115 results on '"Cast, Wayne R."'
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2. 245 Effects of Standardized Ileal Digestible Tryptophan to Lysine Ratio on Growth Performance of PIC Line 337-Sired Grow-Finish Pigs
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Royall, Rafe Q, primary, Tokach, Mike D, additional, Woodworth, Jason C, additional, DeRouchey, Joel M, additional, Goodband, Robert D, additional, Gebhardt, Jordan T, additional, Vier, Carine M, additional, Spindler, Matthew, additional, Orlando, Uislei A, additional, Zaragoza, Luis E, additional, Lu, Ning, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, Wilson-Wells, Danielle, additional, Holen, Julia, additional, and Betlach, Alyssa, additional
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- 2023
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3. 221 Assessment of Modern Gilts and Sows Body Weight (BW) Throughout Gestation and how Different Gilt BW at Breeding Impact the Energy Requirement for Maintenance at Each Parity
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Orlando, Uislei A, primary, Vier, Carine M, additional, Navales, Ron A, additional, Silva, Gefferson, additional, Thomas, Lori, additional, Lu, Ning, additional, Montoro, Jordi Camp, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, and Dritz, Steve, additional
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- 2023
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4. 129 Effects of Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine on Growth Performance of 12- to 136-kg PIC Line 800-Sired Pigs
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Gaffield, Katelyn, primary, Tokach, Mike D, additional, Woodworth, Jason C, additional, DeRouchey, Joel M, additional, Goodband, Robert D, additional, Gebhardt, Jordan T, additional, Vier, Carine M, additional, Spindler, Matthew, additional, Orlando, Uislei A, additional, Zaragoza, Luis E, additional, Lu, Ning, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, Wilson-Wells, Danielle, additional, Holen, Julia, additional, and Betlach, Alyssa, additional
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- 2023
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5. 133 The Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of 24- to 130-kg Grow-Finish Pigs Sired by PIC 800 Boars
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Kitt, Steve J, primary, Cast, Wayne R, additional, Hover, Mark, additional, Vier, Carine M, additional, Sievers, Chris, additional, Lu, Ning, additional, Navales, Ron A, additional, Montoro, Jordi Camp, additional, Betlach, Alyssa, additional, Hamilton, Dan, additional, Kiehne, Ross, additional, Zaragoza, Luis E, additional, Dritz, Steve, additional, and Orlando, Uislei A, additional
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- 2023
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6. 214 Effects of Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible (SID) Lysine (Lys) Levels and Dietary SID Tryptophan to Lys Ratios on Growth Performance of Late-Nursery Maternal Barrows
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Lu, Ning, primary, Vier, Carine M, additional, Hewett, Ellie, additional, Parr, Eric, additional, Van De Stroet, Denise, additional, Estrada, Jorge, additional, Welsch, Michael, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, Navales, Ron A, additional, Montoro, Jordi Camp, additional, Zaragoza, Luis E, additional, Dritz, Steve, additional, and Orlando, Uislei A, additional
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- 2023
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7. 135 Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of PIC 337 × Camborough Commercial Pigs that were Sired by High Index Boars
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Lu, Ning, primary, Parr, Eric, additional, Estrada, Jorge, additional, Vier, Carine M, additional, Diaz, Julia A Calderon, additional, Welsch, Michael, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, Navales, Ron A, additional, Montoro, Jordi Camp, additional, Zaragoza, Luis E, additional, Dritz, Steve, additional, and Orlando, Uislei A, additional
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- 2023
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8. 254 Effects of Increasing Daily Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Intake of Gilts and Sows During day 35-to-112 of Gestation on Reproductive Performance
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Lu, Ning, primary, Vier, Carine M, additional, Soto, Jose A, additional, Wells, Danielle, additional, Van De Stroet, Denise, additional, Zaragoza, Luis E, additional, Peterson, Beau, additional, Parr, Eric, additional, Dritz, Steve, additional, Navales, Ron, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, and Orlando, Uislei A, additional
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- 2022
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9. 274 Effects of Feeding Levels in Early Gestation on PIC Camborough Sows and Litter Performance
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Lu, Ning, primary, Estrada, Jorge, additional, Hanson, Andrea, additional, Vier, Carine M, additional, Soto, Jose A, additional, Silva, Gustavo, additional, Peterson, Beau, additional, Parr, Eric, additional, Welsch, Michael, additional, Dritz, Steve, additional, Navales, Ron, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, and Orlando, Uislei A, additional
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- 2022
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10. 271 Effects of Increasing Lactation Dietary Energy Concentration by Adding fat During the Summer Period on sow and Litter Performance
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Estrada, Jorge, primary, Vier, Carine M, additional, Hanson, Andrea, additional, Lu, Ning, additional, Diaz, Julia, additional, Van De Stroet, Denise, additional, Zaragoza, Luis E, additional, Peterson, Beau, additional, Parr, Eric, additional, Dritz, Steve, additional, Navales, Ron, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, and Orlando, Uislei A, additional
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- 2022
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11. 159 Effects of Dietary Energy and Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of Grow-Finish Maternal Barrows
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Estrada, Jorge, primary, Hanson, Andrea, additional, Vier, Carine M, additional, Lu, Ning, additional, Navales, Ron A, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, Peterson, Beau, additional, Parr, Eric, additional, and Orlando, Uislei A, additional
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- 2022
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12. 143 Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of 13- to 23-Kg Pigs Sired by PIC 800 Boars
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Xue, Pengcheng, primary, Lu, Ning, additional, Pilcher, Chad M, additional, Frederick, Brent, additional, McGhee, Molly L, additional, Li, Qingyun, additional, Vier, Carine M, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, and Orlando, Uislei A, additional
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- 2022
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13. 5 Effects of Nutrition Plans and Floor and Feeder Space on Growth Performance and Behaviors of 6- to 28-kg Nursery Pigs
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Lu, Ning, primary, Vier, Carine M, additional, Casserly, Ronan, additional, Dritz, Steve, additional, Navales, Ron A, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, Wells, Danielle, additional, Zaragoza, Luis E, additional, Young, Malachy, additional, Landero, Jose, additional, Gomez, Fernando, additional, Stas, Nat, additional, and Orlando, Uislei A, additional
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- 2022
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14. 142 Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of 11- to 25-Kg Pigs Sired by PIC 337 High Index Boars
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Lu, Ning, primary, Vier, Carine M, additional, Dritz, Steve, additional, Navales, Ron A, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, Zaragoza, Luis E, additional, and Orlando, Uislei A, additional
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- 2022
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15. 158 Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of Grow-Finish Pigs That Were Sired by PIC 800 Boars
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Xue, Pengcheng, primary, Lu, Ning, additional, Pilcher, Chad M, additional, Frederick, Brent, additional, McGhee, Molly L, additional, Li, Qingyun, additional, Vier, Carine M, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, and Orlando, Uislei A, additional
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- 2022
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16. 155 Effects of Ad Libitum or Restricted Feeding from 140 to 200 Days of Age on Removal Rate and Semen Production of PIC 800 Boars
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Lu, Ning, primary, Dritz, Steve, additional, Vier, Carine M, additional, Navales, Ron A, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, Kleve-Feld, Michael, additional, and Orlando, Uislei A, additional
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- 2022
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17. 144 Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of 15- to 23-Kg Maternal Barrows
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Vier, Carine M, primary, Lu, Ning, additional, Dritz, Steve, additional, Estrada, Jorge, additional, Peterson, Beau, additional, Hanson, Andrea, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, Wells, Danielle, additional, and Orlando, Uislei A, additional
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- 2022
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18. 152 Effects of Feeding Levels in Early Gestation on PIC Terminal Sows and Litter Performance
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Ribas, Juliana, primary, Vier, Carine M, additional, Siqueira, Amanda P, additional, Brun, Nevton, additional, Lu, Ning, additional, Dritz, Steve, additional, Navales, Ron, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, and Orlando, Uislei A, additional
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- 2022
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19. 253 Determining the Relationship Between Different Risk Factors with Pelvic Organ Prolapse Incidence in Sows
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Waltrich, Andre, primary, Rodrigues, João Victor Facchini, additional, Filho, Rosiel Cavalcante, additional, Siqueira, Amanda P, additional, Lisboa, Pedro G, additional, da Silva, Gefferson Almedia, additional, Vaz, Gilberto Carlos, additional, Silva, Rodrigo, additional, Vier, Carine M, additional, Lu, Ning, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, Dritz, Steve, additional, and Orlando, Uislei A, additional
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- 2022
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20. 252 Assessment of Modern Gilts and Sows Body Weight Throughout Gestation and How Different Daily Energy Intakes Meet the Energy Requirement for Maintenance at Each Parity
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Vier, Carine M, primary, da Silva, Gefferson Almedia, additional, Thomas, Lori, additional, Lu, Ning, additional, Dritz, Steve, additional, Navales, Ron, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, and Orlando, Uislei A, additional
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- 2022
