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In this work, we have analysed the different causes of admissions of stone martens (Martes foina), genets (Genetta genetta) and pine martens (Martes martes) in two rehabilitation centres in Castilla y León (Spain) during 32 years (1991–2022). The results indicate that the most important factor for stone martens was road kills with 227 martens (53.4 %) followed by electrocutions with 90 martens (21.2 %). From genets, 94 of them (68.6 %) were due to roadkill and 7 (5.1 %) were due to electrocution. The most important cause of admission for pine martens was road kills with 22 (88 %) and 1 (4 %) due to electrocution. Possible explanations for the observed high mortality of stone martens in electric pylons are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable food networks involve different food supply arrangements which attempt to construct a more sustainable, democratic, and egalitarian food system. Since the concept appeared at the end of the 20th century (labelled as 'alternative food networks'), two approaches have been employed to explore these initiatives. The 'view of differences' emphasizes alternativeness and opposition to the hegemonic food system, governed by large food production and retail firms. The 'view of influences' highlights the complex interactions between the mainstream food system and these more sustainable initiatives. As a result of these interactions, many sustainable food networks apply organizational practices similar to those of mainstream companies: this process has been called 'hybridization'. The present article studies the process of hybridization in the sustainable food networks based in the Spanish provinces of Salamanca and Zamora (region of Castilla y León). An inventory of sustainable food initiatives across the region has been compiled and semi-structured interviews have been conducted with initiatives all along the food value chain. According to qualitative data recorded in the interviews, it is argued that the broad set of hybrid practices embodied in these sustainable food networks are legitimized by the members' values because they contribute to achieving three key objectives: protecting the environment, promoting health, and fostering local development. These three goals frame an 'inward' notion of sustainability rooted on the product itself that is likely to turn these networks less transformative, but also more resilient against the competition of the mainstream companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proximity television model adopted by Castilla y León since 1999 is based on promoting territorial identity and closeness to citizens, in line with the principles of identity and proximity in regional television, albeit with the particularity in the Spanish context of being a regional television system managed by a private concessionaire. In response to the current challenges of the television sector, a consultancy project is implemented with a methodological approach based on a SWOT analysis and the participation of multiple actors. This work details the methodology followed during the different phases of this interdisciplinary consultancy work: definition of bases, development of a base document, and concretion of actions, until reaching the elaboration of a detailed guide that establishes strategic objectives and specific actions. This strategic approach translates into a proposal to improve the performance of regional television and its contribution to the economic and social development of the region; however, the difficulty for its effective implementation due to an uncertain political scenario is pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Jurídica de Castilla y León is the property of Junta de Castilla y Leon, Direccion de Servicios Juridicos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Jurídica de Castilla y León is the property of Junta de Castilla y Leon, Direccion de Servicios Juridicos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Jurídica de Castilla y León is the property of Junta de Castilla y Leon, Direccion de Servicios Juridicos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The High Court of Justice of Castilla y León rejected an administrative appeal filed by an individual who requested to breed Mediterranean turtles in the province of Salamanca. The regional administration considered that the species is threatened and only allows breeding in captivity with the aim of reintroducing them into nature within approved conservation programs. The court stated that animals born and raised in captivity are also subject to protection and that the CITES agreement does not prevent stricter measures to protect endangered species. The importance of obtaining the corresponding authorization from the autonomous community is emphasized, even with CITES certificates. [Extracted from the article]

The High Court of Justice of Castilla y León has issued a ruling on an appeal filed by the Association "Ecologistas en Acción de Valladolid" against the General Urban Development Plan (PGOU) of Tudela de Duero. The court considers that some changes in the land classification are appropriate, but declares null the paragraph that allows the legalization of houses built outside the plan. The construction of a "tool shed" in common rural land is also questioned. The court analyzes the necessity and justification of urban development and housing construction in the municipality, and although it considers that the legal requirements have been met, it declares the nullity of certain aspects, such as the classification of protected lands and the inclusion of isolated houses in the planned regime. The importance of the PGOU Report and the need to plan residential development are highlighted. [Extracted from the article]

