measures should be taken to reduce exposure of especially sensitive people (infants, children, pregnant women,...) and ensure regular monitoring of the exposure. Introducción: Los campos electromagnéticos (CEM) se utilizan con frecuencia en los hospitales para detectar y tratar ciertas enfermedades o dolencias, exponiendo diariamente a los trabajadores sanitarios a esos campos y sembrando dudas sobre la seguridad de trabajadores y pacientes. Objetivos: Cuantificar la exposición real de trabajadores y usuarios de los hospitales públicos de las Islas Baleares (España) a campos eléctricos de alta frecuencia y el cumplimiento de los niveles de referencia establecidos por la Comisión Internacional de Protección contra la Radiación No Ionizante (ICNIRP). Material y métodos: Se midieron los niveles de exposición a radiaciones de alta frecuencia y se compararon con los niveles de ICNIRP y normativa española, usando un equipo de banda ancha y un analizador de espectro. Resultados: Se realizaron 1,290 mediciones obteniendo una mediana del campo eléctrico de 0.31 V/m (1er cuartil: 0.16 V/m; 3er cuartil: 0.67 V/m). Usuarios y trabajadores están expuestos a campos eléctricos de 0.19 V/m a 0.25 V/m en todas las áreas, excepto Rehabilitación y Radiología. En la primera, los pacientes (no tratados con microondas) están expuestos a CEM entre 1.87 V/m y 25.71 V/m. Discusión y conclusiones: Aunque los valores eficaces de campo eléctrico están por debajo de los niveles de referencias, se deben tomar medidas para reducir la exposición de personas especialmente sensibles (bebés, niños, gestantes,...) y asegurar un control periódico de la exposición.

The work presented as follows is the final project of my five years Industrial Engineering degree. It tries to make good use of the skills acquired along the degree as well as to learn new ones. The project is focused in the characterisation, modelling and calibration of an electrothermal MEMS mirror with 3 degrees of freedom. This mirrors are used in applications based on optical microsystems such as confocal microscopes for sample analysis, microspectrometers, optical coherence tomographies for in-vivo cancer detection and laser microsurgery among others. All this applications make the study of MEMS mirrors a great and interesting opportunity. Hence, to achieve a complete characterisation and developing a good model are basic to succeed in the control of the device in a near future. The work is divided in 4 main chapters, the first one where an introduction of the topic is done, the second one presents the device used as well as introduces to the reader to electrothermal actuation. The third chapter demonstrates an electrothermal model which is validated later in chapter 4 where all the experimentation is presented. Finally some conclusions about the work and the training period are done. Outgoing

7 páginas, 3 figuras.-- PACS:13.40.Em, 12.60.Jv, 14.60.Ef, 14.80.Da.-- El Pdf es la versión pre-print: arXiv:1011.5935v1, Supersymmetry has often been invoked as the new physics that might reconcile the experimental muon magnetic anomaly, aμ, with the theoretical prediction (basing the computation of the hadronic contribution on e+e- data). However, in the context of the constrained minimal supersymmetric standard model (CMSSM), the required supersymmetric contributions (which grow with decreasing supersymmetric masses) are in potential tension with a possibly large Higgs mass (which requires large stop masses). In the limit of very large mh supersymmetry gets decoupled, and the CMSSM must show the same discrepancy as the standard model with aμ. But it is much less clear for which size of mh does the tension start to be unbearable. In this paper, we quantify this tension with the help of Bayesian techniques. We find that for mh≥125 GeV the maximum level of discrepancy given the current data (∼3.2σ) is already achieved. Requiring less than 3σ discrepancy, implies mh≲120 GeV. For a larger Higgs mass we should give up either the CMSSM model or the computation of aμ based on e+e-; or accept living with such an inconsistency., This work has been partially supported by the MICINN, Spain, under contracts FPA- 2007{60252 and FPA-2007-60323; Consolider-Ingenio PAU CSD2007-00060 and MULTI- DARK CSD2009-00064. We thank as well the Generalitat Valenciana grant PROME- TEO/2008/069; the Comunidad de Madrid through Proyecto HEPHACOS ESP-1473 and the European Commission under contract PITN-GA-2009-237920.R.T. would like to thank the EU FP6 Marie Curie Research and Training Network \UniverseNet" (MRTN-CT-2006- 035863) for partial support and the U.A.M. for hospitality. M. E. Cabrera acknowledges the nancial support of the CSIC through a predoctoral research grant (JAEPre 07 00020).

Primer libro de la colección ¿Qué sabemos de? (CSIC/Catarata). Esta colección pretende acercar a un público amplio el estado de la cuestión en torno a temas clave de la investigación científica a través de textos breves y asequibles elaborados por científicos del CSIC. Cuenta con varios volúmenes que abordan cuestiones como el LHC, el Alzheimer o la seguridad en Internet.

Escueal Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Telecomunicación

Descrita por Sneddon (196S) a síndrome consiste na ocorrência de acidente vascular encefálico (AVE) isquêmico em pacientes com livedo reticular. Trata-se de doença vascular sistêmica de causa desconhecida, em que há comprometimento de artérias de médio e pequeno calibres. Pode haver positividade dos anticorpos antifosfolípides. São apresentados três casos desta entidade, todos do sexo masculino com 7, 16 e 54 anos de idade. Em todos a instalação do quadro deu-se por convulsões focais seguidas de hemiparesia ou paralisia labio-glossofaríngea. Os pacientes não tiveram outras manifestações neurológicas em 2 anos de acompanhamento. A investigação laboratorial demonstrou presença de anticorpos antifosfolípides e anticardiolipina em 1 caso. A investigação neuro-radiológica forneceu os seguintes resultados: TCC e RM com infarto nos 3 casos, e angiografia com obstrução de vasos de médio e pequeno calibre. A síndrome de Sneddon não parece ser tão rara e deve fazer parte de protocolos de investigação de AVE, especialmente em grupos mais jovens. The Sneddon's syndrome consists of neurologic manifestations associated to the presence of livedo reticularis and cyanosis of the extremities. The pathological process is an endothelial obliteration of arterioles, leading to a reticular appearance of the skin, despite the environment temperature. The authors present three new cases, causasian males with 7, 16 and 54 years of age. The youngest started with hemilateralized motor seizures and showed a porencefalic area in the CT scan. The oldest had livedo reticularis, acrocyanosis and started with hemilateralized motor seizures, and a hemiparesis as sequela; CT scan with parasagittal infarct and occlusion presented of one anterior cerebral artery on angiography. The third patient started with hemifacial seizures, developed a labioglossolaringeal paresis and dysarthria as sequela; CT scan and MRI showed multiple infarcts, with multiple occlusions of cortical branchs on angiography. The skin biopsies showed endothelial vascular hyperplasia in all cases. Only one (54 years old) patient had a positive IgG antiphospholipid antibodies. The Sneddon's syndrome seems not to be so rare and have to be considered in the etiological investigation of cerebral infarcts, mainly in young people.