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Biolubricant is a biopolymer that can be used as a base oil in a variety of applications such as biomass and bioenergy. Hence, the objective of this paper is the production and characterization of biolubricant from Cassia sieberiana (Decandole) seed oil via two step transesterification reaction between methylesters and trimethylolpropane (TMP) at a molar ratio of 3.5: 1 with a catalyst of 0.8 % w/w of the total reactant at a temperature of 120 C for 2:30 hrs with a percentage yield of 93%. The physicochemical properties of the produced oil were determined by FTIR spectrum and GC-MS analysis. The viscosity (at 40 and 100) are 44.20 cSt and 7.82 cSt with pour point (-9 C), and viscosity index (148.04 cSt) respectively. The GCMS analysis revealed the fatty acid composition of the based oil as palmitic acid, linoleic acid, lineolaidic acid, stearic acid, and that of the biolubricant: methyl oleate, 2-hydroxyl ethyl esters, and 22-tricosenoic acid with other traces of methyl ester. The analysis of the FTIR for the TMP triesters shows superior thermal and oxidative stability due to the ester functional group present. The produced oil was found to confirm with ISOVG viscose grade 32 and 46 for gear oil and other low temperature applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biolubricant is a biopolymer that can be used as a base oil in a variety of applications such as biomass and bioenergy. Hence, the objective of this paper is the production and characterization of biolubricant from Cassia sieberiana (Decandole) seed oil via two step transesterification reaction between methylesters and trimethylolpropane (TMP) at a molar ratio of 3.5: 1 with a catalyst of 0.8 % w/w of the total reactant at a temperature of 120 C for 2:30 hrs with a percentage yield of 93%. The physicochemical properties of the produced oil were determined by FTIR spectrum and GC-MS analysis. The viscosity (at 40 and 100) are 44.20 cSt and 7.82 cSt with pour point (-9 C), and viscosity index (148.04 cSt) respectively. The GCMS analysis revealed the fatty acid composition of the based oil as palmitic acid, linoleic acid, lineolaidic acid, stearic acid, and that of the biolubricant: methyl oleate, 2-hydroxyl ethyl esters, and 22-tricosenoic acid with other traces of methyl ester. The analysis of the FTIR for the TMP triesters shows superior thermal and oxidative stability due to the ester functional group present. The produced oil was found to confirm with ISOVG viscose grade 32 and 46 for gear oil and other low temperature applications.

In the course of the screening of plants from Niger for antiprotozoal activity, the methanol extract of Cassia sieberiana, and the dichloromethane extracts of Ziziphus mauritiana and Sesamun alatum were found to be active against protozoan parasites, namely Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani and/or Plasmodium falciparum. Myricitrin (1), quercitrin (2) and 1-palmitoyl-lysolecithin (3) were isolated from C. sieberiana. From Z. mauritiana, the three triterpene derivatives 13, 15, and 16 are described here for the first time. Their chemical structures were determined by 1D and 2D NMR experiments, UV, IR and HRESIMS data. The absolute configurations were assigned via comparison of the experimental and calculated ECD spectra. In addition, eight known cyclopeptide alkaloids (4, 5, 7–12), and five known triterpenoids (6, 14, 17–19) were isolated. The antiprotozoal activity of the isolated compounds, as well as of eleven quinone derivatives (20–30) previously isolated from S. alatum was determined in vitro. The cytotoxicity in L6 rat myoblast cells was also evaluated. Compound 18 showed the highest antiplasmodial activity (IC50 = 0.2 µm) and compound 24 inhibited T. b. rhodesiense with an IC50 value of 0.007 µM. However, it also displayed significant cytotoxicity in L6 cells (IC50 = 0.4 µm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the course of the screening of plants from Niger for antiprotozoal activity, the methanol extract of Cassia sieberiana, and the dichloromethane extracts of Ziziphus mauritiana and Sesamun alatum were found to be active against protozoan parasites, namely Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani and/or Plasmodium falciparum. Myricitrin (1), quercitrin (2) and 1-palmitoyl-lysolecithin (3) were isolated from C. sieberiana. From Z. mauritiana, the three triterpene derivatives 13, 15, and 16 are described here for the first time. Their chemical structures were determined by 1D and 2D NMR experiments, UV, IR and HRESIMS data. The absolute configurations were assigned via comparison of the experimental and calculated ECD spectra. In addition, eight known cyclopeptide alkaloids (4, 5, 7–12), and five known triterpenoids (6, 14, 17–19) were isolated. The antiprotozoal activity of the isolated compounds, as well as of eleven quinone derivatives (20–30) previously isolated from S. alatum was determined in vitro. The cytotoxicity in L6 rat myoblast cells was also evaluated. Compound 18 showed the highest antiplasmodial activity (IC50 = 0.2 µm) and compound 24 inhibited T. b. rhodesiense with an IC50 value of 0.007 µM. However, it also displayed significant cytotoxicity in L6 cells (IC50 = 0.4 µm).