The ruling of the Superior Court of Justice of Castilla y León declares the non-compliance with the law of a Specific Modification in the Municipal Urban Planning Regulations of Cidones. The plaintiffs argue that the modification violates the Constitution and the Urban Planning Regulations of Castilla y León, and request the exclusion of their cereal and pasture farms from the reclassification. The ruling establishes that the classification of rural land as natural protection is not suitable for arable land areas. Additionally, it is mentioned that the Specific Modification does not prevent the installation of a pig farm on the affected farms. [Extracted from the article]

The judgment of the Superior Court of Justice of Castilla y León (Valladolid) on February 29, 2024 addresses the contentious-administrative appeal filed by the "Federation of Ecologists in Action of Castilla y León" against Order FYM/304/2022 and the Agreement of the Ministry of Development and Environment of the Junta de Castilla y León. The appellant considers that the adaptation of the Comprehensive Waste Plan of Castilla y León (PIRCYL) is a revision or modification of the regional plan that should have been subject to the procedural requirements established by the Territorial Planning Law of the Community of Castilla y León. In addition, it argues that the adaptation of the PIRCYL is subject to an ordinary strategic environmental assessment. The Court grants the appellant Federation's claim and annuls the challenged Order and Agreement. [Extracted from the article]

This paper analyzes the processes of change in the study of the integration of immigrants in Spain, specifically in Castilla y León, their religiosity and the meaning of religion in their integration. The majority of immigrants residing in Spain declare themselves to be believers and practitioners of their religion, hence knowing about coexistence and their religious practices. A quantitative/qualitative study is used as it helps us to understand the relationship between the importance of religion and social participation as a factor of integration. From the study it is extracted, the low tendency to the relations with other cultures and the little social and cultural participation, makes difficult the integration of some ethnic/religious groups. Religiosity increases as integration decreases, this is a consequence of people locking themselves into their ethnic/religious group. Muslims have more difficulties integrating, mainly due to cultural and religious differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Catalana de Dret Ambiental is the property of Universitat Rovira I Virgili and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Catalana de Dret Ambiental is the property of Universitat Rovira I Virgili and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Today’s society is aware that healthy aging favors quality of life in the future, even more so as life expectancy increases in populations such as Europe. As in countries such as Japan, it is necessary for institutions to provide social services to support the elderly, with the aim of achieving an optimal quality of life for these people. The aim of this study is to analyze the different types of social services and activities that certain institutions provide to the elderly in order to find areas for improvement or to propose relationships between them that will benefit both users and institutions. Methods: Official data from Junta de Castilla y León (Spain) on social services for the elderly in the 9 provinces of the autonomous community of Castilla y León from 2007 to 2021 were analysed using multivariate statistical techniques. Results: Throughout the period under analysis, there is an association between the number of places in public and private non-profit residential centers for the elderly and the number of places in day-care centers or the number of students in the Inter-University Experience Programme. The variables associated with the telecare programme are related to the number of people under guardianship. On the other hand, three well-differentiated clusters of provinces of Castilla y León were observed. Discussion: Our findings have implications for the quality of life of the elderly, as the differences in social services in the areas analysed have a direct impact on the health of the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Derecho de la Seguridad Social, Laborum is the property of Ediciones Laborum S.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The High Court of Justice of Castilla y León has denied an urban and environmental license for the construction of a cattle shed in San Juan del Olmo, Ávila. The City Council of San Juan del Olmo appealed the ruling of the Administrative Court No. 1 of Ávila, but the Court rejected their arguments. The denial of the licenses is due to concerns about the quality of water for human consumption, but the city council did not provide evidence justifying the risks and environmental impacts of the activity. In addition, the minimum distances established by regulations for livestock farms in relation to the urban area are met, and there is no regulation establishing a minimum distance between a livestock farm and a water deposit. [Extracted from the article]