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21. 153 Effects of Feeding Levels in Early Gestation on PIC Maternal Line Sows and Litter Performance
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Ribas, Juliana, primary, Vier, Carine M, additional, Siqueira, Amanda P, additional, Brun, Nevton, additional, Lu, Ning, additional, Dritz, Steve, additional, Navales, Ron, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, and Orlando, Uislei A, additional
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- 2022
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22. 6 Effects of Plans on Growth Performance and Behaviors of 32- to 128-kg Grow-Finish Pigs
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Lu, Ning, primary, Vier, Carine M, additional, Dritz, Steve, additional, Navales, Ron A, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, Wells, Danielle, additional, Casserly, Ronan, additional, Zaragoza, Luis E, additional, Young, Malachy, additional, Landero, Jose, additional, and Orlando, Uislei A, additional
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- 2022
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23. 134 Meta-analysis to Determine the Effects of Particle Size on Nursery and Finishing Pig’s Growth Performance and Stomach Morphology
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Kippert, Carlos J, primary, Vier, Carine M, additional, Lu, Ning, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, Navales, Ron A, additional, Dritz, Steve S, additional, and Orlando, Uislei A, additional
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- 2021
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24. 215 Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of 39- to 119-kg Pigs Sired by High Index Boars
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Lu, Ning, primary, Vier, Carine M, additional, Silva, Gustavo, additional, Zaragoza, Luis E, additional, Knopf, Brandon, additional, Navales, Ron A, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, Dritz, Steve S, additional, and Orlando, Uislei A, additional
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- 2021
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25. 123 Effects of Different Feeding Regimes During Wean-to-estrus Interval on Sow Reproductive Performance
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Lu, Ning, primary, Popa, Ghenadie, additional, Wang, Ruiming, additional, Vier, Carine M, additional, Navales, Ron A, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, and Orlando, Uislei A, additional
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- 2021
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26. 151 A Web Application to Establish Customized Feeding Program and Nutrient Specifications for Highly Prolific Sows
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Jerez-Bogota, Kevin S, primary, Ramirez-Camba, Christian D, additional, Navales, Ron A, additional, Vier, Carine M, additional, Lu, Ning, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, Dritz, Steve S, additional, and Orlando, Uislei A, additional
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- 2021
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27. 150 A Factorial Approach to Estimate Energy Requirements and Feeding Levels for Boars in Studs
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Lu, Ning, primary, Kleve-Feld, Michael, additional, Wilson, Mark E, additional, Vier, Carine M, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, Navales, Ron A, additional, Dritz, Steve S, additional, and Orlando, Uislei A, additional
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- 2021
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28. 168 Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of 12- to 26-kg Pigs Sired by High Index Boars
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Vier, Carine M, primary, Lu, Ning, additional, Silva, Gustavo, additional, Zaragoza, Luis E, additional, Knopf, Brandon, additional, Navales, Ron A, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, Dritz, Steve S, additional, and Orlando, Uislei A, additional
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- 2021
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29. 170 Meta-analysis to Determine the Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Requirements of Growing-finishing Pigs from 11- to 150-kg
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Orlando, Uislei A, primary, Vier, Carine M, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, Lu, Ning, additional, Navales, Ron A, additional, and Dritz, Steve S, additional
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- 2021
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30. 146 Association Between Gilts and Sows Body Condition and Reproductive Performance
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Huerta, Isaac, primary, Fernandez, Pilar, additional, Vier, Carine M, additional, Aguero, Carmen, additional, Lu, Ning, additional, Blanco, Patricia, additional, Sala, Ruben, additional, Cast, Wayne R, additional, and Orlando, Uislei A, additional
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- 2021
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31. 284 Relationship between sow caliper measurements with sow reproductive performance and longevity in the herd
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Vier, Carine M, Dritz, Steve, Orlando, Weasley A, Diaz, Julia A Calderon, Camp, Jordi, Cast, Wayne R, Lu, Ning, Canavate, Sergio, Hamilton, Dan, Knauer, Mark, and Poulin, Jean
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Ideal conditioned sows are desired because they maximize herd performance, improve female well-being, and optimize financial outcomes. Sow productivity has increased, and body composition of females has changed, with sows being leaner and having less adipose tissue compared with their predecessors. Our objective was to determine the relationship between sow caliper measurements with sow reproductive performance and longevity in the herd. Data collected in four different production systems located in the US and Brazil were used, with 3,083, 356, 7,456, and 26,773 individual PIC Camborough observations represented within each of these databases. Caliper measurements were collected at due to farrow and weaned sows and were recorded in units, standardized to an ideal range of 12 to 15 units. Caliper change in lactation was determined as the caliper units at weaning minus the caliper units pre-farrowing. Response variables included proportion of born alive and stillborn piglets, lactation feed intake, as well as removal and mortality risk for all causes, or specifically for reproductive and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) causes. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models, hazard ratio analysis, and survival models with the lmer, glmer, and surv functions of R. Sow served as the experimental unit. Caliper measurements at farrowing had curvilinear associations (P< 0.05) with percentage born alive piglets and percentage stillborn piglets. Increasing caliper units at farrowing resulted in linear reduction (P< 0.05) in lactation average daily feed intake and in linear increase (P< 0.05) in caliper losses during lactation. Sows losing 1 to 2, 3 to 4, or 5 and greater caliper units in lactation had 1.5, 1.8, and 2.4 times, respectively, greater risk (P< 0.05) of being removed from the herd in the next cycle compared with sows that gained 0 or more units. Reduced caliper units in due-to-farrow sows resulted in reduced probability (P< 0.05) of survival in the next cycle considering prolapse removal reasons. Sows with due to farrow caliper units of 12 to 15 had 1 to 1.6 times (95% Odd Ratio Confidence Interval), 9 to 11 had 1.2 to 2.1 times, and less than 9 caliper units 3.1 to 3.2 times greater risk of death or being removed from the herd due to POP compared with those with >15 units. Reduced caliper units in due-to-farrow sows resulted in reduced probability of survival in the next cycle considering all removal and mortality causes. Specifically, sows with less than 9 caliper units at farrowing had 2.0 times greater risk (P< 0.05) of removal and 4.4 times greater risk (P< 0.05) of mortality compared with sows with over 15 caliper units. In summary, both under and over-conditioned sows have reduced productivity. Underconditioned sows are at greater risk for mortality and for POP related removal.
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- 2024
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32. 200 Effects of zinc oxide removal and different nutritional plans on the growth performance, health, and behavior of nursery pigs from different genetic lines
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Moita, Vitor, Camp, Jordi, Vier, Carine M, Cast, Wayne R, Dritz, Steve, Zaragoza, Luis E, Wilson-Wells, Danielle, Lu, Ning, Orlando, Weasley A, Landero, Jose, and Young, Malachy
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This study was conducted to investigate the impacts of the removal of zinc oxide (ZnO) supplemented at pharmaceutical levels and different nutritional plans on the growth performance, health, and behavior of nursery pigs from different genetic sire lines. A total of 1,440 newly weaned barrows and gilts were housed into nursery pens with 30 pigs/pen (0.25m2/pig). Pigs were assigned to eight groups following a randomized complete block design arranged on a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement [Genetic sire line: PIC 337 or PIC 800; ZnO supplementation: 0 or 2,500 ppm; nutritional plan: Control (PIC recommendation) or Treatment (TRT)]. Pigs were fed in three dietary phases (P1:7 d; P2: 21 d; P3: 21 d). The nutrient levels of the TRT for each phase consisted of reduced crude protein (P1: 21 vs. 18.43%; P2: 20.80 vs. 18.73%), SID Lys (P1: 1.40 vs. 1.20%; P2: 0.35 vs. 1.20%), net energy (P1: 2,450 vs. 2,352 kcal/kg; P2: 2,450 vs. 2,377 kcal/kg) and lactose levels (P1: 15 vs. 7%; P2: 7 vs. 5%), and use of calcium formate instead of calcium carbonate for both P1 and P2, and pigs receiving the same diet in P3. Health and behavior were assessed through ear lesion (weekly during P3) and fecal (weekly during P1 and P2) scoring, mortality/removals, and medication control. Growth performance was assessed by individually weighing pigs and recording feed disappearance every week throughout the experimental period. Data were analyzed using a generalized linear model considering pen as the experimental unit. Models included treatments and their interactions as fixed effects, and block and pen within block as the random terms. Pigs fed ZnO showed greater (P< 0.05) overall average daily gain (ADG; 495 vs. 456 g/d) and average daily feed intake (ADFI; 681 vs. 633 g/d); and decreased (P< 0.05) diarrhea incidence (DI; 3.64 vs 10.21%) at d 14 after weaning and mortality/removals (2.31 vs. 5.11%) compared with pigs fed no ZnO. No significant differences were detected between the nutritional plans for performance traits (P> 0.05); however, pigs fed the TRT had less (P< 0.05) DI (7.54 vs. 11.43%) at d 7 after weaning than pigs fed the control nutrition plan. Regarding the genetic sire lines, PIC 337 pigs showed greater (P< 0.05) overall body weight (26.1 vs. 25.4 kg), ADG (486 vs. 465 g/d) and ADFI (666 vs. 648 g/d); and decreased (P< 0.05) mortality/removals (2.54 vs. 4.66%) and DI (6.92 vs. 12.41%) at d 7 after weaning compared with PIC 800 pigs. In summary, PIC 337 pigs fed ZnO under the control nutritional program showed greater growth performance during the nursery period. This study reaffirmed the benefits of ZnO fed to nursery pigs during the post-weaning period; however, since different countries are banning or reducing the use of ZnO, nutritional strategies should be considered to not negatively impact the health and subsequent performance of nursery pigs.