Inflammation is the supreme biological response to illness. In the Hauts-Bassins region, in traditional medicine, all parts of Cassia sieberiana and Piliostigma thonningii are used to treat hepatitis and inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of their aqueous extracts. High performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array (HPLC-DAD) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analyses highlighted the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were measured by various methods such as DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), TAC (total antioxidant capacity), anti-protease, anti-lipoxygenase, and membrane stabilization. The best antioxidant activity was observed in the bark (DPPH: IC50 = 13.45 ± 0.10 µg/mL) and roots (TAC = 29.68 ± 1.48 mg AAE/g DW) of Piliostigma thonningii and in the roots (ABTS: IC50 = 1.83 ± 0.34 µg/mL) of Cassia sieberiana. The best anti-inflammatory activity was observed in the bark (anti-lipoxygenase: IC50 = 13.04 ± 1.99 µg/mL) and leaves (anti-proteases: IC50 = 75.74 ± 1.07 µg/mL, membrane stabilization: IC50 = 48.32 ± 6.39 µg/mL) of Cassia sieberiana. Total polyphenols (ABTS: r = −0.679, TAC: r = 0.960) and condensed tannins (ABTS: r = −0.702, TAC: r = 0.701) were strongly correlated with antioxidant activity. Total flavonoids (anti-proteases: r = −0.729), condensed tannins (anti-proteases: r = 0.698), and vitamin C (anti-proteases: r = −0.953) were strongly correlated with anti-inflammatory activity. Total polyphenols, flavonoids, condensed tannins, and vitamin C could contribute to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the two studied plants. These results could validate the traditional use of these plants to treat various inflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pain and inflammation are the most frequent reasons for which people seek medical care. Currently available analgesics against these conditions produce fatal adverse effects. NPK 500 capsules is an alternative herbal analgesic employed to treat dysmenorrhea, peptic ulcer and pain. NPK 500 is produced from Cassia sieberiana. A plant used in traditional medicine to treat pain and inflammation. This study reports the analysis, phytochemical characterization and mechanism of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of two NPK 500 capsules, called old and new NPK500 capsules (ONPK500 and NNPK500) respectively. Physicochemical, organoleptic, GC-MS and LC-MS methods were employed to analyze the NPK 500 capsules. Analgesic activity was evaluated using tail immersion, Randall-Selitto and acetic acid induced writing tests. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan-induced rat paw inflammation. Additionally, pro-inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-2 and COX-1) were quantified in the sera of the rats using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits. Thirteen major compounds were characterized in the NNPK 500 capsules via the GC-MS and LC-MS spectroscopies. Kaempferol was the major compound characterized in addition to physcion, β-sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, betulinic acid and nine others. Physicochemical and organoleptic indices of the capsules were also derived for its authentication and quality control. Furthermore, NNPK 500 0.5–1.5 mg/kg p.o. produce significant (P < 0.5) analgesic activity (160–197%) higher than that of ONPK500 (109.8%) and Morphine (101%) in the tail immersion test. The analgesic activity of NNPK 500 0.5–1.5 mg/kg p.o. (171.0–258.3%) and ONPK 500 (179.5%) were also significant (P < 0.01) and higher than that of Aspirin (103.00%) in the Randall-Selitto test. Both capsules also demonstrated significant (P < 0.5) analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in the acetic acid-induced writhing and carrageenan-indued paw edema tests respectively. The two NPK500 capsules also, significantly (P < 0.5) inhibited PGE2 and iNOS but not COX-2 and COX-1 in the carrageenan-indued paw edema test. These results show that NNPK 500 and ONPK 500 capsules possessed potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities via inhibition of PGE2 and iNOS as a result of their chemical constituents. NPK500 capsules thus, relief acute pain and inflammation without causing gastrointestinal, renal or hepatic injuries, since they did not inhibit COX-1. [Display omitted] • The major active ingredient identified in NPK500 capsules was kaempferol. • Physcion, β-sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and betulinic acid were also present. • Analgesic activity of NPK500 was 171.0–258.3% against 103.00% for Aspirin. • NPK500 also produced significant anti-inflammatory activity. • NPK500 capsules inhibited PGE2 and iNOS during inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilization of plant extracts for the synthesis of nanomaterials is a green technology that is safe to the environment. In the current study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was synthesised using the methanolic root bark extract of Cassia sieberiana as capping and stabilizing agents for the first time. The ZnO NPs were then characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–Vis spectroscopy, transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of the nanoparticles were analyzed by egg albumin (EA) denaturation assay and DPPH free radical scavenging assay respectively. The agar well diffusion method was also used to access the antimicrobial activity of the ZnO NPs against S. aureus (gram-positive), E. coli (gram-negative), S. typhi (gram-negative) and C. albicans (yeast). Saponins, anthracenosides, triterpenes and polyphenols were the phytochemicals present in the plant extract. The average particle size (TEM) determined was 12.9 ± 3.1 nm with spherical shapes. ZnO NPs demonstrated good antioxidant activity (IC50 = 0.480 ± 0.018 mg mL−1) and dose-dependently inhibited the heat-induced denaturation of egg albumin (IC50 = 0.676 ± 0.000 mg mL−1). In general, the synthesized ZnO NPs showed a positive anti-microbial activity against the selected microbes. The ZnO NPs showed a significant zone of inhibition for S. typhi (20.0 mm), S. aureus (24.0 mm), whereas the zone of inhibition was less for E. coli (13.7 mm) and C. albicans (11.7 mm) at 25 mg/mL. The green synthesized ZnO NPs may be used as an effective drug delivery system.