Cyber-attacks are a major problem for users, businesses, and institutions. Classical anomaly detection techniques can detect malicious traffic generated in a cyber-attack by analyzing individual network packets. However, routers that manage large traffic loads can only examine some packets. These devices often use lightweight flow-based protocols to collect network statistics. Analyzing flow data also allows for detecting malicious network traffic. But even gathering flow data has a high computational cost, so routers usually apply a sampling rate to generate flows. This sampling reduces the computational load on routers, but much information is lost. This work aims to demonstrate that malicious traffic can be detected even on flow data collected with a sampling rate of 1 out of 1,000 packets. To do so, we evaluate anomaly-detection-based models using synthetic sampled flow data and actual sampled flow data from RedCAYLE, the Castilla y León regional subnet of the Spanish academic and research network. The results presented show that detection of malicious traffic on sampled flow data is possible using novelty-detection-based models with a high accuracy score and a low false alarm rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The complete mtDNA profile of stroke patients from Castilla y León, studied by Next Generation Sequencing, is reported. • The analysed samples with stroke history do not have any other cardiovascular comorbidity. • Mitochondrial macrohaplogroup R0 (Hg V) could potentially play a protective role in relation to stroke risk. • Variants m.73A>G, m.11719G>A and m.14766C>T appear to increase risk of this disease. • Our results do not support an association between mtDNA-CN and stroke risk. Stroke, the second leading cause of death worldwide, is a complex disease influenced by many risk factors among which we can find reactive oxygen species (ROS). Since mitochondria are the main producers of cellular ROS, nowadays studies are trying to elucidate the role of these organelles and its DNA (mtDNA) variation in stroke risk. The aim of the present study was to perform a comprehensive evaluation of the association between mtDNA mutations and mtDNA content and stroke risk. Homoplasmic and heteroplasmic mutations of the mtDNA were analysed in a case-controls study using 110 S cases and their corresponding control individuals. Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) was analysed in 73 of those case-control pairs. Our results suggest that haplogroup V, specifically variants m.72C > T, m.4580G > A, m.15904C > T and m.16298 T > C have a protective role in relation to stroke risk. On the contrary, variants m.73A > G, m.11719G > A and m.14766C > T appear to be genetic risk factors for stroke. In this study, we found no statistically significant association between stroke risk and mitochondrial DNA copy number. These results demonstrate the possible role of mtDNA genetics on the pathogenesis of stroke, probably through alterations in mitochondrial ROS production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through multivariate data analysis, this research aims to study the current commitment of agricultural and livestock companies in Castilla y León to the mitigation of their negative environmental impacts and whether it is conditioned by their resources and capabilities, through the implementation of clean technologies. Agricultural and livestock production is vital for the subsistence of the world's population, but the productive activities of this sector can have unfavorable consequences on the environment. These business projects are designed to mitigate the negative impacts on three essential environmental elements: air, freshwater and ecosystems (fauna and flora). The results were derived via the External Logistics Biplot methodology, whose purpose is to determine the influence of various factors or variables on a result, and which shows that 63% of the companies analyzed have invested in technological systems to optimize water use, 40% have invested in technologies and systems to avoid and control carbon dioxide (CO2) and Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions, and 24% of companies have implemented technologies for recycling and reusing waste, showing a hierarchical preference in mitigating risks related to freshwater scarcity, emitting polluting emissions into the air and the conservation of ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The High Court of Justice of Castilla y León has issued a sentence in which the debate revolves around whether olive pomace is a byproduct or a waste. The Association "Plataforma Bierzo Aire Limpio" has filed an appeal against an order from the Ministry of Development and Environment of the Junta de Castilla y León that authorizes the use of olive pomace as fuel in a cement manufacturing plant. The court considers that olive pomace is a waste and that its incineration can be harmful to health and the environment. The sentence establishes that the distillation of pomace oil is carried out with flammable chemicals that can be harmful to health. It is determined that the file must be processed as a substantial modification and the appeal filed is partially upheld. However, the allegation regarding the use of slag as raw material in cement manufacturing is rejected. The importance of distinguishing between waste and byproducts is emphasized, and it is mentioned that olive pomace must be subject to the Waste Law. [Extracted from the article]

The Superior Court of Justice of Castilla y León has ruled that the Plan for the improvement of air quality due to tropospheric ozone must provide specific content for each area. The sentence establishes that the Administration has six months to develop the corresponding plans for the atmospheric zones. It is highlighted that the contested Plan does not specify the emission sources, pollution reduction objectives, or improvement measures and projects for each area. The Federation of Ecologists in Action filed an appeal against the agreement of the Junta de Castilla y León that approved the plan, arguing that the administration did not take into account the different areas with high levels of ozone pollution. [Extracted from the article]

