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Abstract Background The global setback in tuberculosis (TB) prevalence and mortality in the post-COVID-19 era has been partially attributed to pandemic-related disruptions in healthcare systems. The additional biological contribution of COVID-19 to TB is less clear. The goal of this study was to determine if there is an association between COVID-19 in the past 18 months and a new TB episode, and the role played by type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) comorbidity in this relationship. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 112 new active TB patients and 373 non-TB controls, identified between June 2020 and November 2021 in communities along the Mexican border with Texas. Past COVID-19 was based on self-report or positive serology. Bivariable/multivariable analysis were used to evaluate the odds of new TB in hosts with past COVID-19 and/or DM status. Results The odds of new TB were higher among past COVID-19 cases vs. controls, but only significant among DM patients (aOR 2.3). The odds of TB in people with DM was 2.7-fold higher among participants without past COVID-19 and increased to 7.9-fold among those with past COVID-19. Conclusion DM interacts with past COVID-19 synergistically to magnify the risk of TB. Latent TB screening and prophylactic treatment, if positive, is recommended in past COVID-19 persons with DM. Future studies are warranted with a longitudinal design and larger sample size to confirm our findings.

Abstract Interest in how ageing affects attention is long-standing, although interactions between sensory and attentional processing in older age are not fully understood. Here, we examined interactions between peripheral hearing and selective attention in a spatialised cocktail party listening paradigm, in which three talkers spoke different sentences simultaneously and participants were asked to report the sentence spoken by a talker at a particular location. By comparing a sample of older (N = 61; age = 55–80 years) and younger (N = 58; age = 18–35 years) adults, we show that, as a group, older adults benefit as much as younger adults from preparatory spatial attention. Although, for older adults, this benefit significantly reduces with greater age-related hearing loss. These results demonstrate that older adults with excellent hearing retain the ability to direct spatial selective attention, but this ability deteriorates, in a graded manner, with age-related hearing loss. Thus, reductions in spatial selective attention likely contribute to difficulties communicating in social settings for older adults with age-related hearing loss. Overall, these findings demonstrate a relationship between mild perceptual decline and attention in older age.

Abstract Background Parkinson´s disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the world, is characterized by the death or impairment of dopaminergic neurons (DAn) in the substantia nigra pars compacta and dopamine depletion in the striatum. Currently, there is no cure for PD, and treatments only help to reduce the symptoms of the disease, and do not repair or replace the DAn damaged or lost in PD. Cell replacement therapy (CRT) seeks to relieve both pathological and symptomatic PD manifestations and has been shown to have beneficial effects in experimental PD models as well as in PD patients, but an apt cell line to be used in the treatment of PD has yet to be established. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the transplantation of hVM1 clone 32 cells, a bankable line of human neural stem cells (hNSCs), in a PD mouse model at four months post-transplant. Methods Adult (five month-old) C57BL/6JRccHsd male mice were injected with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and subsequently transplanted with hVM1 clone 32 cells, or buffer, in the left striatum. Four months post-transplant, behavioral effects were explored using the open field and paw print tests, and histological analyses were performed. Results Transplantation of hVM1 clone 32 cells rescued dopaminergic nigrostriatal populations in adult Parkinsonian mice. Motor and neurological deterioration were observed in buffer-treated mice, the latter of which had a tendency to improve in hNSC-transplanted mice. Detection of mast cell migration to the superficial cervical lymph nodes in cell-transplanted mice denoted a peripheral effect. Transplantation of hNSCs also rescued neuroblast neurogenesis in the subgranular zone, which was correlated with dopaminergic recovery and is indicative of local recovery mechanisms. Conclusions In this proof-of-concept study, the transplantation of hVM1 clone 32 cells provided neuroprotection in adult Parkinsonian mice by restoring the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway and hippocampal neurogenesis, demonstrating the efficacy of cell replacement therapy as a treatment for PD.

Abstract Background Chronic pain and inflammation are common features of rheumatic conditions such as Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) and Axial Spondyloarthritis (axSpA), often needing prolonged medication treatment for effective management. Maintaining drug retention is essential for both achieving disease control and improving patients' quality of life. This study investigates the influence of pain catastrophizing, a psychological response to pain, on the drug retention rates of PsA and axSpA patients. Methods A two-year prospective multicenter observational study involved 135 PsA and 71 axSpA patients. Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) was employed to assess pain catastrophizing. Univariable and multivariable regression analyses were utilized to identify factors associated with drug retention. Results In the PsA group, patients early discontinuing therapy showed higher baseline disease activity as well as higher incidence of comorbid fibromyalgia. Notably, pain catastrophizing, specifically the domains of Helplessness, Magnification, and Rumination, were significantly elevated in PsA patients who interrupted the treatment. Multivariable analysis confirmed pain catastrophizing as an independent predictor of drug suspension within two years. In axSpA, drug discontinuation was associated with female gender, shorter disease duration, higher baseline disease activity as well as elevated levels of pain catastrophizing. Univariable analysis supported the role of pain catastrophizing, including its domains, as predictors of treatment interruption. However, limited events in axSpA patients precluded a multivariate analysis. Conclusion This prospective study emphasizes the impact of pain catastrophizing on drug retention in patients with PsA and axSpA.