Background: The acceptance of traditional medicine as an alternative form of health care has led researchers to further investigate the antimicrobial and other health benefits of medicinal plants including Cassia sieberiana. The objective of this study is to assess the in vivo antibacterial effects of C. sieberiana stem bark extracts on infections caused by human and animal isolates of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) in Wister rats. Methodology: This in vivo study was designed for 21 days in 3 phases of 7 days each; adaptation, infection and treatment. Escherichia coli were isolated from aerobic cultures of human and cattle faecal samples and EHEC 0157 identified by serological typing using latex agglutination method. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of authenticated C. sieberiana stem bark, were prepared using standard method. Forty-five Wister rats were randomly divided into 9 groups (A-I) of 5 rats each. Rats in group A (uninfected with human or animal EHEC isolate and untreated) served as negative control while rats in group B (infected with EHEC animal isolate and untreated) and group C (infected with EHEC human isolate and untreated) served as positive controls. Rats in group C through group I were experimental groups that were either infected with human or animal EHEC isolate and treated, or uninfected but treated with ethanol and aqueous extracts of C. sieberiana. During each of the study phase, faecal samples were collected from the rats and processed for evaluation of EHEC count and to determine faecal occult blood. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 20.0 and categorical variables were compared with Pearson's Chi-square, with significant value taken as p<0.05 Results: Three EHEC isolates (2 from cattle and 1 from human) were identified from 22 E. coli isolates cultured from cattle and human faecal samples. Rats in group A (negative control) and those in group G (infected with EHEC human isolate and treated with ethanol extract), group H (not infected but treated with aqueous extract) and group I (not infected but treated with ethanol extract) were faecal occult blood negative throughout the study period. Rats in group B (infected with animal isolate of EHEC without treatment) were occult blood negative after infection on day 14 but positive on day 21, while rats in group C (infected with human isolate of EHEC without treatment) were occult blood positive on day 14 but negative on day 21. Rats in groups D, E and F infected with human and cattle EHEC isolates and treated, were faecal occult blood positive on day 14 but negative on day 21, with high colony counts recorded, cleared within 7 days of treatment by both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of C. sieberiana. Conclusion: The findings of this study confirmed the antibacterial potentials of C. sieberiana stem bark against EHEC. The beneficial effects of this plant extract should be exploited for commercial medicinal purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The present study was designed to investigate the in vitro antibacterial activities of crude methanol extract and constituents isolated by Column Chromatography (CC) from Cassia sieberiana bark (CSB) against ten MDR Gram-negative bacteria, as well as the mechanisms of action of the most active sample. Methods The antibacterial activity of the tested samples (extract, the fractions and their compounds isolated by CC and the structures obtained by exploiting 1H and 13C Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra) in the presence and absence of an efflux pumps inhibitor, phenylalanine-arginine β-naphthylamide (PAβN), was evaluated using the micro-dilution method. The effects of the most active sample were evaluated on the cell growth kinetic and on the bacterial H+-ATPase proton pumps. Results Phytochemical composition of the crude extract showed a rather selective distribution of secondary metabolites (presence of polyphenols, tannins, steroids, triterpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and absence of anthocyanins, anthraquinones). The tested samples displayed different antibacterial activities with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 64 to 512 μg/mL. Crude extract (CS) and fraction CSc showed the highest inhibitory spectra, both inhibiting all of the studied bacteria except Enterobacter aerogenes EA27 strain. Fraction CSc exerted bactericidal effects on most bacteria meanwhile, crude extract (CS) and sub-fraction CSc2 exerted bacteriostatic effects. Compounds 1 (spectaline) and 2 (iso-6-cassine) inhibited the growth of 70% (Escherichia coli ATCC8739 and AG102, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC11296, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC13048 and EA27, Providencia stuartii ATCC29916, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01) and 60% (Escherichia coli ATCC8739, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC11296 and KP55, Providencia stuartii ATCC29916, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 and PA124) of bacteria respectively with MICs ranging from 128 to 512 μg/mL. In the presence of PAβN, the activities of crude extract CS, fraction CAc and sub-fraction CSc2 strongly increased on most bacteria strains as their MICs significantly decreased. Sub-fraction CSc2 inhibited the H+-ATPase proton pumps and altered growth kinetic of Escherichia coli ATCC8739. Conclusion The overall results justify the traditional use of C. sieberiana for the treatment of bacterial infections.