The ruling of the Superior Court of Justice of Castilla y León (Valladolid) on June 22, 2023 addresses the modification of the Municipal Ordinance on the Use of Communal Assets in Manzanal de Arriba (Zamora). The inclusion of a "special or extraordinary use" in the communal assets is being discussed, which is considered incompatible with its legal nature. In addition, the authorization of mycological use by non-residents in the locality is also questioned. The ruling concludes that these modifications are null and do not comply with current legislation. [Extracted from the article]

Plastics, especially microplastics, are a diverse group of polymer-based particles, currently emerging as a global environmental threat—plastic pollution. An attempt was made to search for the presence of plastics in soils, particularly in a traditionally agricultural region such as Castilla y León (CYL). This study aimed to evaluate the use of plastics in agricultural soils in general, with an emphasis on CYL, by analyzing the present state and future perspectives on the addition of plastic waste to some agricultural soils in CYL. Surprisingly, many agricultural soils, including arable lands, irrigation, and especially greenhouse soils, receive plastic residues every day, which can lead to contaminants. By analyzing government data, we discovered that the volume of plastic waste from intensive agriculture is increasing (49,131 t in 2020) and that the current management system does not meet the needs of the sector. From this review, it can be inferred that plastics affect cultivated soils in CYL; this could affect both the economy and the soil itself and, by extension, the trophic food chain, food, and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2022, two regional elections were held that initiated a new electoral cycle in Spain. The first, in February, took place in Castilla y León where, for the first time, the extreme right-wing party, VOX, formed a coalition in a regional government with the right-wing Partido Popular, while, simultaneously, the extreme left-wing party Podemos was barely left with parliamentary representation. The second, in June in Andalusia, led to VOX increasing its representation by two seats and beginning its national level electoral growth; the far-left that was split in two parties, finding that the dynamic that began in Castilla y León also affected them as they lost 10 representatives. This article seeks to compare the emotional strategies of these extremist parties in the 2022 regional elections, focusing especially on leaders' and parties' communication strategies on X, formerly Twitter, during the electoral campaign. We expect to find differences between political parties but also between regions. To test this, we carried out an 'X account content analysis'. We selected those accounts representing the candidates to the regional President and also the main political party accounts in the regions: namely VOX in both regions, Podemos in Castilla y León, and Adelante Andalucía and Por Andalucía in Andalusia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ruling of the Superior Court of Justice of Castilla y León (Burgos) on May 19, 2023, supports the installation of a construction and demolition waste treatment plant on rustic land. The company "Comercio de Piedras, Minerales y Áridos, S.A." had appealed the denial of authorization, arguing that waste treatment activities should be located on mining land and that the ruling does not consider the public and social interest of waste recovery and disposal facilities. The Court concludes that the waste plant does not fall within the permitted uses in rustic land, but it does fall within article 23.2.g).3º of the Urban Planning Law of Castilla y León, and supports its installation due to its public interest and need for location. [Extracted from the article]

The evolution towards Smart Cities is the process that many urban centers are following in their quest for efficiency, resource optimization and sustainable growth. This step forward in the continuous improvement of cities is closely linked to the quality of life they want to offer their citizens. One of the key issues that can have the greatest impact on the quality of life of all city dwellers is the quality of the air they breathe, which can lead to illnesses caused by pollutants in the air. The application of new technologies, such as the Internet of Things, Big Data and Artificial Intelligence, makes it possible to obtain increasingly abundant and accurate data on what is happening in cities, providing more information to take informed action based on scientific data. This article studies the evolution of pollutants in the main cities of Castilla y León, using Generative Additive Models (GAM), which have proven to be the most efficient for making predictions with detailed historical data and which have very strong seasonalities. The results of this study conclude that during the COVID-19 pandemic containment period, there was an overall reduction in the concentration of pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the ability to predict 30‐day in‐hospital mortality of lactate versus the modified Rapid Emergency Medicine Score (mREMS) versus the arithmetic sum of the mREMS plus the numerical value of lactate (mREMS‐L). Methods: A prospective, multicentric, emergency department delivery, pragmatic study was conducted. To determine the predictive capacity of the scales, lactate was measured and the mREMS and mREMS‐L were calculated in adult patients (aged>18 years) transferred with high priority by ambulance to the emergency department in five hospitals of Castilla y Leon between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2021. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of each of the scales was calculated in terms of mortality for 30 days. Results: A total of 5371 participants were included, and the in‐hospital mortality rate at 30 days was of 11.4% (615 cases). The best cut‐off point determined in the mREMS was 7.0 points (sensitivity of 67% and specificity of 84%), and for lactate, the cut‐off point was 1.4 mmol/L (sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 67%). Finally, the combined mREMS‐L showed a cut‐off point of 7.9 (sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 83%). The area under the ROC curve of the mREMS, lactate and mREMS‐L for 30‐day mortality was 0.851, 0.853, and 0.903, respectively (p < 0.001 in all cases). Conclusions: The new score generated, mREMS‐L, obtained better statistical results than its components (mREMS and lactate) separately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sentence of the Superior Court of Justice of Castilla y León, issued on October 20, 2023, is about the appeal filed by the company "TECNO MINERA, S.L." against the denial of a request for authorization to install a semi-mobile soil-cement plant on rustic land. The denial is based on the fact that the project violates urban planning legislation by being an industrial use on rustic land of natural-forest protection. The court supports the denial decision, arguing that the requested use is prohibited and is not related to the original mining activity. The appeal is dismissed in its entirety. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of RIE: Revista de Investigacion Educativa is the property of RIE: Revista de Investigacion Educativa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Catalana de Dret Ambiental is the property of Universitat Rovira I Virgili and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Catalana de Dret Ambiental is the property of Universitat Rovira I Virgili and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The world currently faces significant hydrologic changes associated with global climate change, such as changes in precipitation patterns, rising surface temperature, and increases in the frequency and intensity of floods and droughts, which will affect the design capacity and operating characteristics of dams/reservoirs. This brings new challenges to current water management strategies. This research is aimed to create, apply, and provide a novel indicator named Circularity Index for Dams/Reservoirs (CIDR) that allows the determination of the water circularity level on the dual dam/reservoir system; that is to evaluate the water efficiency levels and the circular water flows for the processes at a site. This new method has hydrological, economic, and environmental variables as well as social ones. This indicator is defined as the sum of the scores of the eleven indicators comprising the model multiplied by the weight. The method has been implemented giving the same weight for each indicator. It has been successfully applied in the 18 dam/reservoir systems managed by the Duero River Basin, located in the region of "Castilla y León" (Spain). The CIDR provides maximum information in a single indicator value ranging from 0 to 55. A higher value of CIDR indicates a better practice of water circularity management. The results probe the increased utility of the index and suggest that six dams/reservoirs present high circularity of water flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article summarizes three legal documents related to environmental legislation in different regions of Spain. The first one is Decree 45/2023, which regulates funds and improvement plans for publicly useful forests in Castilla-La Mancha. The second one is Decree 5/2023, which regulates the production and sustainable management of construction and demolition waste in Castilla y León. The third document is Law 9/2023, which establishes extraordinary and urgent measures to address the exceptional drought situation in Catalonia. In addition, other decrees and orders related to environmental protection in different regions of Spain are mentioned. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: COVID‐19 has a wide spectrum of clinical severity and there is evidence that SARS‐Cov2 affects several organs and systems. Among the organs affected since the beginning of the pandemic, the relationship between SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and thyroid involvement has been demonstrated. Novel and highly effective messenger RNA and DNA‐based vaccines have been rapidly developed to decrease SARS‐CoV‐2 morbidity and mortality. Early after mass vaccinations, cases of thyroid dysfunction mainly including episodes of subacute thyroiditis, began to be reported like adverse effects. The objective of this study is to determine the impact of the pandemic, both due to SARS‐CoV2 infections and vaccinations, on the incidence of Graves' disease (GD). Methods: Cross‐sectional, observational study comparing incidence of GD in adult population (over 18 years) before (2017–2019) and after (2020–2021) Covid‐19 pandemic. Only patients with new cases of GD, no relapsed diseases, were included. SARS‐CoV‐2 diagnosis was based on nucleic acid amplification tests on nasopharyngeal swabs or measurement