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This paper examines the incidence of unfair trading practices (UTPs) in the dairy food supply chain. Drawing insights from data collected through a field survey among dairy farmers in five selected EU regions (France, Germany, Poland and Spain) we seek to understand the presence of UTPs across different stages of contract formulation and execution. The survey data were collected in 2017 and gathered 1248 observations. We identify a total of 29 types of UTPs across all different phases of contract development. Results show that 93% of surveyed farmers have reported at least one UTP, whereas 46% of surveyed farmers have reported at least three UTPs. The highest share of UTPs was found in the contract content followed by contract negotiation and contract execution. Further, our results suggest that there is not a strong relationship between the occurrence of UTPs and contract completeness although it is heterogeneous between studied regions.

The presence of vines has been described as a distinctive feature of tropical forests. However, vine species diversity exhibits trends across environmental gradients that are not well documented. Here we use a latitudinal and a rainfall gradient along the Pacific slope of Mexico to explore the influence of environmental factors on vine species diversity. A total of 630 vine species were detected on the Pacific slope of Mexico. Tropical deciduous forest (TDF) floras were com- posed of greater percentages of vines (5-16%) than desert floras (1-3%). Four families (Con- volvulaceae, Fabaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Asclepiadaceae) composed 40-60% of the vines of the region. Changes in vine composition were gradual along the Pacific slope. The percentage of vines in floras declines with latitude. Annual rainfall and the minimum temperature of January were significantly associated with the latitudinal decline in the percentage of vines. A total of 43 species, mostly herbaceous vines, were detected along a rainfall gradient in northwestern Mexico. Along the rainfall gradient, the number of vine species increased from 3 to 28 as summer rainfall, plant cover and canopy stature increased. Vine species richness and diversity increased from the desert to the TDF, especially along streams. Leaf area (LA) ranged from 0.6 to 284 cm 2 and specific leaf area (SLA) from 80 to 904 cm 2 /g among the most common vine species. Community averages of LA and SLA decreased toward drier sites. These results are discussed within the context of our current knowledge about the role of the environment in limiting the distribution of vines.

El objeto de esta investigación es evaluar el currículo de la Licenciatura en Administración del NURR- ULA relacionado con la formación de profesionales universitarios vinculados al desarrollo del estado Trujillo. Desde esta perspectiva se plantea precisar el perfil curricular y contrastar el contenido del programa de Producción I con su paradigma productivo implícito, lo anterior permitirá valorar el cumplimiento del propósito institucional. La metodología utilizada es argumentativa documental basada en la reflexión analítica y comparativa del perfil de la carrera y del programa respectivo; para la captación, procesamiento y organización de la información se recurrió al análisis del contenido teórico y la matriz de doble entrada. Entre las conclusiones destacan, que en el perfil de la carrera no está explícito como objeto de estos profesionales la promoción y búsqueda del desarrollo del estado Trujillo. El programa de producción I presenta una marcada influencia de las ideas fordistas, aun cuando el contexto productivo de la región no se relaciona con las condiciones de este modelo productivo, y presenta estrategias metodológicas y evaluativas basadas en enseñanza teórica y prácticas que utilizan el currículo interdisciplinario y la pedagogía positivista. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the curriculum of the Bachelor of Management NURR ULA-related training of university professionals linked to the development of Trujillo state. From this perspective arises specify the profile and contrast curricular program content Production I with its implicit production paradigm, this will allow assessing compliance with institutional purpose. The methodology is based on documentary argumentative analytical and comparative reflection profile of the race and the respective program; for collecting, processing and organizing information was used to analyze the theoretical content and double entry matrix. Among the findings highlight which is not explicit in the career profile as the object of these professionals find and promote the development of Trujillo state. The production program I presented a marked influence of the Fordist ideas, even if the productive context of the region is not related to the conditions of this production model, and presents methodological and evaluative strategies based on theoretical and practices using interdisciplinary curriculum and positivist pedagogy. 65-85 geovanny@ula.ve / geocaste@gmail.com Trimestral