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- 2024
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33. 24 Effects of reducing dietary net energy on growth performance and carcass characteristics of grow-finish pigs
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Royall, Rafe Q, Tokach, Mike D, Woodworth, Jason C, DeRouchey, Joel M, Goodband, Robert D, Gebhardt, Jordan T, Vier, Carine M, Spindler, Matthew, Orlando, Weasley A, Zaragoza, Luis E, Lu, Ning, Cast, Wayne R, Wilson-Wells, Danielle, Dritz, Steve, Camp, Jordi, Holen, Julia, and Betlach, Alyssa
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This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary NE on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and removal and mortality rates of grow-finish pigs. A total of 1,927 pigs [initial body weight (BW) 23.3 ± 0.23 kg] were used in a 125-d study. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 23 to 26 pigs/pen and 15 replications/treatment. Pens received 1 of 5 diets with decreasing NE based on Eq. 1-8 NRC (2012) using proximate analysis of the major ingredients. A corn-soybean meal-based control diet was blended with a low energy diet that contained 8% less NE through inclusion of 25% wheat middlings and 15% DDGS (6% oil) to achieve intermediate NE levels. Thus, dietary NE fed through 5 dietary phases were: phase 1 (2,432, 2,383, 2,335, 2,286, and 2,237 kcal/kg); phase 2 (2,463, 2,413, 2,363, 2,315, and 2,266 kcal/kg); phase 3 (2,495, 2,445, 2,395, 2,345, and 2,295); phase 4 (2,518, 2,468, 2,417, 2,367, and 2,317 kcal/kg); and phase 5 (2,537, 2,486, 2,435, 2,384, 2,334 kcal/kg). Dietary phases were fed from approximately 23-40, 40-60, 60-80, 80-105, and 105-133 kg BW, respectively. Overall, reducing NE decreased (linear, P< 0.001) average daily gain (ADG) and final BW and increased (linear, P< 0.001) average daily feed intake (ADFI), resulting in decreased (linear, P< 0.001) gain to feed ratio (G:F; Table). Decreasing NE also tended to increase (linear, P= 0.073) the percentage of removals, with no evidence of difference (P> 0.10) in mortality. Reducing NE worsened (linear, P< 0.001) caloric efficiency (CE) based on NRC nutrient loading values, but improved (linear, P≤ 0.003) CE based on INRA (2008) or Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine (2017) nutrient loading values. When formulating diets using CVB (2021) nutrient loading values, decreasing NE did not influence CE (P> 0.10). For carcass characteristics, decreasing NE decreased (linear, P< 0.001) HCW, backfat depth, and carcass yield. However, decreasing NE increased (linear, P≤ 0.024) loin depth and percentage lean. When considering CE on a carcass gain basis, decreasing NE worsened (linear, P≤ 0.004) CE based on NRC or CVB nutrient loading values, but improved (linear, P< 0.001) CE based on INRA nutrient loading values. Decreasing NE resulted in no differences (P> 0.010) in CE based on Brazilian Tables nutrient loading values. These results suggest that the NRC database overestimates NE contributions of fibrous ingredients, such as wheat middlings and corn DDGS, while the INRA database underestimates their contributions to NE, whether CE is calculated based on live or carcass gain. Meanwhile, NE values in the CVB database appear to assess nutrient values more accurately for NE based on live gain but underestimate their value on a carcass basis. The Brazilian tables appear to underestimate the contributions of fibrous ingredients to dietary NE on a live basis, but more accurately value their contributions on a carcass basis.
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- 2024
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34. 28 Investigation of protein deposition pattern of PIC337×Camborough commercial pigs
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Lu, Ning, Zeng, Nanfang, Su, Ning, Chen, Ling, Chen, Jie, Vier, Carine M, Cast, Wayne R, Dritz, Steve, Wilson-Wells, Danielle, Zaragoza, Luis E, Camp, Jordi, and Orlando, Weasley A
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The objective of the trial was to investigate the protein deposition pattern of PIC337×Camborough commercial pigs. A total of 1,064 barrows and gilts [PIC337×Camborough, initial body weight (BW) = 6.0 ± 0.1 kg] were used in the trial with 38 mixed sex pens, 28 pigs per pen. At the beginning of the trial, the lightest 10% of the barrows and gilts were selected and placed in four pens (equal numbers of barrows and gilts within a pen), and the remaining pigs were randomly placed into the other pens (equal numbers of barrows and gilts within a pen). A common 6-phase corn-soybean based wean-to-finish diets were fed throughout the trial. Dietary net energy and standardized ileal digestible lysine levels were (6-10 kg BW: 2,600 Kcal/kg and 1.35%; 10-20 kg BW: 2,520 Kcal/kg and 1.30%; 20-38 kg BW: 2,470 Kcal/kg and 1.20%; 38-72 kg BW: 2,450 Kcal/kg and 0.98%; 72-127 kg BW: 2,450 Kcal/kg and 0.87%; and 127-149 kg BW: 2,450 Kcal/kg and 0.77%). On d 97 after placement, 5 barrows and 5 gilts with BW close to pen average were selected for individual BW by a portable scale and 10thrib backfat and loin depth measurements (ExaGo portable ultrasound scanner, Imv imaging, UK). Then on d 111, 117, 136, 142, and 167 after placement, the same 5 barrows and 5 gilts were measured for individual BW, 10thrib backfat and loin depth. The fat-free lean mass is estimated by the equation 6.783-0.6198×(10thrib backfat depth, mm)+0.1578×(10thrib loin depth, mm)+1.0362×(warm carcass weight, kg). A constant carcass yield of 75% was used to estimate warm carcass weight. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model in R Studio (Version 3.5.2, R Core Team; Vienna, Austria). The average BW of pigs at the 6 measurements were: 77.2, 92.4, 99.2, 122.5, 128.0, and 153.6 kg, respectively. The average daily gain (ADG) was 1,139, 1,155, 1,145, 1,126, and 977 g/d for 77.2 to 92.4 kg BW, 92.4 to 99.2 kg BW, 99.2 to 122.5 kg BW, 122.5 to 128.0 kg BW, and 128.0 to 153.6 kg BW, respectively. The average daily 10thrib backfat depth gain was 0.05, 0.08, 0.15, 0.17, and 0.20 mm/d. The average daily 10thrib loin depth gain was 0.42, 0.43, 0.41, 0.39, and 0.23 mm/d. The average daily fat-free lean mass gain (ADFFLG) was 547, 551, 528, 515, and 422 g/d. The fitted quadratic model for ADG is 83.57782 + 19.90632 × (BW, kg)-0.09176×(BW, kg)2, and the calculated maximum ADG was 1,163 g/d when BW was 108.5 kg. The fitted quadratic model for ADFFLG is 85.90926 + 9.23773 × (BW, kg) - 0.04591 × (BW, kg)2, and the calculated maximum ADFFLG is 550.6 g/d when BW was 100.6 kg. Under the conditions of the current trial, PIC337×Camborough pigs reaches the maximum rate of protein deposition at BW between 100.6 and 108.5 kg.