Inflammation is the supreme biological response to illness. In the Hauts-Bassins region, in traditional medicine, all parts of Cassia sieberiana and Piliostigma thonningii are used to treat hepatitis and inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of their aqueous extracts. High performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array (HPLC-DAD) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analyses highlighted the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were measured by various methods such as DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), TAC (total antioxidant capacity), anti-protease, anti-lipoxygenase, and membrane stabilization. The best antioxidant activity was observed in the bark (DPPH: IC50 = 13.45 ± 0.10 µg/mL) and roots (TAC = 29.68 ± 1.48 mg AAE/g DW) of Piliostigma thonningii and in the roots (ABTS: IC50 = 1.83 ± 0.34 µg/mL) of Cassia sieberiana. The best anti-inflammatory activity was observed in the bark (anti-lipoxygenase: IC50 = 13.04 ± 1.99 µg/mL) and leaves (anti-proteases: IC50 = 75.74 ± 1.07 µg/mL, membrane stabilization: IC50 = 48.32 ± 6.39 µg/mL) of Cassia sieberiana. Total polyphenols (ABTS: r = −0.679, TAC: r = 0.960) and condensed tannins (ABTS: r = −0.702, TAC: r = 0.701) were strongly correlated with antioxidant activity. Total flavonoids (anti-proteases: r = −0.729), condensed tannins (anti-proteases: r = 0.698), and vitamin C (anti-proteases: r = −0.953) were strongly correlated with anti-inflammatory activity. Total polyphenols, flavonoids, condensed tannins, and vitamin C could contribute to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the two studied plants. These results could validate the traditional use of these plants to treat various inflammatory diseases.

The stem bark of Cassia sieberiana was extracted with methanol and the methanol extract partitioned with chloroform. Column chromatography of the chloroform fraction over silica gel yielded a novel benzofurochromene [2-(4-hydroxylphenyl)-7'-1, 2-dihydroxy-1-phenylpropyl)-4', 6'-dihydroxy [1] phenylbenzofuro (2, 3-c)-7'-chromene], lupeol and epiafzelechin. Their structures determined by Nuclear Magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new caffeate derivative from the ethanol extract of the stem bark of Cassia sieberiana DC. is described herein along with the known secondary metabolites spectaline (2), iso-6-cassine (3), 3-O-methyl-chiro-inositol (4), monobehenin (5), octyl nonadecyloate (6), β-sitosterol (7), stigmasterol (8) and sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (9). The chemical structures were elucidated by means of various spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques. Extract and isolated compounds were devoid of inhibitory action against the herein selected bacterial strains (MICs > 256 μg/mL) but showed capacities to reduce 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical (EC50 < 3 μg/mL) considerably better than the "gold standard" trolox (EC50 6.47 ± 0.48 μg/mL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activated carbons obtained from Cassia sieberiana were studied for the adsorption of Pb2+ from an aqueous solution. Characterization of the activated carbon by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, point of zero charge, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed on the unmodified Cassia sieberiana (UMCS), thermally modified Cassia sieberiana (TMCS) and base modified Cassia sieberiana (BMCS) adsorbents. The well-known batch sorption isotherm models such as Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin were tested with experimental data for the adsorption of Pb2+ to estimate the adsorption equilibrium parameters (rate constant and, adsorption capacity). The model with the best fit was identified from extensive statistical analysis of the results of nonlinear fitting of the experimental data. The FTIR analysis before and after adsorption studies confirmed the presence of different functional groups as well as shifting of functional groups after the adsorption of Pb2+. SEM analysis showed the surface morphology of the different adsorbents being relatively rough and irregular indicating higher pores on the surface of the modified adsorbents. The modified C. sieberiana showed a large surface area (471.521, 624.772 and 628.585 m²/g) and a point of zero charge at 4.42, 7.22 and 7.23 for UMCS, TMCS and BMCS, respectively. TGA analysis showed that the thermal decomposition of the adsorbents took place in three or less well-evidenced stages, with significant mass losses. The Langmuir isotherm gave the best fit with determination coefficients (R²) of 1. The adsorption of Pb2+ ion onto UMCS, TMCS and BMCS best fitted into pseudo-second-order model with R² 0.999 suggesting chemical adsorption mechanism. The overall adsorption process was controlled by one or more steps such as external diffusion, pore diffusion, surface diffusion and adsorption on the pore surface or a combination of more than one step as predicted by the intraparticle diffusion model. In general, modified C. sieberiana seed as an adsorbent can be used as an effective material for the removal of Pb2+ from an aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the curative response of ethanol extract of Cassia sieberiana leaves (EECSL) on testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Thirty rats of 11–12 weeks old weighing 120–160 g were grouped into six of five rats each. Group 1 was the normal control; groups 2–6 were