Background: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) represent a prevalent multifactorial condition that impacts a significant portion of the global population. The objective of this study was to employ Fonseca’s questionnaire for an initial assessment of TMDs. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 250 undergraduates from the Dental School of the University of Perugia, Italy. The chi-square test, with a significance level set at p < 0.05, was used to evaluate a statistically significant relationship between TMDs and several variables such as gender, age, employed/unemployed, and physically active or not. Results: The data obtained through the questionnaire indicated that a considerable percentage of students (78%) exhibited signs consistent with TMDs. The most frequently reported signs and symptoms included psychological stress (49.6%), dental clenching and grinding (34%), joint clicking (33.6%), frequent headaches (15.2%), and neck pain (23.2%). Notably, when considering moderate to severe symptoms of TMDs, females were more significantly affected than males. Furthermore, factors such as age, employment status, and physical activity did not appear to influence the prevalence of TMDs. Conclusions: The high prevalence of TMDs identified within this young population (university students), as measured by this questionnaire (albeit warranting validation through more rigorous methodologies) underscores the necessity for the implementation of new preventive strategies that specifically address this demographic.

Background/Objective: Witness’ interviews within a judicial investigation represent a complex procedure because human memory is subjected to suggestions and personal re-elaboration processes. Therefore, it is necessary to use an interview method that guarantees the accuracy of the testimony. Method: This research focused on the development a modified version of the Cognitive Interview based on the use of the five Ws (who, what, where, when and why), commonly used in journalism, which we named the 5Ws-CI. The goal of the present study is to compare this method with two interrogation techniques already present in the literature, the Enhanced Cognitive Interview (ECI) and the Cognitive Interview with the Category Clustering Recall (CCR) and to test the moderating role of Machiavellianism. Seventy-two subjects individually watched a video-clip of a robbery and were randomly assigned to one of the three interview groups (ECI, CCR-CI, or 5Ws-CI) and the veracity condition (truth tellers vs. lie tellers). Results: Subjects in the 5Ws-CI and CCR groups remembered significantly more information than subjects in the ECI condition, without impacting on accuracy. Also, truth tellers reported more details than lie tellers. No significant difference was found between the 5Ws-CI and CI-CCR interview groups. Conclusions: In conclusion, the results indicate that the 5Ws-CI and CCR techniques might be effective methods and outperform the ECI.

The Ti6Al4V alloy is widely recognized for its extensive industrial applications, particularly in the aeronautics sector, due to its exceptional strength to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance. In this context, many industrial processes depend critically on surface area, topology, and roughness. A promising approach involves combining Ti6Al4V alloy with polymer composites, which offers significant potential for engineers to design parts that are not only high-performing but also environmentally friendly. Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) emerges as a viable technique for achieving a robust bond between the metal and polymer composite materials. However, a critical factor in this process is the surface profile of the metal, which plays a pivotal role in ensuring strong adhesion between the polymer and the titanium substrate. The data provided focus on analyzing the surface profile and roughness achieved through laser ablation, an advanced technique used for surface texturing, and explores spark erosion as an alternative method.

Objetivo: Analizar comparativamente los efectos sobre la dentina radicular de materiales de obturación a base de resina epóxica y biocerámicos en forma inmediata y mediata. Métodos: Se seleccionarán aleatoriamente 1ros Molares Inferiores (n30) y Premolares Inferiores unicanaliculares (n64) permanentes humanos. Se excluirán las piezas dentarias con curvaturas >10°, que presenten caries, fisuras o reabsorciones y cualquier otra patología que modifique la anatomía radicular. Finalizadas las etapas de acceso y preparación, la obturación endodóntica se realizará con Biodentine (Grupo BD), BioRoots RCS (Grupo BR) (Septodont, France) y AH Plus (Grupo AHP) (Dentsply, Alemania). Completado el período de almacenamiento se realizarán 3 estudios: A. Características de la interfaz (análisis con MEB), B. Composición química del sustrato dentinario (análisis con MEB por energía dispersiva de rayos X), y C. Resistencia a la fractura (Ensayo de compresión); en 2 intervalos de tiempo; inmediato (28 días) y mediato (210 días). Se utilizarán las pruebas de Chi Cuadrado de Pearson, ANOVA de medidas repetidas y ANOVA unidireccional con test DHS de Tukey respectivamente. El límite de significación estadística será p

IntroductionBehavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) are a heterogeneous set of psychological reactions and abnormal behaviors in people with dementia (PwD). Current assessment tools, like the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), only rely on caregiver assessment of BPSD and are therefore prone to bias.Materials and methodsA multidisciplinary team developed the BPSD-SINDEM scale as a three-part instrument, with two questionnaires administered to the caregiver (evaluating BPSD extent and caregiver distress) and a clinician-rated observational scale. This first instrument was tested on a sample of 33 dyads of PwD and their caregivers, and the results were qualitatively appraised in order to revise the tool through a modified Delphi method. During this phase, the wording of the questions was slightly changed, and the distress scale was changed into a coping scale based on the high correlation between extent and distress (r = 0.94). The final version consisted of three 17-item subscales, evaluating BPSD extent and caregiver coping, and the unchanged clinician-rated observational scale.ResultsThis tool was quantitatively validated in a sample of 208 dyads. It demonstrated good concurrent validity, with the extent subscale correlating positively with NPI scores (r = 0.64, p

IntroductionForkhead box E1 (FOXE1) is a transcription factor with a crucial role in thyroid morphogenesis and differentiation. Promoter hypermethylation downregulates FOXE1 expression in different tumor types; nevertheless, its expression and relationship with methylation status in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) remain unclear.MethodsA total of 33 pairs of matched samples of PTC tumors and non-tumors were included. Tumor cell cultures were treated with either 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine demethylating agent or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). A real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting were performed to assess FOXE1 expression. The methylation status was quantified using bisulfite sequencing. A luciferase gene assay was used to determine CpG-island functionality. Gene expression and promoter methylation of FOXE1 and FOXE1-regulated genes were also analyzed with data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) thyroid samples.ResultsAfter demethylating treatment, increased FOXE1 mRNA was observed concomitantly with reduced promoter methylation of CpGisland2. A negative correlation between mRNA downregulation and an increased methylation level of CpGisland2 was observed in tumors. Diminished protein expression was also detected in some DTC cell lines and in some tumor samples, suggesting the involvement of post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. CPGisland2 was proved to be an enhancer. TCGA data analysis showed low FOXE1 mRNA expression in tumors with a negative correlation with methylation status and a positive correlation with the expression of most of its target genes. Reduced FOXE1 expression, accompanied by a high methylation level, was associated with PTC aggressiveness (tall cell variant, advanced extra thyroid extension, T4 American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) classification), age at diagnosis (over 45 years old), and presence of a BRAFV600E mutation.ConclusionFOXE1 mRNA was downregulated in DTC compared with non-tumors, followed by high CpGisland methylation. A coupling of low mRNA expression and high methylation status was related to characteristics of aggressiveness in DTC tumors.

The QuantiFERON-Monitor assay (QTF-Monitor) is intended to assess innate and adaptive immune responses by quantifying interferon (IFN)-γ release upon whole blood stimulation with a TLR7/8 agonist and an anti-CD3 antibody. We performed the QTF-Monitor in 126 kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) at different points during the first 6 post-transplant months. The primary outcome was overall infection, whereas secondary outcomes included bacterial infection, opportunistic infection and de novo cancer. The association between IFN-γ production and outcomes was analyzed as “low” immune responses (

We present a wide-field study of the globular cluster systems (GCS) of the elliptical galaxy NGC 3640 and its companion NGC 3641, based on observations from Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph/Gemini using g'r'i' filters. NGC 3640 is a shell galaxy which presents a complex morphology, which previous studies have indicated as the sign of a recent 'dry' merger, although whether its nearest neighbour could have influenced these substructures remains an open question. In this work, we trace the spatial distribution of the globular clusters (GCs) as well as their colour distribution, finding a potential bridge of red (metal-rich) GCs that connects NGC 3640 to its less massive companion, and signs that the blue (metal-poor) GCs were spatially disturbed by the event that created the shells. While NGC 3640 presents a typical bimodal colour distribution, the GCS attributed to NGC 3641 appears unimodal, with most GCs presenting an intermediate colour in comparison to those closer to its companion.

Parental monitoring (PM) is a key construct in research on children's well-being and healthy development referring to the attention parents pay to their children's activities and whereabouts. However, existing literature suggests that the psychometric properties of its measurement tools are still perfect. For this study, a revised Italian parental monitoring scale (I-PM-R) was developed and validated with data from 835 participants (63% females), aged between 10 and 20 years old. The sample was divided into two sub-samples. One was used for parallel and exploratory factor analyses, and the other was used for confirmatory factor analysis. A total of eight factors were thus identified. The scale exhibited invariance in relation to children's gender and school success, and associations with demographic variables and school performance. The I-PM-R contributes to the need to move toward psychometric quality advances in the measurement of PM.