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- 2024
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35. 31 Effects of dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) levels and dietary SID tryptophan to Lys ratios on growth performance and behavior of late-nursery to finish maternal barrows
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Lu, Ning, Zaragoza, Luis E, Vier, Carine M, Diaz, Julia A Calderon, Orlando, Weasley A, Hewett, Ellie, Turner, Simon, Estrada, Jorge, Camp, Jordi, Cast, Wayne R, and Dritz, Steve
- Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) levels and SID tryptophan (Trp) to Lys ratios on growth performance and behavior of late-nursery to finish maternal barrows. A total of 2,293 barrows (PIC Camborough, initially 11.9 ± 0.35 kg) were used in this trial with 96 mixed-sex pens and 23 to 25 pigs/pen. There was a total of 6 dietary phases: P1:11.9-29.5 kg; P2:29.5-49.6 kg; P3:49.6-62.6 kg; P4:62.6-80.3 kg; P5:80.3-103.3 kg; and P6:103.3-137.8 kg. Pens were blocked by body weight and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 treatments:T1: 100% Lys (dietary SID Lys levels meet PIC SID Lys recommendation) and 21.0% of SID Trp:Lys ratio; T2: 100% Lys and 18.5% of SID Trp:Lys ratio; T3: 100% Lys and 16.0% of SID Trp:Lys ratio; T4: 80% Lys (dietary SID Lys levels meet 80% of PIC SID Lys recommendation) and 21.0% of SID Trp:Lys ratio; T5: 80% Lys and 18.5% of SID Trp:Lys ratio; and T6: 80% Lys and 16.0% of SID Trp:Lys ratio for P1-P2 and then 100% Lys and 18.5% of SID Trp:Lys ratio for P3-P6. Ear lesion (EL) was monitored during P2-P5. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model in R Studio (Version 3.5.2, R Core Team; Vienna, Austria). Pigs fed T1 and T2 showed improved average daily gain than T6 (P< 0.05), with other treatments intermediate (Table 1). Pigs fed T2 showed improved average daily feed intake as compared with T6 (P< 0.05), with other treatments intermediate. There was no evidence for significant difference on feed-to-gain ratio or mortality. Removal was significantly greater for pigs fed T6 compared with all other treatments (P< 0.05). Pigs fed T2 had significantly greater hot carcass weight than T4, with other treatments intermediate. There was no evidence for significant differences on carcass yield or lean percentage. Pig fed T6 had significantly greater incidence of EL in P2 than all other treatments (P< 0.05). Pigs fed T4 and T6 had greater incidence of EL in P3 than T1 (P< 0.05), with other treatments intermediate. Pigs fed T5 and T6 had significantly greater incidence of EL in P4 than T1, T2, and T3 (P< 0.05), with T4 intermediate. During P5, pigs fed T4 and T5 had the greatest incidence of EL (P< 0.05), while pigs fed T6 had significant greater incidence of EL than T3 (P< 0.05), with T1 and T2 intermediate. In conclusion, dietary SID Lys and SID Trp:Lys ratio less than PIC recommendation during late-nursery-to-grower phase resulted in compromised overall growth performance of maternal barrows, even with restored dietary SID Lys and SID Trp:Lys levels in finish phase. Dietary SID Lys level and/or SID Trp:Lys ratios lower than PIC recommendation may result in greater incidence of aggression behavior in maternal barrows.
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- 2024
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36. 30 Effects of using different dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine plans on growth performance and carcass characteristics of grow-finish pigs from high or low breeding value boars
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Camp, Jordi, Vier, Carine M, Spindler, Matthew, Holen, Julia, Orlando, Weasley A, Betlach, Alyssa, Cast, Wayne R, Dritz, Steve, Wilson-Wells, Danielle, Lu, Ning, and Zaragoza, Luis E
- Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of using different dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) plans on growth performance and carcass characteristics of grow-finish pigs coming from high or low breeding value boars. A total of 2,080 pigs (PIC 800 × PIC Camborough) were housed in 20 mixed sex pens (26 pigs/pen), blocked by body weight (BW), and randomly allotted in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with boar breeding value (high or low) and nutrition Lys plan (current SID Lys curve recommendation for PIC 800 as % of PIC 337 SID Lys curve or alternative SID Lys curve). Pigs were weaned at 21 d of age (6.1 ± 0.05 kg BW) and followed during the wean-to-finish period until reach the market slaughter weight. Pigs were fed either the current recommendation or an alternative SID Lys curve for PIC 800, in a 6 phase feeding program: phase 1 (6-11 kg; 100 vs 100%, respectively); phase 2 (11-23 kg; 97 vs 100%, respectively); phase 3 (23-45 kg; 97 vs 100%, respectively); phase 4 (45-73 kg; 97 vs 95%, respectively); phase 5 (73-102 kg; 97 vs 95%, respectively); and phase 6 (102-132 kg; 97 vs 90%, respectively). Pigs were fed isoenergetic diets. Performance and carcass traits, and removals and mortality were recorded. Data were analyzed using mixed models in R, and considering pen as the experimental unit for performance traits and individual carcasses for carcass traits. There was no evidence of interaction between boar breeding value and nutrition plan factors. Overall, high breeding value pigs had greater average daily gain (ADG; 0.84 ± 0.005 g/d) compared with low breeding value pigs (0.82 ± 0.005 kg/d; P< 0.01), which was driven by increased average daily feed intake (ADFI; 1.92 ± 0.011 and 1.89 ± 0.011 kg/d, respectively; P< 0.05; Table 1). Moreover, high breeding value pigs had greater hot carcass weight (HCW; 97.8 ± 1.09 kg), carcass yield (74.1 ± 0.23%), backfat thickness (16.3 ± 0.29 mm) and lower lean meat % (57.0 ± 0.21%) compared with low breeding value pigs (96.0 ± 1.09 kg; 73.7 ± 0.23 %; 15.4 ± 0.28; 57.5 ± 0.21%, respectively; P< 0.05; Table 1). Regarding nutrition plan, no significant differences were observed for overall performance traits between pigs fed the current or alternative SID Lys curve (P> 0.05; Table 1). Nevertheless, pigs fed the alternative SID Lys curve had heavier HCW (97.3 ± 1.09 kg) compared with pigs fed the current SID Lys curve (96.6±1.09 kg; P< 0.05; Table 1). No significant differences were observed for overall removals and mortality by breeding value or nutrition Lys plan (P> 0.05). In summary, grow finish pigs from high breeding value boars have an improved productive performance. PIC 800 pigs may achieve the same productive performance with lower lysine levels at the end of the grow-finish period.
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- 2024
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37. 29 Effects of using different dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine plans on growth performance and carcass characteristics of PIC 337 or PIC 800 sired grow-finish pigs
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Camp, Jordi, Orlando, Weasley A, Lu, Ning, Vier, Carine M, Cast, Wayne R, Dritz, Steve, Zaragoza, Luis E, Wilson-Wells, Danielle, Landero, Jose, and Young, Malachy
- Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of using different dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) plans on growth performance of PIC 337 and PIC 800 sired grow-finish pigs. A total of 2,016 gilts and barrows were placed in 2 separate rooms with 48 single sex pens each (21 pigs/pen; 0.69 m2/pig). Pens were blocked by body weight (BW) and randomly allotted in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with genetic line (PIC 337 or 800), sex (barrows or gilts), and nutrition plan (current SID Lys curve recommendation for PIC 800 as % of PIC 337 SID Lys curve or alternative SID Lys curve) as factors. Pigs (27.4 ± 1.41 kg BW) were followed during the grower-finisher phase until slaughter. Pigs were fed either the current recommendation or an alternative SID Lys curve for PIC 800, in a 5 phase feeding program: phase 1 (23-40 kg; 97 vs 100%, respectively); phase 2 (40-60 kg; 97 vs 95%, respectively); phase 3 (60-80 kg; 97 vs 95%, respectively); phase 4 (80-105 kg; 97 vs 95%, respectively); and phase 5 (105-135 kg; 97 vs 90%, respectively). Pigs were fed isoenergetic diets. Performance and carcass traits, and removals and mortality were recorded. Data were analyzed using mixed models in R, and considering pen as the experimental unit for performance traits and individual carcasses for carcass traits. There was no evidence of interaction between genetic line and nutrition plan factors. Overall, PIC 337 vs 800 pigs did not differ on average daily gain (ADG; P> 0.05), but PIC 337 pigs consumed 150 g/d less and were 0.1 more feed efficient than PIC 800 pigs (P< 0.05; Table 1). Moreover, PIC 337 pigs had 1.9 kg less of hot carcass weight, but 2.1 mm more of loin depth compared with PIC 800 pigs (P< 0.05; Table 1). Regarding nutrition plan, no significant differences were observed for overall performance and carcass traits between pigs fed the current or alternative SID Lys curve (P> 0.05; Table 1). Additionally, no significant differences were observed for overall removals and mortality by genetic line or nutrition plan (P> 0.05; Table 1). In summary, different genetic sire line (PIC 337 and PIC 800) differed on performance and carcass traits. Further research is needed to continue studying the genetic evolution and nutrition plan for each genetic sire line in the grower-finisher period to understand their nutrient requirements.