induced with testosterone (5 mg/kg body weight) for 21 days following standard procedures. Group 2 serves as BPH-control, groups 3 received finasteride while 4–6 received orally 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg of EECSL, respectively for 14 days. Biochemical and BPH indices were analyzed. Oral administration of EECSL showed a decrease in prostate weight, Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), triacylglycerol (TAG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), malondialdehyde (MDA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) whereas an elevation in high-density lipoprotein (HDL), GSH and likewise antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were recorded. The histology photomicrographs showed that EECSL restored lesions of testosterone induction in the treated groups. Our study reveals that EECSL exerts potent on BPH, hypolipidaemic, and antioxidant potentials and justifies the claims by the traditional doctors in BPH management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ghana, the encapsulated blend of the powdered stem and root bark of Cassia sieberiana is prescribed and dispensed to patients at the Centre for Plant Medicine Research (CPMR), for the management of dysmenorrhea and gastric ulcer pain. This current formulation has significant challenges in manufacturing and optimization of therapeutic outcomes due to lack of standardization of actual quantities of the extracts obtained from ingestion of the product. The study sought to formulate and evaluate capsules of Cassia sieberiana using the stem and root bark. Extraction was undertaken with different solvents: absolute ethanol (F1) and 70% ethanol (F2). These 2 formulations were compared to the existing product (MP1) by CPMR. Granules for encapsulation were prepared by wet granulation and their flow properties compared with MP1. Drug-excipient compatibility was studied using FT-IR, TLC and UV. Quality control tests on MP1, F1 and F2 capsules were conducted using pharmacopoieal methods. From the results obtained, organoleptic and physicochemical properties of the extracts demonstrated its suitability for use in oral capsule formulation. MP1, F1 and F2 recorded a λmax of 278 nm, 278 nm and 276 nm, respectively. The extract per dose of capsules was found to be 27.84 ± 0.11 mg and 36.65 ± 0.03 mg for F1 and F2, respectively. Granules of F1 and F2 had good flow properties whereas MP1 demonstrated a fair flow property. FT-IR spectra showed possible interaction between extracts and excipients. However, TLC results indicated similar compounds present in the extracts and granules. The UV marker analysis also indicated no interaction since the percentage drug contents in F1 and F2 capsules were found to be 98.0% ± 1.40 and 98.90% ± 2.80 respectively. All 3 formulations passed the disintegration and uniformity of weight tests except MP1 which failed the latter. F1 capsules recorded the highest dissolution efficiency (99%) while MP1 recorded the lowest (22%). There was significant difference (p < 0.0001) in the release of Cassia sieberiana among the three formulations. This study has demonstrated the potential replacement of Cassia sieberiana capsules on the market with capsules developed from its extract with F1 capsules being the most desirable.

Chronic inflammation underlying non-communicable diseases continues to impose serious economic and public health burden globally. Exploring medicinal plants presents a valid approach to sourcing new anti-inflammatory therapies. This study was performed to evaluate Cassia sieberiana root and Terminalia avicennioides stem bark extracts in pain and inflammation, in order to identify an active extract and its mechanism of action. Aqueous and 70% v/v ethanol extracts of C. sieberiana root (CSA and CSE) and T. avicennioides stem bark extracts (TAA and TAE) were prepared. Acute toxicity, phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the extracts were determined. Graded doses of each extract were tested against acetic acid-induced nociception and acute formalin-induced paw inflammation. T. avicennioides stem bark ethanol extract was further tested in chronic paw inflammation and its effects on edematous response and nitric oxide in inflammed tissue were measured. All the extracts were acutely safe following oral administration of doses up to 2000 mg/kg. Comparatively, T. avicennioides aqueous extract (TAA) showed the highest phenolic content and displayed the highest antioxidant potency among the extracts. T. avicennioides and C. sieberiana ethanol extracts produced comparable inhibition of acetic acid-induced pain. Only T. avicennioides ethanol extract significantly (p < 0.001) ameliorated acute formalin-induced nociception in phase 1 of the test compared with other extracts. It was also the most effective in inhibiting edema formation during the inflammatory phase. In chronic paw inflammation, 300 and 900 mg/kg TAE significantly (p < 0.01) lowered post-treatment edema and reduced the relative paw index of the inflammed paw. At these doses, nitric oxide levels were also reduced compared to the control group. T. avicennioides and C. sieberiana extracts possess beneficial effects against pain, but T. avicennioides has a comparatively higher acute anti-inflammatory effect, concentrated in its ethanol extract. Inhibition of nitric oxide and prostaglandin activity may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effect of T. avicennioides ethanol extract in chronic inflammation.