El objeto de esta investigación es determinar la estructura de los conocimientos certi cados y su discriminación cognitiva. Este conocimiento se conforma en la integración e interrelación de las dimensiones diacrónica, factual y jerárquica, constituyéndose en una unidad estructural cognitiva, que actúa como mecanismo de perfeccionamiento humano. La metodología utilizada es de tipo argumentativodocumental, donde se revisan y confrontan las posiciones y criterios de diversos autores para determinar el objeto de la investigación. Como conclusión se obtiene, que lo que se certi ca es el conocimiento válido y certero; el proceso de generación de este conocimiento se estructura en las bases diacrónicas, factuales y jerárquicas. Las fases del conocimiento certi cado son tres, estratégica, táctica y operativa. Los criterios de certi cación son: la verdad fáctica, la certeza y lo político y control social. This research aims to determine the structure of certi ed knowledge and its cognitive discrimination. This knowledge is formed into integration and interrelation of diachronic, factual and dimensions hierarchy, becoming a cognitive structural unit, which acts as a mechanism of human enhancement. The methodology used is argumentativo- documental, where they reviewed and confront the positions and approaches of various authors to determine the object of research. Conclusion is obtained, which is certi ed is the knowledge true and accurate; the process of generation of this knowledge structure in diachronic, factual and hierarchical databases. The certi ed knowledge are stages three, strategic, tactical and operational. Certi cation criteria are: the factual truth, certainty and the political and social control. 113-135 geovanny@ula.ve Semestral

El objeto de esta investigación es estudiar la correspondencia entre los conocimientos certifi cados y los conocimientos experienciales. Los primeros son un cuerpo de teorías seleccionadas que requieren ser contrastados para su posterior aplicación, mientras que los experienciales son necesarios para articular el tejido social productivo ya que están vinculados al contexto temporal, social y espacial, referencias que determinan las relaciones del hombre con la sociedad, naturaleza y espiritualidad. El objeto de certifi car los conocimientos experienciales es crear una estructura cognitiva integral, efectiva, sólida y legítima, que permita mejorar la calidad de vida de la sociedad. La metodología utilizada es de tipo argumentativo documental, utilizando para ello el análisis del contenido teórico y la matriz de doble entrada como instrumento de captación de información. Existe una alta infl uencia del criterio político y de control social en la certifi cación de los conocimientos. The aim of this research is to study the correspondence between the certifi ed knowledge and experiential knowledge. The fi rst ones are a body of selected theories that requires to be contrasted to its subsequent application, while the experiential ones are necessary to articulate the productive social relations since they are linked to the social, spatial, and temporal context references that determine relations of man, society, nature and spirituality. The objective to certify the experiential knowledge is to create a comprehensive, effective, solid and legitimate, cognitive structure that will improve the quality of life of the society. The methodology used is argumentative and documentary by using the theoretical analysis and a matrix of double input as an instrument of information acquisition. There is a high infl uence of the political criterion and social control in the certifi cation of knowledge. 243-256 geovanny@ula.ve Trimestral

El objetivo general de esta investigación es analizar la influencia de la participación de los actores en el proceso de desarrollo local del asentamiento Campesino San Benito, en el Municipio La Ceiba del estado Trujillo, Venezuela. Los fundamentos teóricos de la investigación se encuentran en la teoría del desarrollo local, en la que resalta, entre otros factores, la importancia del capital social y la participación de los actores. La metodología se basó en entrevistas realizadas a informantes calificados y visitas a las unidades de producción localizadas en la zona objeto de estudio. La investigación es de carácter descriptivo-analítica, pues se identifican y examinan las relaciones de interdependencia entre las variables que conforman el objeto de estudio. En la década de los noventa en este Municipio se iniciaron acciones participativas para promover el desarrollo local y tratar de resolver los principales problemas relacionados con la producción, comercialización, tenencia de la tierra, cloacas, acueducto y vivienda. No obstante, actualmente persisten estas dificultades debido a la ausencia de un modelo y niveles de participación adecuados al contexto y realidades autóctonas. The general purpose of this investigation is to analyze the influence of the actors’ participation in the process of local development in the peasant settlement of San Benito, La Ceiba Municipality, Trujillo State (Venezuela). The theoretical foundations of this study are based in the local development theory, in which it stands out, among other factors, the importance of social capital and actors’ participation. The used methodology corresponds to interviews applied to qualify informants and visits to the production units located in the zone under study. This investigation is of descriptive - analytical character, because it is identified and examined interdependence relationships are between the variables that constitute the object of study. In the nineties participative actions was began in this Municipality to promote the local development and to try to solve the main problems related to production, commercialization, land tenure, sewers, aqueduct and housing. Nevertheless, at the moment these difficulties persist due to the absence of a model and levels of participation adapted to the autochthonous context and realities. 333-344 ligiag@ula.ve, nathaliegar21@hotmail.com geocaste@hotmail.com marliqr@ula.ve