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- 2024
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38. 20 Effects of a stabilized fish oil on boar semen quality when fed during summer months
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Didion, Bradley A, Hundley, Jamie, Kleve-Feld, Michael, Gall, Tom, Vier, Carine M, Middleton, Amanda, Orlando, Weasley A, Lu, Ning, Ballard, Malcom, Cast, Wayne R, Parsley, Mike, Dritz, Steve, and Burgess, Kent
- Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding a stabilized fish oil source to different genetic lines on boar semen quality. A total of 127 boars representing three genetic lines (PIC 337, PIC 800, and PIC L03; Hendersonville, TN) at a commercial boar stud were balanced by age, body condition, and previous semen quality and randomly allotted to one of two dietary treatments within genetic line. Boars were assigned to either receive Control; a daily top dress of 32g of corn starch; or Fish oil; a daily top dress of 32g of Salmate DHA+ (The Ballard Group, 2407 Ashland Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45206 USA) to provide 2.38 g of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The top-dress supplementation was provided by placing it on top of the daily ration of feed for each individual boar on the floor once each day immediately after their feed has been delivered to them. Supplementation lasted for 16 wk from June-September, 2023 during which weekly semen collection was performed. Semen was evaluated at the stud for concentration and motility parameters using computer assisted semen analysis. Data was analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with the lmer and glmer functions of R. Boar was the experimental unit, with dietary treatment, genetic line, and their interaction tested as fixed effects while age at collection served as a covariate. Boar nested within treatment combinations was used as a random effect to account for repeated measurements within the same boar. There was no evidence (P> 0.10) for dietary treatment by genetic line interaction for any response criteria (Table 1). There was no evidence of fish oil supplementation effects (P> 0.10) on semen volume, concentration, total sperm cells per ejaculate, percentage of accepted ejaculates, or number of doses produced per accepted ejaculate. There was no evidence of fish oil supplementation effects (P> 0.10) on percentage motile sperm cells, or percentage of proximal and distal droplets and abnormal tails. Line 800 boars had the least (P< 0.05) semen volume, but greatest (P< 0.05) sperm concentration, resulting in no evidence for differences (P> 0.10) between the three genetic lines in total sperm cells per ejaculate. Line 03 boars had increased (P< 0.05) percentage of rejected ejaculates as well as decreased number of doses produced per accepted ejaculate (P< 0.05) compared with lines 337 and 800 boars. There was no evidence for differences (P> 0.10) in sperm motility, proximal and distal droplets, or abnormal tails between the three genetic lines. In summary, maternal line boars had an increased proportion of rejected ejaculates per boar and a decreased number of doses produced compared with terminal line boars. Feeding a stabilized fish oil to provide 2.38 g of DHA did not improve semen during summer months.
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- 2024
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39. 14 Effects of increasing daily dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine intake of gilts and sows during d 35 to 112 of gestation on reproductive performance
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Vier, Carine M, Orlando, Weasley A, Diaz, Julia A Calderon, Estrada, Jorge, Camp, Jordi, Cast, Wayne R, Dritz, Steve, Zaragoza, Luis E, Lu, Ning, Peterson, Beau, Boler, Dustin, and Parr, Eric
- Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing daily dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) intake during d 35 to 112 of gestation on sow and litter performance. A total of 704 gilts and sows (PIC Camborough) were used. Females were group-housed after d 35 of gestation and individually fed with electronic sow feeders (ESF). At d 35 of gestation, females were balanced for body weight (BW) and caliper scores within parity categories, and randomly allotted to 1 of 4 treatments. Treatments consisted of increasing daily dietary SID Lys intake (11.1, 13.5, 16.1, and 18.5 g/d). Both gilts and sows received 2.37 kg/d of a gestation diet containing 3.17 Mcal of ME/kg, which was estimated to avoid feeding females below their maintenance requirements throughout the entire gestation. Treatments were achieved by different blend of low (0.47% SID Lys) and high (0.78% SID Lys) Lys diets via ESF based on the set feed allowance for females. Sow was the experimental unit and data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with the lmer and glmerfunctions of R, considering treatment, parity, and their interaction as fixed effects. There was no evidence (P> 0.10) of treatment and parity interaction for any response criteria. Body weight at d 112 of gestation and BW change from d 35 to 112 of gestation increased (linear; P< 0.05) with increasing daily dietary SID Lys intake (Table 1). No evidence for SID Lys treatment differences were observed for BW at weaning or BW change during lactation (P> 0.10). There was no evidence (P> 0.10) for treatment differences on caliper score (CS) at d 35 of gestation, d 112 of gestation, at weaning, or CS changes during gestation and lactation. There was no evidence for treatment difference on total born, percentage stillbirth and percentage of mummified fetuses (P> 0.10). However, there was a marginal reduction in percentage born alive piglets (quadratic, P= 0.056), with the least proportion of piglets born alive observed in females receiving 16.1g of daily SID Lys intake from d35 to d112 of gestation. Increasing daily dietary SID Lys intake during d 35 to 112 of gestation did not affect piglet birth weight, piglet average daily gain during lactation, proportion of removed pigs, and proportion of dead pigs during lactation. In summary, increasing daily dietary SID Lys intake during d35-to-112 of gestation increased female BW; however, no evidence of benefits was observed for female reproductive performance and litter performance during lactation.
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- 2024
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40. The Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of 11- to 133-kg Late-Nursery-to-Finish Pigs Sired by PIC 800 Boars.
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Kitt, Steve J., Cast, Wayne R., Hover, Mark, Vier, Carine M., Sievers, Chris, Ning Lu, Navales, Ron A., Montoro, Jordi Camp, Betlach, Alyssa, Hamilton, Dan, Kiehne, Ross, Dritz, Steve, and Orlando, Uislei A.
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SWINE farms , *ANIMAL feeds , *BOARS , *SWINE , *FIXED effects model , *LYSINE , *BINOMIAL distribution , *SWINE housing , *LEAST squares - Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics of late-nursery-to-finish pigs sired by PIC 800 boars. Barrows and gilts [n = 1,00; PIC800×Camborough, initial body weight (BW) = 10.9 ± 0.39 kg] were used in a 142-d growth trial with 40 mixed sex pens, 10 pens per treatment, and 25 pigs per pen. At the beginning of the trial, pens were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to one of four treatments (overall dietary SID Lys level as 87, 95, 102, or 110% of PIC SID Lys recommendations) in a randomized complete block design. Diets were corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based, and treatments were achieved through the inclusion of SBM with adjustments of corn and choice white grease. Diets were fed in 7 phases (11-17, 17-34, 34-44, 44-57, 57-77, 77-95, and 95-133 kg) and formulated to be iso-caloric across treatments for each phase. Within each phase, only the diets of the least and greatest SID Lys levels were manufactured, and the diets of intermediate SID Lys levels were blended by the automatic feeding system in the research facility. Growth performance data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS (Version 9.4, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) and considered pen as the experimental unit. The statistical model considered fixed effects of SID Lys levels and random effects of the block. Mortality and removals were also analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure and specified a binomial distribution. All data are reported as least square means and considered statistically significant at P < 0.05 and marginally significant at P < 0.10. Increasing overall dietary SID Lys levels reduced overall average daily feed intake (linear, P = 0.045) and increased overall gain-to-feed ratio (linear, P = 0.002), but there was no evidence for a difference across treatments for overall average daily gain (P > 0.10) or overall removal and mortality rate (Table 1; P >0.10). Pigs fed overall SID Lys level as 102% of PIC recommendation had significantly greater carcass yield compared with those fed 95 or 110% (P < 0.05), with the pigs fed 87% being intermediate. Increasing overall dietary SID Lys levels reduced backfat depth (linear, P< 0.001) and increased lean yield (linear, P = 0.012), but there was no evidence for a difference among treatments for loin depth (P > 0.10). In conclusion, increasing overall dietary SID Lys level beyond PIC recommendations through increasing SBM levels resulted in improved feed efficiency, backfat depth, and lean yield of 11 to 133 kg pigs sired by PIC 800 boars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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41. Importance of Good Sow Development: Focusing on Nutrition and Feeding from Gilt Development to Subsequent Parities.
