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lt;bgt;Background and Objective:lt;/bgt;lt;igt;Phyllanthus tenelluslt;/igt; Roxb. is a medicinal species widely used in Brazil for diseases of the urinary tract, kidney stones, infections and as a diuretic. The therapeutic property of this species is due to the production of phenolic compounds by secondary metabolism. However, cultivation conditions can alter the production of phenolic compounds and compromise the medicinal use of the species. The aim of this research was the evaluation of the genotoxic and cytotoxic activity of aqueous extracts of the specieslt;igt;Phyllanthus tenelluslt;/igt; Roxb. grown with and without shading, on thelt;igt;Allium cepalt;/igt; cell cycle and also, determine the phenolic compounds present in the aqueous extracts in each of the cultivation conditions.lt;bgt;Materials and Methods:lt;/bgt; For thelt;igt;Allium cepalt;/igt; test three concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 g Llt;supgt;lt;/supgt;lt;supgt;1lt;/supgt; of the aerial part of the plant were used for the preparation of aqueous extracts, referring to the two forms of cultivation, with and without shading.lt;bgt;Results:lt;/bgt; The aqueous extracts oflt;igt;Phyllanthus tenelluslt;/igt; Roxb. have cytotoxic activity, except for the 5 g Llt;supgt;lt;/supgt;lt;supgt;1lt;/supgt; concentration of the cultivation with shading, which is the only concentration that has a genotoxic effect.lt;bgt;Conclusion:lt;/bgt; The incidence of light stimulates the increase in the concentration of phenolic compounds (total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins) in the species when cultivated in full sun.

The use of homeopathy in the cultivation of medicinal plants promotes fluctuations in the production of secondary metabolites, but there is no scientific reference to its effect on the productivity...

In order to be considered highly reliable (showing very accurate results), an experiment needs to be very well planned. Defining the experimental plot size and number of replicates is fundamental to control the experimental error at the beginning of the experiment. The aim of this study was to estimate the plot size and the number of replicates sufficient to perform experiments with Cucumis sativus. A uniformity trial was installed in the first week of January 2017. The spacing used was 0.3 m between plants and 1 m between rows, resulting in 12 plants in each of the 12 cultivation rows and each basic experimental unit was composed of one plant. The variables observed in 18 harvests were average fruit mass (MMF, in g), average fruit length (CMF, in cm) and average fruit diameter (DMF, in cm). The harvests were analyzed individually and grouped to reduce experimental variability. The number of replicates and the plot size were estimated using the method of maximum curvature of the coefficient of variation. The plot size and the number of replicates were influenced by the variability in the rows and between the harvests. We recommend plots consisting of four plants per cultivation row with six replicates for the minimum significant difference by Tukey’s test, expressed in 25% the means percentage. RESUMO Para que um experimento apresente alta confiabilidade e precisão em seus resultados há a necessidade de seu adequado planejamento. Nesta etapa, a definição do tamanho da parcela experimental e do número de repetições é fundamental para que o erro experimental já seja controlado no início do experimento. Desta forma o objetivo do trabalho foi estimar o tamanho de parcela e o número de repetições suficientes para realização de experimentos com Cucumis sativus. A implantação do ensaio de uniformidade ocorreu na primeira semana de janeiro de 2017. O espaçamento utilizado foi de 0,3 m entre plantas e 1 m entre fileiras, resultando em 12 plantas em cada uma das 12 fileiras de cultivo e cada unidade experimental básica foi composta de uma planta. As variáveis observadas nas 18 colheitas foram massa média de frutos (MMF, em g), comprimento médio de frutos (CMF, em cm) e diâmetro médio de frutos (DMF, em cm). As colheitas foram analisadas individualmente e agrupadas para a redução da variabilidade experimental. Foram estimados o número de repetições e o tamanho de parcela pelo método da curvatura máxima do coeficiente de variação. O tamanho de parcela e o número de repetições são influenciados pela variabilidade existente nas fileiras de cultivo e entre as colheitas. Para uma diferença mínima significativa do teste de Tukey expressa em percentagem da média de 25%, recomenda-se parcelas de quatro plantas por fileira de cultivo com seis repetições.

The objective of this study was to fit a logistic model to fresh and dry matters of leaves and fresh and dry matters of shoots of four lettuce cultivars to describe growth in summer. Cultivars Crocantela, Elisa, Rubinela, and Vera were evaluated in the summer of 2017 and 2018, in soil in protected environment and in soilless system. Seven days after transplantation, fresh and dry leaf matters and fresh and dry shoot matters of 8 plants were weighed every 4 days. The model parameters were estimated using the software R, using the least squares method and iterative process of Gauss-Newton. We also estimated the confidence intervals of the parameters, verified the assumptions of the models, calculated the goodness-of-fit measures and the critical points, and quantified the parametric and intrinsic nonlinearities. The logistic growth model fitted well to fresh and dry leaf and shoot matters of cultivars Crocantela, Elisa, Rubinela, and Vera and is indicated to describe the growth of lettuce.

Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES Chamomile is one of the most cultivated medicinal plants in the Brazil due to its therapeutic properties present in flowers, from which the essential oil is extracted. The use of homeopathic medicines in the cultivation of medicinal plants promotes changes in plant metabolism that may influence productivity, secondary metabolism and, consequently, the use of plant derivatives. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate different dynamizations of the Phosphorus homeopathic medicines in the production of biomass and essential oil of chamomile, as well as the genotoxic effects of infusions and essential oil through the test of Allium cepa, and the effect on a nutritional restriction condition of the chemical element phosphorus. At the first moment, four Phosphorus dynamizations were evaluated: 3CH, 6CH, 12CH and 30CH, in the cultivar Mandirituba, with the treatments control distilled water and 70% alcohol. All variables related to the production of biomass, flowers, content, productivity and essential oil composition of chamomile were measured. The evaluation of genotoxicity by means of the Allium cepa test was conducted with two concentrations (10 and 40 g L-1) of inflorescences for the preparation of infusions and 0.10% (v v-1) diluted essential oil. The phenolic compounds were determined by liquid chromatography. In the second moment, only the 3CH dynamization of Phosphorus in the cultivation of chamomile with the restriction of the chemical element phosphorus was evaluated. All variables mentioned above were evaluated, except the genotoxicity test and the phenolic compounds. In the two moments the determination of the mineral composition present in the plant tissue of chamomile was carried out. The productivity of flowers per hectare can be increased with the application of the 30CH dynamization that raises the levels of nitrogen and iron in the plant tissue. The diameter and height of inflorescences increase with the use of 3CH dynamization, which is also efficient in raising the content and productivity of essential oil in chamomile, under optimum conditions of cultivation. Phosphorus cultivation does not induce a genotoxic effect in the use of infusions and essential oil of chamomile. The homeopathic medicine Phosphorus 3CH and the restriction of phosphorus did not promote increases in the content and productivity of essential oil and flowers in chamomile. However, the stress promoted by the restriction of phosphorus increased the concentration of the major analytes present in the essential oil. The homeopathic medicine Phosphorus gives effect on chamomile cultivation, with positive responses in increasing the productivity of flowers and essential oil, without toxic effect on products from this species. Phosphorus 30CH and 3CH can be used in plants that exhibit low flower production and essential oil, respectively, under favorable growing conditions. Under nutritional restriction, Phosphorus 3CH does not provide advantageous effects on chamomile cultivation and the stress promoted by phosphorus restriction increases the concentration of the major analytes present in the essential oil. A camomila é uma das plantas medicinais mais cultivadas no Brasil devido as suas propriedades terapêuticas presentes nas inflorescências, das quais é extraído o óleo essencial. O uso de medicamentos homeopáticos no cultivo de plantas medicinais promove alterações no metabolismo vegetal que podem influenciar na produtividade, no metabolismo secundário e, consequentemente, na utilização dos derivados das plantas. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diferentes dinamizações do medicamento homeopático Phosphorus na produção de biomassa e óleo essencial de camomila, como também, os efeitos genotóxicos das infusões e óleo essencial através do teste de Allium cepa, e o efeito em uma condição de restrição nutricional do elemento químico fósforo. No primeiro momento foram avaliadas quatro dinamizações de Phosphorus: 3CH, 6CH, 12CH e 30CH, na cultivar Mandirituba, com os tratamentos controle água destilada e álcool 70%. Foram mensuradas todas as variáveis relacionadas à produção de biomassa, flores, teor, produtividade e composição do óleo essencial de camomila. A avaliação da genotoxicidade por meio do teste de Allium cepa foi conduzida com duas concentrações (10 e 40 g L-1) de inflorescências para o preparo das infusões e óleo essencial diluído a 0,10% (v v-1). Os compostos fenólicos foram determinados por cromatografia líquida. No segundo momento, foi avaliada apenas a dinamização 3CH de Phosphorus no cultivo de camomila com a restrição do elemento químico fósforo. Foram avaliadas todas as variáveis acima citadas, exceto o teste de genotoxicidade e os compostos fenólicos. Nos dois momentos foi realizada a determinação da composição mineral presente no tecido vegetal de camomila. A produtividade de flores por hectare pode ser incrementada com a aplicação da dinamização 30CH que eleva os teores de nitrogênio e ferro no tecido vegetal. O diâmetro e a altura dos capítulos florais aumentam com o emprego da dinamização 3CH, que também é eficiente em elevar o teor e a produtividade de óleo essencial em camomila, em condições ideais de cultivo. O cultivo com Phosphorus não induz um efeito genotóxico no uso de infusões e óleo essencial de camomila. O medicamento homeopático Phosphorus 3CH e a restrição de fósforo não promoveram aumentos no teor e na produtividade de óleo essencial e de flores em camomila. No entanto, o estresse promovido pela restrição de fósforo aumentou a concentração dos analitos majoritários presentes no óleo essencial. O medicamento homeopático Phosphorus proporciona efeito no cultivo de camomila, com respostas positivas no aumento da produtividade de flores e óleo essencial, sem efeito tóxico nos produtos oriundos desta espécie. Phosphorus 30CH e 3CH podem ser utilizados em plantas que apresentam baixa produção de flores e óleo essencial, respectivamente, em condições favoráveis de cultivo. Sob restrição nutricional, Phosphorus 3CH não proporciona efeitos vantajosos no cultivo de camomila e o estresse promovido pela restrição de fósforo aumenta a concentração dos analitos majoritários presentes no óleo essencial.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Chamomilla recutita (Asteraceae) is used worldwide as a soothing, anti-inflammatory and aromatherapy. In Brazil, it is one of the most cultivated medicinal species. However, the cultivation form may alter the production of compounds in the secondary metabolism and compromise the therapeutic purpose of this species. Aim of the study Evaluation of antiproliferative and genotoxic effects of infusions and essential oil of chamomile, cultivated with homeopathy, on the cell cycle of Allium cepa, as well as the determination of the phenolic compounds present in the infusions of the chamomile inflorescences. Material and methods For the Allium cepa test, two concentrations of 10 and 40 g L−1 of inflorescences of chamomile were used for the preparation of the infusions and essential oil diluted to 0.10%, referring to the six treatments obtained in field cultivation, in which were carried out the applications of homeopathy from the emergence to the harvest of the plants. Distilled water and ethanol were used as negative control and glyphosate 2% as a positive control. The determination of phenolic compounds present in the infusions was carried by liquid chromatography in a UHPLC apparatus. Results Chamomile infusions at concentrations of 10 and 40 g L−1 of inflorescence reduced mitotic index and emphasized antiproliferative activity on the cell cycle of Allium cepa. However, the treatments related to essential oil diluted to 0.10% showed a response variation dependent on the dynamization used, as well as for apigenin concentration. Conclusions Therefore, cultivation with homeopathy does not induce a genotoxic effect in the use of infusions and essential oil of chamomile and it emphasize antiproliferative activity on the cell cycle of Allium cepa, favoring the sustainable cultivation and the safe use of this medicinal species when cultivated with homeopathy.