In Togo, the abusive use of the root of Cassia sieberiana D.C. in traditional medicine, contributes gradually to the rarefaction of the species. The general objective of this study is to promote the use of vital organs of Cassia sieberiana in traditional medicine in Togo. The identification of secondary metabolites of the extracts (cyclohexane, dichloromethane and methanol) was carried out by GC-MS and by CL-MS/MS. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed according to the well diffusion method and the MICs and MBCs according to the tube dilution method. Compounds such as sitosterol α-acetate, β-sitosterol, emodin, chaetochromine, luteolin, (±)-catechin, naringenin 5-O-rhamnoside, guibourtinidol-(4 alpha-> 6)-catechin and (-) - epiafzelechin are found in the root and in the stem bark. The identified molecules give the different methanolic extracts, an antibacterial effect on all the germs tested. At the end of this study, it appears that the chemical composition of the stem bark is almost similar to that of the root bark. The leaves would be better placed for the treatment of bacteria tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver disease is still a global health concern and the drugs used to treat the condition are also implicated in exacerbating the problem. Many are sources are constantly screened for bioactivity in order to compensates shortcomings from current treatments. Thus, the current study evaluates the hepatocurative potential of aqueous stem bark extract of Cassia sieberiana in liver-damaged albino rats. Phytochemical analysis, acute toxicity study and effect of aqueous stem bark extract of Cassia sieberiana in rats induced with CCl4 liver damaged were conducted. The rats were randomly divided into five groups of six rats each. With one group being normal control while the others were induced with 150 mg/kg CCl4 to induce liver damage followed by daily administration of graded doses (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg) of aqueous stem bark extract of Cassia sieberiana (ASBEC) for four weeks. Three rats from each group were randomly selected and sacrificed 48hours after CCl4 induction in order to confirm liver damage, while the remaining three rats in all the groups were sacrificed after four weeks. The blood samples were collected to determine serum levels of liver enzymes, total proteins, bilirubin(s) and albumin. Histopathological examination on the liver section was carried out. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloid and flavonoids. The acute toxicity of ASBEC shows no sign of toxicity at a maximum dose of 5000mg/kg. The extract produced dose-dependent reduction in the biochemical markers of liver injury (P ≤ 0.05) compared to the negative (CCl4-only treated group) control. There is no statistically significant change (P > 0.05) in the serum biomarkers of liver injury in the extract treated groups compared to the positive (normal saline) control. The results of the biochemical parameters indicate some hepatocurative effects of the extract against CCl4 induced liver toxicity and this was supported by the hispathological examination of rat's liver. Hence, the curative latent of the Cassia sieberiana may be due to the presence of high concentration of tannins and saponins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The insecticidal activity of Cassia sieberiana (DC) and Vernonia amygdalina (Del.) aqueous extract against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) in treated bambara groundnut was evaluated under laboratory conditions (25 – 29°C and 56 – 70% r.h.). Seeds were treated separately at four concentrations (2, 4, 6 and 8 ml/100g of seeds) of both plants aqueous extracts. Pirimiphos methyl applied at 8 mg a.i./kg was included as positive control. Data collected were adult mortality, number of adult progeny (F1 and F2), percentage seed damage, percentage weight loss and germination capacity. Results showed that increasing concentration of both plant extracts and period of exposure to treated seeds significantly (P

Bioassay-guided isolation was used to investigate the antioxidants and α-glucosidase inhibitors from extract of root of Cassia sieberiana. The ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated strong free radical scavenging (DPPH and ABTS+) and potent α-glucosidase inhibition. The subsequent fractionation and purification of the ethyl acetate fraction using silica gel chromatography and Sephadex LH-20, yielded; islandicin (1), chrysophanol (2), physcion (3), emodin (4), quercetin (5), kaempferol (6), dihydrokaempferol (7), and piceatannol (8). Quercetin (5) showed the most active antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 1.58 mM and 1.30 mM against DPPH and ABTS+ radicals, followed by piceatannol (8) with IC50 values of 3.96 mM and 3.28 mM, which is better than the standard BHT (with IC50 value 8.93 mM) and trolox (with IC50 value 8.25 mM), for DPPH and ABTS+ radicals scavenging activities, respectively. For the α-glucosidase inhibitory assay, quercetin (5) and