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Orlando, Uislei A., Ning Lu, Vier, Carine M., Cast, Wayne R., Navales, Ron, Montoro, Jordi Camp, Canavate, Sergio, Piva, Jose Henrique, Carlos Pinilla, Juan, and Dritz, Steve
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SOWS ,SEXUAL cycle ,WEIGHT gain ,SWINE breeding ,NUTRITION ,BODY weight ,SOLAR stills ,NUTRIENT density - Abstract
Continuous genetic progress leads to significant improvements in growth and efficiency of PIC Camborough gilts. As an example, gilt weight gain per day of age has increased dramatically in the past decade. This implies that gilts are heavier at a similar breeding age, which increases the likelihood of breeding overweight gilts. Additionally, sows have less backfat depth and are leaner compared with their predecessors. It has been reported that gilt retention rate until parity 3 declines when breeding gilts with over 160 kg of body weight. Hence, controlling growth rate of developing gilts could be helpful to achieve the target breeding weight (135 to 160kg). A recent study reported that reducing dietary nutrient density (ME and SID Lys) from 57 kg until breeding significantly reduced breeding weight by 4 kg (P < 0.05). The slower growing gilts had reduced stillborn (P < 0.01), had 0.79 more pigs born alive (P = 0.10), and weaned a total of 238 more pigs over three reproductive cycles. However, with the genetic trend for faster growth rate, it is inevitable to breed overweight gilts in production. Energy requirement for maintenance (MEm) of gestating sows is a function of body weight of the sow. Thus, heavier gilts at breeding need more energy for maintenance. An assessment using data from 2,475 gilts collected in commercial sow farms evaluated how different feeding levels satisfy the MEm of a gilt herd bred at 154 kg. The results showed that feeding 5.90 Mcal of ME/day or 4.40 Mcal of NE/day results in only a few gilts fed below maintenance from 90 to 112 days of gestation. However, if a decreased feeding level (5.17 Mcal of ME/day or 3.85 Mcal of NE/day) was adopted, which has been seen in production with a purpose of reducing body condition, almost all the gilts would be fed under maintenance from 90 to 112 days of gestation. Gilts are still growing and developing during their first gestation and inadequate feeding level may jeopardize their growth and development, which could lead to poor lifetime productivity. Heavier gilts become heavier sows in the subsequent parities; thus, the sows also require more energy for maintenance during subsequent gestations. Therefore, PIC recommends feeding gilts, ideal and fat sows with 5.90 Mcal of ME/day or 4.40 Mcal of NE/day throughout gestation. Feeding this level throughout gestation will result in an estimation of no overall caliper change. Whereas for thin sows that need to recovery condition, PIC recommends feeding 8.60 Mcal of ME/day or 6.50 Mcal of NE/day (Figure 1). Feeding this level throughout gestation will result in an estimated overall gain of 3 caliper units. In summary, the increased potential for growth and efficiency of PIC gilts warrants the adoption of multiple strategies to improve longevity and lifetime productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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42. Effects of Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible (SID) Lysine (Lys) Levels and Dietary SID Tryptophan to Lys Ratios on Growth Performance of Late-Nursery Maternal Barrows.
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Ning Lu, Vier, Carine M., Hewett, Ellie, Parr, Eric, Van De Stroet, Denise, Estrada, Jorge, Welsch, Michael, Cast, Wayne R., Navales, Ron A., Montoro, Jordi Camp, Zaragoza, Luis E., Dritz, Steve, and Orlando, Uislei A.
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LYSINE ,TRYPTOPHAN ,RANDOM effects model ,BODY weight - Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) levels and SID tryptophan (Trp) to Lys ratios on the growth performance of late-nursery maternal barrows. A total of 2,293 barrows (PIC Camborough, initially 11.9 ± 0.35 kg) were used in a 28-day trial with 96 mixed-sex pens in two rooms (48 pens/room), 16 pens/treatment, and 23 to 25 pigs/pen. Pens were blocked by body weight (BW) and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 treatments in a 2×3 factorial arrangement. Treatment factors were: 1) Dietary SID Lys levels: meet PIC SID Lys recommendation at 1.234% (PIC LYS) or below PIC SID Lys recommendation at 0.988% (BELOW LYS); 2) Dietary SID Trp to Lys ratios: 21.0, 18.5, and 16.0. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model in R Studio (Version 3.5.2, R Core Team; Vienna, Austria). Dietary SID Lys levels, dietary SID Trp to Lys ratios, and their interaction were included as fixed effects, and room and weight block were included as random effects in the model. Pigs fed with PIC LYS diets showed significantly improved average daily gain (ADG; 672 vs. 594 g; P < 0.001), average daily feed intake (ADFI; 1227 vs. 1179 g; P < 0.001), gain-to-feed ratio (G:F; 550 vs. 508 g/kg; P = 0.002), and greater amount of SID Lys intake (22.5 vs. 19.5; P < 0.05) or Trp intake (4.2 vs. 3.6; P < 0.05) per kg of BW gain comparing to BELOW LYS diets. Significant interactive effects were observed between dietary SID Lys levels and dietary SID Trp and Lys ratios on final BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F (P < 0.05; Table 1). For final BW and ADG, when feeding PIC LYS diets, decreasing dietary SID Trp to Lys ratios increased final BW and ADG (quadratic, P < 0.05); but when feeding BELOW LYS diets the decreasing ratios reduced final BW and ADG (quadratic, P < 0.05). For ADFI, when feeding PIC LYS diets, there was no evidence that decreasing dietary SID Trp to Lys ratios impacted ADFI (P > 0.05); but when feeding BELOW LYS diets the decreasing ratios reduced ADFI (quadratic, P < 0.05). When feeding PIC LYS diets, the decreasing dietary SID Trp to Lys ratios decreased and then increased G:F (quadratic, P < 0.05); but when feeding BELOW LYS diets, the decreasing ratios increased and then decreased G:F (quadratic, P < 0.05). In conclusion, latenursery maternal barrows fed the PIC LYS diet had improved growth performance compared with those fed BELOW LYS diet; and decreasing dietary SID Trp to Lys ratios from 21.0 to 16.0 had deleterious impacts on growth performance when dietary SID Lys level was below PIC recommendation, but not when dietary SID Lys level met PIC recommendation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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43. Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of PIC 337 × Camborough Commercial Pigs that were Sired by High Index Boars.
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Ning Lu, Parr, Eric, Estrada, Jorge, Vier, Carine M., Diaz, Julia A. Calderon, Welsch, Michael, Cast, Wayne R., Navales, Ron A., Montoro, Jordi Camp, Zaragoza, Luis E., Dritz, Steve, and Orlando, Uislei A.
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BOARS ,SWINE ,RANDOM effects model ,LYSINE ,PROTEINS in animal nutrition ,NUTRITIONAL requirements ,SOWS ,SWINE breeding - Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine levels on the growth performance of PIC 337 × Camborough commercial pigs that were sired by highindex boars. A total of 2,200 barrows and gilts (PIC 337 × Camborough) were used in six experiments covering body weight ranges of 11-25 kg (Exp.1), 26-46 kg (Exp.2), 45-66 kg (Exp.3), 63-85 kg (Exp.4), 86-110 kg (Exp.5), and 108-134 kg (Exp.6). Pigs were placed in two rooms with 45 pens in Room 1 and 43 pens in Room 2, and there were 25 pigs/pen (12 or 13 gilts and 13 or 12 barrows) for both rooms. Room 1 was used in Exp. 1, 3, and 5; Room 2 was used in Exp. 2, 4, and 6. At the beginning of each trial, on-test pens were blocked by body weight and randomly allotted to one of five treatments (90, 100, 105, 110, or 120% of PIC SID Lys recommendations for Exp.1 to Exp. 5; whereas 80, 90, 100, 110, or 120% of PIC SID Lys recommendations for Exp. 6) in a randomized complete block design. Off-test pens were fed a common wash-out diet between trials, and common diets were formulated to meet PIC nutrient requirements according to the specific weight range. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed model with pen as the experimental unit in R Studio (Version 3.5.2, R Core Team; Vienna, Austria). Dietary SID Lys levels were included as fixed effects, and weight block was included as random effects in the model. All data are reported as least square means and considered statistically significant at P < 0.05 and marginally significant at P < 0.10. Increasing SID Lys improved average daily gain (ADG; linear, P = 0.003) and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F; quadratic, P = 0.007) in Exp.1; improved ADG (quadratic, P = 0.045) in Exp.4; improved ADG (quadratic, P = 0.009) and G:F (quadratic, P = 0.002) in Exp.5; and improved ADG (linear, P = 0.037) and G:F (linear, P = 0.030) in Exp.6 (Table 1). However, there was no evidence for difference among treatments on growth performance in Exp.2 and 3. With increasing dietary SID Lys levels, gram of SID Lys per kilogram of bodyweight gain and 5 (P = 0.002); and increased in a linear manner in Exp.2, 3, 4, and 6 (P < 0.001). In conclusion, increasing dietary SID Lys levels improved the growth performance of PIC 337 × Camborough commercial pigs sired by high-index boars when the bodyweight was below 25 kg or beyond 63 kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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44. 132 The Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of 11- to 133-kg Late-Nursery-to-Finish Pigs Sired by PIC 800 Boars
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Kitt, Steve J, Cast, Wayne R, Hover, Mark, Vier, Carine M, Sievers, Chris, Lu, Ning, Navales, Ron A, Montoro, Jordi Camp, Betlach, Alyssa, Hamilton, Dan, Kiehne, Ross, Dritz, Steve, and Orlando, Uislei A
- Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics of late-nursery-to-finish pigs sired by PIC 800 boars. Barrows and gilts [n = 1,00; PIC800×Camborough, initial body weight (BW) = 10.9 ± 0.39 kg] were used in a 142-d growth trial with 40 mixed sex pens, 10 pens per treatment, and 25 pigs per pen. At the beginning of the trial, pens were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to one of four treatments (overall dietary SID Lys level as 87, 95, 102, or 110% of PIC SID Lys recommendations) in a randomized complete block design. Diets were corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based, and treatments were achieved through the inclusion of SBM with adjustments of corn and choice white grease. Diets were fed in 7 phases (11-17, 17-34, 34-44, 44-57, 57-77, 77-95, and 95-133 kg) and formulated to be iso-caloric across treatments for each phase. Within each phase, only the diets of the least and greatest SID Lys levels were manufactured, and the diets of intermediate SID Lys levels were blended by the automatic feeding system in the research facility. Growth performance data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS (Version 9.4, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) and considered pen as the experimental unit. The statistical model considered fixed effects of SID Lys levels and random effects of the block. Mortality and removals were also analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure and specified a binomial distribution. All data are reported as least square means and considered statistically significant at P< 0.05 and marginally significant at P< 0.10. Increasing overall dietary SID Lys levels reduced overall average daily feed intake (linear, P= 0.045) and increased overall gain-to-feed ratio (linear, P= 0.002), but there was no evidence for a difference across treatments for overall average daily gain (P> 0.10) or overall removal and mortality rate (Table 1; P>0.10). Pigs fed overall SID Lys level as 102% of PIC recommendation had significantly greater carcass yield compared with those fed 95 or 110% (P< 0.05), with the pigs fed 87% being intermediate. Increasing overall dietary SID Lys levels reduced backfat depth (linear, P< 0.001) and increased lean yield (linear, P= 0.012), but there was no evidence for a difference among treatments for loin depth (P> 0.10). In conclusion, increasing overall dietary SID Lys level beyond PIC recommendations through increasing SBM levels resulted in improved feed efficiency, backfat depth, and lean yield of 11 to 133 kg pigs sired by PIC 800 boars.