A produção de biomassa e grãos de aveia depende diretamente das formas de fornecimento de nitrogênio (N). Propôs-se, com este estudo, determinar a eficiência de aproveitamento de N-fertilizante na elaboração de biomassa e grãos de aveia em distintos sistemas de cultivo e estimar a máxima eficiência técnica e econômica de produtividade de grãos na identificação de cultivares mais eficientes no uso do N. O estudo foi conduzido nos anos de 2011 e 2012, em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições em esquema fatorial 4 x 2 para Doses de Nitrogênio (0, 30, 60 e 120 kg ha-1) e Cultivares de Aveia (Barbarasul e Brisasul) no sistema soja/aveia e milho/aveia. Há tendência de crescimento na taxa de biomassa em aveia com o incremento das doses de N-fertilizante em ambos os sistemas de cultivo, condição nem sempre acompanhada da maior produtividade de grãos. A cultivar Brisasul mostra maior eficiência no aproveitamento do N à elaboração de biomassa e grãos, independente do sistema de cultivo. A definição da dose ajustada em aveia permite resultados mais vantajosos pela análise da máxima eficiência econômica de produtividade de grãos.

Homeopathic medicines may present differentiated responses in the cultivation of medicinal plants, altering the plant metabolism. The aim was to verify and describe the pathogenic symptoms caused by the application of Phosphorus in the cultivation of chamomile, aiming at the production of flowers. Four dynamizations, 3CH, 6CH, 12CH and 30CH (centesimal scale: CH = centesimal hahnemannian), were evaluated in the Mandirituba chamomile cultivar. Control pots received only distilled water and 70% alcohol in the same amount and proportion of homeopathic medicine. The variables analyzed from the harvest of the flowers are related to the parameters of inflorescence and plant production of chamomile. There was no difference between the dynamizations applied for the number of flowers plant-1, dry mass plant-1, dry mass hectare-1, number of branches and plant height. The characters of flowers mass plant-1, and production of fresh and dried flowers did not differ from the averages presented by the witnesses; however, in the 30CH dynamization, values higher than the others were observed, as well as for fresh mass plant-1 and hectare-1. The diameter and the height of the flower expressed better results in the 3CH dynamization. The application of Phosphorus promotes pathogenesis in the cultivation of chamomile with increases in the characters related to the inflorescence.