piceatannol (8) showed higher potency against α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 5.73 µM and 7.37 µM respectively, than standard quercetin with IC50 value of 9.20 µM and acarbose with IC50 value of 14.12 µM. This study presents the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitors from root of C. sieberiana and all the compounds are isolated from this source for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the course of the screening of plants from Niger for antiprotozoal activity, the methanol extract of Cassia sieberiana , and the dichloromethane extracts of Ziziphus mauritiana and Sesamun alatum were found to be active against protozoan parasites, namely Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense , Trypanosoma cruzi , Leishmania donovani and/or Plasmodium falciparum . Myricitrin ( 1 ), quercitrin ( 2 ) and 1-palmitoyl-lysolecithin ( 3 ) were isolated from C. sieberiana . From Z. mauritiana , the three triterpene derivatives 13 , 15 , and 16 are described here for the first time. Their chemical structures were determined by 1D and 2D NMR experiments, UV, IR and HRESIMS data. The absolute configurations were assigned via comparison of the experimental and calculated ECD spectra. In addition, eight known cyclopeptide alkaloids ( 4 , 5 , 7 - 12 ), and five known triterpenoids ( 6 , 14 , 17-19 ) were isolated. The antiprotozoal activity of the isolated compounds, as well as of eleven quinone derivatives ( 20-30 ) previously isolated from S. alatum was determined in vitro. The cytotoxicity in L6 rat myoblast cells was also evaluated. Compound 18 showed the highest antiplasmodial activity (IC 50 = 0.2 µm) and compound 24 inhibited T. b. rhodesiense with an IC 50 value of 0.007  µ M. However, it also displayed significant cytotoxicity in L6 cells (IC 50 = 0.4 µm)., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Sevik Kilicaslan, Cretton, Hausmann, Quirós-Guerrero, Karimou, Kaiser, Mäser, Christen and Cuendet.)

Ethnopharmacological relevance Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) strains resistant to licensed anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs) continue to emerge. On the African continent, uneven access to ARVs combined with occurrence of side-effects after prolonged ARV therapy have led to searches for traditional medicines as alternative or complementary remedies to conventional HIV/AIDS management. Aim of the study Here we characterize a specific three-step traditional HIV/AIDS treatment regimen consisting of Cassia sieberiana root, Vitex doniana root, and Croton megalobotrys bark by combining qualitative interviews of traditional medical knowledge users in Botswana with in vitro HIV replication studies. Materials and methods Crude extracts from a total of seven medicinal plants were tested for in vitro cytotoxicity and inhibition of wild-type (NL4.3) and ARV-resistant HIV-1 replication in an immortalized GFP-reporter CD4+ T-cell line. Results C. sieberiana root, V. doniana root, and C. megalobotrys bark extracts inhibited HIV-1 NL4.3 replication with dose-dependence and without concomitant cytotoxicity. C. sieberiana and V. doniana extracts inhibited HIV-1 replication by 50% at 84.8 µg/mL and at 25 µg/mL, respectively, while C. megalobotrys extracts inhibited HIV-1 replication by a maximum of 45% at concentrations as low as 0.05 µg/mL. Extracts did not interfere with antiviral activities of licensed ARVs when applied in combination and exhibited comparable efficacies against viruses harboring major resistance mutations to licensed protease, reverse-transcriptase, or integrase inhibitors. Conclusions We report for the first time a three-step traditional HIV/AIDS regimen, used alone or in combination with standard ARV regimens, where each step exhibited more potent ability to inhibit HIV replication in vitro. Our observations support the “reverse pharmacology” model where documented clinical experiences are used to identify natural products of therapeutic value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to upgrade the local method of processing the seed it is necessary to collate basic data on physical, mechanical and chemical properties of the seed and pod as evaluated using standard methods. The length, breadth and thickness of the pods were 12.29 mm, 8.28 mm and 4.44 mm respectively while that of seed were 4.36 mm, 3.46 mm and 1.37 mm respectively. Seed weight, bulk density, true density, porosity and sphericity were found to be 0.02 g, 0.86 g/cm³, 1.30 g/cm³, 0.33 and 78.55%. Seed was found to be moderately high in crude protein (23.72%) and crude fibre (10.75%) and also in potassium (252.33 mg/L) and magnesium (52.68 mg/L) and contained tannin, alkaloids, phenol, oxalate, cardiac glycosides and flavonoids while saponnin was not detected. Data on chemical properties of seed are essential in determining nutritional importance of seed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the widespread use of roots of Cassia sieberiana in managing several health conditions including gastric ulcer