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- 2023
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45. Assessment of Modern Gilts and Sows Body Weight (BW) Throughout Gestation and how Different Gilt BW at Breeding Impact the Energy Requirement for Maintenance at Each Parity.
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Orlando, Uislei A., Vier, Carine M., Navales, Ron A., Silva, Gefferson, Thomas, Lori, Ning Lu, Camp Montoro, Jordi, Cast, Wayne R., and Dritz, Steve
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SOWS ,PREGNANCY ,BODY weight ,QUADRATIC equations ,SWINE breeding - Abstract
In addition to reproductive traits, growth, robustness, and carcass traits also contribute to the selection index of maternal lines, resulting in leaner and faster-growing modern genotype females. As a consequence, today's gilts achieve heavier BW at a similar breeding age and remain heavier throughout their lifetime. Larger and heavier females are expected to have increased energy requirements for maintenance (MEm). Our objective was to describe the BW change of females across gestation according to the parity category and assess the impacts of the increasing average BW of gilts at breeding on the MEm requirement throughout their productive life. Two datasets were used to estimate gilt and sow BW:1) 1,903 PIC Camborough gilts were weighed at breeding and at d 112 of each gestation from parity 0-3; 2) 1,150 PIC Camborough gilts and sows (ranging from parity 0-12) were weighed at d 4 and d 112 within one gestation (Thomas et al., 2018). Average maternal BW gain observed between each cycle were +31, +28, +19, -7, +6, +5, and +11kg for parities 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7+, respectively. Growth of females throughout each stage of gestation was estimated assuming that 30% of the BW gain occurred until d 60, and 70% from d 61-112. A quadratic equation was fit to describe the BW change as a function of the day of gestation for each parity category (Table 1). An equation to estimate the maternal net gain in each cycle (Gain, kg = 0.5357 ' parity2 - 8.8929 ' parity + 35.857) was used to determine the BW of the female at weaning based on gilt BW at breeding. Different gilt BW at breeding (144, 155, and 166 kg) were simulated to estimate the estimated sow BW and their MEm at each parity category across gestation. The MEm was calculated according to NRC (2012) model, and a feeding level of 5.9 Mcal of ME/d was assumed. When gilt BW at breeding is 144 kg, it is estimated that only parity 4+ females would be fed below maintenance from d 90-112 of gestation (Figure 1). Increasing average gilt BW at breeding to 155 kg would result in P5+ sows fed below maintenance throughout gestation, P4 sows fed below maintenance from d 30 of gestation, and P2 and P3 sows fed below maintenance from d 9 0 to 112. At 166kg of gilt BW at breeding, P4+ females would be fed below maintenance throughout gestation, P2 and P3 sows would be fed below maintenance in mid and late gestation, and P1 sows would be fed below maintenance in late gestation. In summary, increased growth rates in maternal lines may result in heavier gilts at breeding who become heavier sows in subsequent parities, leading to increased energy intake during gestation to meet the maintenance demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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46. Effects of Standardized Ileal Digestible Threonine to Lysine Ratio on Growth Performance of PIC Line 337-Sired Grow-Finish Pigs.
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Royall, Rafe Q., Tokach, Mike D., Woodworth, Jason C., DeRouchey, Joel M., Goodband, Robert D., Gebhardt, Jordan T., Vier, Carine M., Spindler, Matthew, Orlando, Uislei A., Zaragoza, Luis E., Ning Lu, Cast, Wayne R., Wilson-Wells, Danielle, Holen, Julia, and Betlach, Alyssa
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THREONINE ,SWINE ,SWINE housing ,LYSINE ,BLOCK designs ,BODY weight - Abstract
Two studies were conducted to estimate the SID Thr:Lys requirement for growth and feed efficiency of PIC 337×1050 pigs from approximately 12- to 70-kg. In Exp. 1, 987 pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 11.8±0.32 kg] were used from 12- to 24-kg. In Exp. 2,875 pigs (initial BW = 43.4±0.58 kg] were used from 43- to 70-kg. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to dietary treatments in randomized complete block designs, with 21 to 27 pigs per pen with 8 and 7 replications per treatment (Exp. 1 and 2, respectively). Pens were provided 1 of 5 dietary treatments with increasing SID Thr:Lys ratios at 53, 58, 62, 65, and 68% in each experiment. Two corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 53 and 68% Thr:Lys ratios were blended to achieve target SID Thr:Lys treatment levels in each experiment. In Exp. 1 (12- to 24-kg), ADG and final BW increased (linear, P = 0.006) while ADFI, G:F, Thr intake/d, and Thr intake/kg of gain increased (quadratic, P = 0.001) as Thr:Lys ratio increased (Table). Additionally, Lys intake/d increased (quadratic, P < 0.001) while Lys intake/kg of gain decreased (quadratic, P < 0.001) with increasing Thr:Lys ratio. In Exp. 2 (43- to 70-kg), ADG, G:F, final BW, Thr intake/d and Thr intake/kg of gain also increased (linear, P = 0.036) as dietary Thr:Lys increased. Moreover, Lys intake/kg of gain decreased (linear, P = 0.023) with increasing Thr:Lys. A quadratic polynomial (QP) model predicted a requirement at levels greater than 68% SID Thr:Lys for ADG from 12- to 24-kg, while a QP model suggested that maximum G:F was achieved at 61.8% SID Thr:Lys (Exp. 1). From 43- to 70-kg, QP models suggested maximum ADG and G:F were achieved at levels greater than 68% SID Thr:Lys (Exp. 2). However, similar fitting BLL models predicted no further improvement to G:F and ADG beyond 65 and 67% SID Thr:Lys, respectively. In summary, these results suggest the optimal SID Thr:Lys for 12- to 24-kg pigs is 61.8% for feed efficiency and greater than 68% for ADG. From 43- to 70-kg, the requirement was predicted at or above 65 and 67% SID Thr:Lys for G:F and ADG, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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47. Effects of Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine on Growth Performance of 12- to 136-kg PIC Line 800-Sired Pigs.