1.- Presentación / In Memorian La longue marche de Louis Malassis. Molina, Luisa Elena 2.- Artículos Cuba: producción, transformación y comercialización de productos agropecuarios. Cuba: production, transformation and marketing of agricultural and cattle products. Cuba: la production, la transformation et le commerce des produits de l’agriculture et l’élevage. Bu Wong, Ángel y Rego Sánchez, Idanis Los cultivos líderes de la agricultura venezolana (1984-2005). The leading crops in Venezuelan agriculture (1984-2005). Les cultures relevantes de l’agriculture vénézuélienne (1984-2005). Mora de Pinto, Elba Marina y Rojas López, José Jesús Una interpretación del fenómeno Mercal desde la perspectiva teórica de la economía neoinstitucional. An interpretation of the Mercal phenomena from the theoretical perspective of the neo-institutional economics. Une interprétation du phénomène Mercal depuis l’approche théorique de l’économie néo-institutionnelle. Morales Espinoza, Agustín Protocolo de actuación en el diseño de un sistema de trazabilidad para la industria alimentaria. Protocol of acting in the design of a system of trazability for the food industry. Protocole d’action pour l’élaboration d’un système de traçabilité pour l’industrie alimentaire. Andrés González-Moralejo, Silvia Una ventana hacia la innovación: el etiquetado nutricional en la producción de las micro y PyMEs alimentarias en tres municipios del estado Mérida, Venezuela. A window towards innovation: the nutritional labeling in the production of food micro, small and medium size businesses (PyMEs) in three municipalities in Merida State, Venezuela. Un regard vers l’innovation: l’étiquetage nutritionnel dans la production des micros, petites et moyennes entreprises alimentaires dans trois communes de l’état de Mérida, Venezuela. Ablan de Flórez, Elvira; Medina, Ana Luisa y Sánchez, María D. Medición de la eficiencia en el sector avícola mediante índices de Malmquist. Measuring efficiency in the poultry sector of Zulia state using Malmquist index. Mesure de l’efficacité du secteur des volailles à travers l’indice de Malmquist dans l’état de Zulia, Venezuela. Chirinos G., Alira y Urdaneta, Mary Caracterización socioeconómica y seguridad alimentaria de los hogares productores de alimentos para el autoconsumo, Antioquia-Colombia. Socioeconomic characterization and food security of food´s producer households for self-consumption in Antioquia, Colombia. Caractérisation socio-économique et de la sécurité alimentaire des foyers producteurs d’aliments pour l’autoconsommation dans le département d’Antioquia, Colombie. Álvarez Uribe, Martha Cecilia; Mancilla L., Lorena P. y Cortés T., Johana E. Los sistemas productivos locales como alternativa para el desarrollo del municipio La Ceiba (estado Trujillo, Venezuela): un enfoque prospectivo. Local production systems as an alternative to La Ceiba municipality development (Trujillo state, Venezuela): a prospective approach. Les systèmes de production locaux comme alternative pour le développement de la commune de La Ceiba (état de Trujillo, Venezuela): une approche prospective. García Lobo, Ligia y Castellanos Villegas, Geovanny Gregorio Índice acumulado. 123-134 ligiag@ula.ve, nathaliegar21@hotmail.com geocaste@hotmail.com semestral Nivel analítico

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A three-dimensional mapping and harvest method for aboveground biomass is described to characterize spatial distribution patterns of vine or liana individuals. Distance, height, and compass measurements are utilized for delimitation of one-meter-sided imaginary cubes, where liana stem length and leaf area can be measured and harvesred later for biomass determination. The methodology, exemplified with the mapping of two individuals, was suitable to detect how stem and leaves of both lianas used differently their volume of space, and by harvesting leaf biomass within each cube, it allowed to detect leaf area index patchiness in the individuals and within the forest (...)

Uno de los aspectos más desarrollados e importantes de la fisiología ecológica de plantas es el estudio de la fotosíntesis y la economía del carbono en el medio natural. En este artículo se analizan los avances recientes en este campo y se relaciona este conocimiento con la interpretación de aspectos de crecimiento y arquitectura de plantas así como la relación de la fotosíntesis con el movimiento de los órganos vegetales. Se indican además las posibilidades futuras del campo.

INTRODUCTION: Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) are intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) release channels located on the endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum. The availability of the structure of the ligand-binding domain of IP3Rs has enabled the design of compatible ligands, but the limiting step remains their actual effectiveness in a biological context. AREAS COVERED: This article summarizes the compelling literature on both agonists and antagonists targeting IP3Rs, emphasizing their strengths and limitations. The main challenges toward the discovery and development of IP3 receptor modulators are also described. EXPERT OPINION: Despite significant progress in recent years, the pharmacology of IP3R still has major drawbacks, especially concerning the availability of specific antagonists. Moreover, drugs specifically targeting the three different subtypes of IP3R are especially needed.

The potential beneficial effects of the antioxidant properties of vitamin C have been investigated in a number of pathological conditions. In this review, we assess both clinical and preclinical studies evaluating the role of vitamin C in cardiac and vascular disorders, including coronary heart disease, heart failure, hypertension, and cerebrovascular diseases. Pitfalls and controversies in investigations on vitamin C and cardiovascular disorders are also discussed.