disease, there is little scientific data to support the rational phytotherapeutics as an anti-ulcer agent. This paper reports an evaluation of the in vivo anti-oxidant properties of an aqueous root bark extract of C. sieberiana in experimental gastric ulcer rats in a bid to elucidate its mechanism of action. Methods: Fisher 344 (F344) rats received pretreatment of C. sieberiana root bark extract (500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg body wt.) for 7 days after which there was induction of gastric injury with absolute ethanol. The mean ulcer index (MUI) was calculated and serum total anti-oxidant level determined. Gastric mucosal tissues were prepared and the activity level of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured together with the level of lipid hydroperoxides (LPO). Statistical difference between treatment groups was analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's post hoc t test. Statistical significance was calculated at P< 0.05. Results: The administration of ethanol triggered severe acute gastric ulcer and pretreatment with C. sieberiana root bark extract significantly and dose dependently protected against this effect. The root bark extract also dose dependently and significantly inhibited the ethanol induced decrease in activity levels of the enzymes SOD, CAT and GPx. The extract also inhibited the ethanol-induced decrease in level of serum total anti-oxidant capacity. The increase in ethanol-induced LPO level and MPO activity were also significantly and dose-dependently inhibited by the root bark extract. Conclusions: The gastro-cytoprotective effect, inhibition of decrease in activity of gastric anti-oxidant enzymes and MPO as well as the inhibition of gastric LPO level suggests that one of the anti-ulcer mechanisms of C. sieberiana is the anti-oxidant property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cassia sieberiana D. C. [Caesalpiniaceae] though widely used in traditional medicine as an analgesic in dysmenorrhoea, ulcer, general body pains and in veterinary medicine, there is no report on its standardization. Objective: To establish standards for a partial monograph preparation. Materials and methods: Standardization followed British Pharmacoepoeia Standardization methods. Plant materials were collected and air dried for five days and then oven dried at 52°C for one hour and milled. A quantity of C. sieberiana powdered root was mounted separately in each of 10% iodine, chloral hydrate, phloroglucinol in conc HCl and Sudan II and examined under the microscope to identify the cell types and cell inclusions present. Mounted slides were photographed using digital camera Olympus OIL-8CC. Total ash value, acid insoluble ash, solvent extractives, pH and phytochemical analysis of extracts followed methods as in British Pharmacoepia (BP) 1990. Results: Transverse section (TS) of the root bark shows outermost layer of cork, beneath which is a layer of parenchyma cells and a ring of stone cells. The longitudinal section (LS) of the root bark conforms to the same tissue arrangement. Calcium oxalate crystals are pyramidal shaped with base diagonals measuring 40 to 160μ. Starch grains are oval; length ranging from 60 to 180μ and diameter from 40 to 120μ. Total ash; 7.43-8.37, Acid insoluble ash; 4.80-5.50% w/w. Ethanol(70%) extractive; 14.28-14.30% w/w; Chloroform-water extractive; 15.99-19.98%w/w, pH (1% w/v at 28°C); 4.88. Constituents: Anthraquinones, Saponins, Sterols, Steroidal glycosides, Tannins, Triterpenes. Conclusion: Established standards can form the basis for monograph compilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The in vitro antitrypanosomal activity of methylene chloride, methanol and aqueous extracts of the leaves and twigs of five plant species traditionally used in Benin for the treatment of sleeping sickness were evaluated on Trypanosoma brucei brucei and their selectivity was analysed on Leishmania mexicana mexicana and J774 macrophage-like murine cells. The results showed that the four most active extracts had MIC values ≤19 μg/ml (Hymenocardia acida twig and leaf, Strychnos spinosa leaf, Trichilia emetica leaf methylene chloride extracts). All these extracts had a lower activity on L. m. mexicana and J774 cells. Determination of the IC50 values of the methylene chloride leaf extracts on two strains of trypanosomes (T. b. brucei and T. b. rhodesiense) and two mammalian cell lines (L6 and J774 cells) showed that all extracts possessed some antitrypanosomal activity with IC50’s ranging from 1.5 to 39 μg/ml. All were also toxic to the mammalian cells, but usually with higher IC50’s. The only exception was the S. spinosa methylene chloride leaf extract which had no toxicity on J774 cells. Although tannins have been identified in most of the species studied, they could not be detected in the most active extracts, just as alkaloids. The presence of flavonoids and quinones may at least in part explain the observed activities of some of the active extracts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]