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Gaffield, Katelyn, Tokach, Mike D., Woodworth, Jason C., DeRouchey, Joel M., Goodband, Robert D., Gebhardt, Jordan T., Vier, Carine M., Spindler, Matthew, Orlando, Uislei A., Zaragoza, Luis E., Ning Lu, Cast, Wayne R., Wilson-Wells, Danielle, Holen, Julia, and Betlach, Alyssa
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SWINE breeding ,LYSINE ,SWINE farms ,SWINE housing ,SWINE ,BLOCK designs ,BODY weight ,ECONOMIC expansion - Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate growth performance and economic return of PIC 800 × Camborough pigs fed increasing SID Lys from approximately 12- to 136-kg. Pens of pigs were blocked by body weight (BW) and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 26 pigs per pen and 16 pens per treatment. Pens were provided 1 of 5 dietary treatments with increasing SID Lys at 85, 93, 100, 107, and 115% of current (2021) PIC recommendations within 6 dietary phases as follows: phase 1 (1.09, 1.19, 1.28, 1.36, and 1.47%), phase 2 (0.97, 1.06, 1.14, 1.22, and 1.32%), phase 3 (0.87, 0.95, 1.02, 1.09, and 1.17%), phase 4 (0.75, 0.82, 0.88, 0.94, and 1.01%), phase 5 (0.66, 0.72, 0.77, 0.82, and 0.89%), and phase 6 (0.59, 0.64, 0.69, 0.74, and 0.79%). Two corn-soybean meal-based diets containing low and high Lys were blended to achieve target SID Lys levels for each treatment diet within phase. Overall (d 0 to 143), increasing SID Lys improved (linear, P = 0.007) ADG and G:F, but did not impact ADFI (P > 0.10; Table). A tendency (linear, P = 0.067) for heavier hot carcass weights (HCW) was observed in pigs fed increasing SID Lys. However, there was no evidence for differences (P > 0.10) in carcass yield, backfat depth, loin depth, or carcass lean percentage across treatments. The linear (LM) model served as the best fit for both growth and economic parameters. The LM model predicted maximum ADG and G:F at levels greater than 115% of PIC's current recommendations. However, for income over feed cost (IOFC), the LM model predicted maximum profitability at or below 85% of the current Lys recommendations of PIC. In conclusion, the optimal SID Lys level for PIC 800 × Camborough pigs from 12- to 136-kg differed upon response criteria, with growth performance maximized at levels at or above 115% of the recommendation for SID Lys by PIC; however, maximal economic returns were observed at or below 85% of PIC's current SID Lys recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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48. Meta-Analysis to Determine the Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Requirements of Growing-Finishing Pigs from 11- to 150-kg Utilizing the Ingredients Database of Inra.
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Montoro, Jordi Camp, Casserly, Ronan, Vier, Carine M., Navales, Ron A., Cast, Wayne R., Ning Lu, Dritz, Steve, and Orlando, Uislei A.
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RACTOPAMINE ,DATABASES ,SWINE ,LYSINE ,METABOLIZABLE energy values ,QUADRATIC equations - Abstract
A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) recommendations for 11-150 kg PIC pigs housed under commercial conditions utilizing the INRA feed ingredients database. Data from 29 trials dating from 2013 to 2020 utilizing 48,338 pigs were recorded in a database. Number of pens/treatment and pigs/pen ranged from 9 to 16 and 12 to 25, respectively. Sire lines were PIC 337 in 25 trials, PIC 327 in 3 trials, and PIC TR4 and 327 in 1 trial. Dam lines were PIC Camborough in 18 trials and PIC Camborough 29 in 9 trials. The SID Lys levels reported in each trial were used, and the SID Lys to calorie ratio curves were built for both metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy (NE) systems using the feed ingredient composition in INRA for energy levels. The response variables, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F), were analyzed within 7 phases using generalized linear and non-linear mixed models with heterogeneous variance (Gonçalves et al., 2016). Phases consisted of the following body weight ranges: 11-23, 23-41, 41-59, 59-77, 77-104, 104-127, and 127-150 kg. Each treatment mean within a trial (n = 288) was considered the experimental unit and each trial was used as a random effect. There was no evidence for an interaction between sire lines or dam lines and treatment (P > 0.10). The SID Lys to calorie recommendations are based on the average of the requirement estimates for ADG and G:F. At these levels, approximately 100% of maximum ADG and 99.7% of maximum G:F are achieved. After determining the requirement estimates within each of the 7 weight breaks, a quadratic equation of Lys to calorie ratio was fit for each energy system. The equations are described as: g of SID Lys:Mcal of ME = 0.0001381709 × (weight, kg)2 - 0.0366272129 × (weight, kg) + 4.6073086522; and g of SID Lys:Mcal of NE = 0.0000400092 × (weight, kg)2 - 0.0235648387 × (weight, kg) + 6.2762350341. These data provide the estimated SID Lys requirements for maximal growth performance for PIC pigs from 11- to 150-kg based on the ingredients database of INRA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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49. 134 Meta-Analysis to Determine the Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Requirements of Growing-Finishing Pigs from 11- to 150-kg Utilizing the Ingredients Database of Inra
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Montoro, Jordi Camp, Casserly, Ronan, Vier, Carine M, Navales, Ron A, Cast, Wayne R, Lu, Ning, Dritz, Steve, and Orlando, Uislei A
- Abstract
A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) recommendations for 11–150 kg PIC pigs housed under commercial conditions utilizing the INRA feed ingredients database. Data from 29 trials dating from 2013 to 2020 utilizing 48,338 pigs were recorded in a database. Number of pens/treatment and pigs/pen ranged from 9 to 16 and 12 to 25, respectively. Sire lines were PIC 337 in 25 trials, PIC 327 in 3 trials, and PIC TR4 and 327 in 1 trial. Dam lines were PIC Camborough in 18 trials and PIC Camborough 29 in 9 trials. The SID Lys levels reported in each trial were used, and the SID Lys to calorie ratio curves were built for both metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy (NE) systems using the feed ingredient composition in INRA for energy levels. The response variables, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F), were analyzed within 7 phases using generalized linear and non-linear mixed models with heterogeneous variance (Gonçalves et al., 2016). Phases consisted of the following body weight ranges: 11-23, 23-41, 41-59, 59-77, 77-104, 104-127, and 127-150 kg . Each treatment mean within a trial (n = 288) was considered the experimental unit and each trial was used as a random effect. There was no evidence for an interaction between sire lines or dam lines and treatment (P> 0.10). The SID Lys to calorie recommendations are based on the average of the requirement estimates for ADG and G:F. At these levels, approximately 100% of maximum ADG and 99.7% of maximum G:F are achieved. After determining the requirement estimates within each of the 7 weight breaks, a quadratic equation of Lys to calorie ratio was fit for each energy system. The equations are described as: g of SID Lys:Mcal of ME = 0.0001381709 × (weight, kg)2- 0.0366272129 × (weight, kg) + 4.6073086522; and g of SID Lys:Mcal of NE = 0.0000400092 × (weight, kg)2- 0.0235648387 × (weight, kg) + 6.2762350341. These data provide the estimated SID Lys requirements for maximal growth performance for PIC pigs from 11- to 150-kg based on the ingredients database of INRA.
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- 2023
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50. Effects of Increasing Lactation Dietary Energy Concentration by Adding fat During the Summer Period on sow and Litter Performance.
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Estrada, Jorge, Vier, Carine M., Hanson, Andrea, Ning Lu, Diaz, Julia, Van De Stroet, Denise, Zaragoza, Luis E., Peterson, Beau, parr, Eric, dritz, Steve, Navales, Ron, cast, Wayne R., and Orlando, Uislei A.
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CARTHAGE (Extinct city) ,PREGNANCY in animals ,LACTATION ,CORN oil ,SOWS ,WEIGHT gain ,DIETARY fats ,SOYBEAN meal ,FAT - Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of increasing energy in lactation diets fed during the summer period on sow and litter performance. A total of 356 sows (PIC Camborough) were randomly assigned at entry into the farrowing room to 1 of 4 treatments within parity in a randomized complete block design with body weight and breeding day blocks. Prefarrowing caliper scores were balanced across treatments. The trial was conducted from July to September 2021 in Carthage, Illinois, with external barn minimum and maximum temperatures averaging 21-32°C. Treatments consisted of increasing levels of added fat in the lactation diet: 0, 1.67, 3.34, and 5.00% of corn oil. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based with a fixed soybean meal inclusion rate of 28.90%. Net energy (NE) concentrations of the treatment diets consisted of 2.345, 2.427, 2.509, and 2.591 Mcal NE/kg. Sow was the experimental unit and data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with the lmer and glmer functions of R. Increasing corn oil inclusion rates marginally (linear, P=0.086) reduced lactation average daily feed intake but did not significantly (P>0.10) impact total or average daily NE intakes. There was no evidence (P>0.05) for treatment effects on sow body weight, sow caliper score or sow backfat depth changes during lactation, percentage of removed and fall-off piglets, pre-weaning mortality, number of weaned pigs, litter weaning weight, total litter weight gain, and piglet average daily gain. In summary, increasing energy in the lactation diet by adding up to 5% corn oil during the summer period resulted in a marginal linear reduction in lactation average daily feed intake, but did not influence daily NE intake. Under the conditions of this study, no evidence for treatment effects were observed for sow or for litter performance during the nursing period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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