Abstract Objetive this study was to determine the relationship between acute febrile illness and bacterial pathogens with zoonotic potential that cause emerging and re-emerging diseases in a central-eastern region of Peru. Results Out of the 279 samples analyzed, 23 (8.2%) tested positive for infection by Rickettsia spp., while a total of 15 (5.4%) tested positive for Leptospira spp. Women had a higher frequency of infection by Rickettsia spp., with 13 cases (53.3%), while men had a higher frequency of infection by Leptospira spp., with 10 cases (66.7%). The most frequently reported general symptom was headache, with 100.0% (n = 23) of patients with Rickettsia (+) and 86.7% (n = 13) of patients with Leptospira (+) experiencing it. Arthralgia was the second most frequent symptom, reported by 95.6% (n = 22) and 60% (n = 9) of patients with Rickettsia (+) and Leptospira (+), respectively. Myalgia was reported by 91.3% (n = 21) and 66.7% (n = 10) of patients with Rickettsia (+) and Leptospira (+), respectively. Retroocular pain, low back pain, and skin rash were also present, but less frequently. Among the positives, no manifestation of bleeding was recorded, although only one positive case for Leptospira spp. presented a decrease in the number of platelets.

Mawaddah Sabr,1,&ast; Valmore A Semidey,2 Marcos J Rubio-Caso,2 Renad Aljuhani Jnr,3 Gorka Sesma1,&ast; 1Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Division, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 2Vitreoretinal Division, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 3Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Gorka Sesma, Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Division, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Al Urubah Branche Road, West Building 2nd Floor, Riyadh, 11462, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966114849700, Fax +966114821908, Email gsesma@kkesh.med.saBackground: Retinal detachment is a major postsurgical threat in pediatric cataract surgery; however, the effect of axial length remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the relationship between axial length and detachment risk in vulnerable patients.Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed 132 eyes of 84 pediatric cataract surgery patients aged < 20 years old. Axial length was measured preoperatively, and the incidence of retinal detachment was recorded over a median follow-up of 4 years. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the axial length-detachment relationship.Results: Twenty eyes had postoperative retinal detachments. The median axial length was longer in the detachment group (23.6 mm) than in the non-detachment group (21.6 mm). Eyes with axial length ≤ 23.4 mm had 0.55-fold decreased odds of detachment compared to longer eyes. Preexisting myopia and glaucoma confer heightened risk. Approximately half of the patients retained some detachment risk eight years postoperatively.Conclusion: Shorter eyes (axial length ≤ 23.4 mm) appear to be protected against pediatric retinal detachment after cataract surgery, whereas myopia, glaucoma, and axial elongation > 23.4 mm elevate the postoperative risk. Understanding these anatomical risk profiles requires surgical planning and follow-up care of children undergoing lensectomy.Plain language Summary: This study investigated the protective role of a shorter axial length in preventing retinal detachment after pediatric cataract surgery. This highlights the correlation between smaller eye sizes and reduced detachment risk, emphasizing the need for careful consideration of anatomical factors in surgical planning and patient monitoring, particularly for patients with preexisting myopia or postoperative glaucoma. Keywords: pediatric cataract surgery, axial length, retinal detachment, myopia, congenital glaucoma, congenital cataract

Despite the fact that rock textures depend on the 3D spatial distribution of minerals, our tectono-metamorphic reconstructions are mostly based on a 2D visualisation (i.e. thin sections). This work compares 2D and 3D investigations of petrography and microstructures, modal abundances, and local bulk rock composition and their implication for P–T estimates, showing the pros and cons and reliability of 2D analysis. For this purpose, a chloritoid–garnet-bearing mica schist from the Dora-Maira Massif in the Western Alps has been chosen. In particular, for 2D a thin section scan has been combined with chemical X-ray maps, whereas for 3D the X-ray computerised axial microtomography (µCT) has been applied. Two-dimensional investigations are readily accessible and straightforward but do not consider the entire rock volume features. Conversely, the rise of 3D techniques offers a more comprehensive and realistic representation of metamorphic features in the 3D space. However, they are computationally intensive, requiring specialised tools and expertise. The choice between these approaches should be based on the research aims, available resources, and the level of detail needed to address specific scientific questions. Nevertheless, despite differences in the modal distribution, the estimated bulk rock compositions and relative thermodynamic modelled phase fields show similarities when comparing the 2D and 3D results. Also, since different thin section cut orientations may influence the results and consequent interpretations, three different cuts from the 3D model have been extrapolated and discussed (i.e. XZ, YZ, and XY planes of the finite-strain ellipsoid). This study quantitatively corroborates the reliability of the thin section approach for tectono-metamorphic reconstructions, still emphasising that 3D visualisation can help understand rock textures.