of class M and class G antibodies to SARS‐CoV‐2 by highly specific assays. Data on incidence and vaccination related to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection were obtained from the public records from Castilla y León autonomous regional government. Results: A total of 180 subjects were diagnosed and treated for GD during the study period. We observed a notable increase in expected GD cases in 2021 compared to 2017–19. The number of GD cases was higher in the second (Q2) quarter. Among 2021 GD cases, 42/66 patients (63.6%) had been vaccinated in the 90 days before symptom onset, but none of them in the first quarter of the year. A total of 97.7% were women with a mean age of 48.9 (SD 15.6) years. On average they were diagnosed 19.9 (SD 17.6) days after receiving the vaccine. A total of 7/42 (16.67%) had another previously diagnosed autoimmune disease and 11/42 (26.19%) were smokers. Discussion: Our results show a notable increase in the incidence of GD during the year 2021, specially in women with a history of smoking. Hyper activation of the immune system induced by SARS‐CoV2 and by the recently released SARS‐COV‐2 vaccines has been highlighted in recent months. To assess whether this observed increase in the incidence of GD is sustained in the coming years or has simply been a precipitous trigger for individuals who were already predisposed to develop the disease, future studies will be needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to achieve real inclusion and participation of all the members of the university community, it is necessary to promote actions based on respect and recognition of rights. In this process, guidance for university students with disabilities has become particularly important. This study, within the framework of the project "Analysis of institutional and informal support and guidance systems for university students" (funded by the Castilla y León Regional Department for Education), focuses on describing and analysing the adequacy of support and guidance services for students with disabilities in Spanish public universities, by identifying good practices. The method used is based on documentary analysis and content analysis of the actions and services providing support and guidance for students with disabilities included in the verification reports on university degrees and the websites of the 47 Spanish public universities. For the data analysis, a system of categories was established using the MAXQDA program. The results were differentiated according to the designation, scope of action, objectives, procedures, recipients, stage of studies and specific actions regarding disability. The results show that all the universities analysed have support services for these students at the centre of guidance organisation and management. The main good practices of note involve the network of agents that this process co-ordinates, including foundations, companies and institutions, as well as the plans, projects and/or programmes that encourage participation and that are adapted to the needs or difficulties that this group may encounter, especially those related to volunteering and adjustments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a doctoral thesis that analyzes the patterns of internal migration by educational level in Spain in the 21st century. Using sources from the National Institute of Statistics, the research addresses the scarcity of studies on the educational level of internal migrants in Spain and long-distance internal mobility. The thesis consists of four scientific articles that address topics such as emigration and brain drain in Castilla y León, migratory selectivity and regional accumulation of qualified human capital in Spain, rural exodus to interurban exodus of university graduates, and an overview of internal migration, external immigration, and emigration of Spaniards abroad. It is concluded that internal migration of the native population has a greater impact on educational decapitalization than the emigration of qualified Spaniards abroad, and that foreign immigration has not fully compensated for the loss of qualified human capital in the sending regions. Barcelona is the main destination for qualified immigrants. [Extracted from the article]

Iberian hare populations have suffered severe declines during recent decades in Spain. Between 1970 and 1990s, a rapid increase in irrigation crop surface in NW Spain (Castilla-y-León region) was followed by a common vole massive range expansion and complete colonization of lowland irrigated agricultural landscapes from mountainous habitats. The subsequent large cyclic fluctuations in abundance of colonizing common voles have contributed to a periodic amplification of Francisellatularensis, the etiological agent that causes human tularemia outbreaks in the region. Tularemia is a fatal disease to lagomorphs, so we hypothesize that vole outbreaks would lead to disease spill over to Iberian hares, increasing prevalence of tularemia and declines among hare populations. Here we report on the possible effects that vole abundance fluctuations and concomitant tularemia outbreaks had on Iberian hare populations in NW Spain. We analysed hare hunting bag data for the region, which has been recurrently affected by vole outbreaks between 1996 and 2019. We also compiled data on F.tularensis prevalence in Iberian hares reported by the regional government between 2007 and 2016. Our results suggest that common vole outbreaks may limit the recovery of hare populations by amplifying and spreading tularemia in the environment. The recurrent rodent-driven outbreaks of tularemia in the region may result in a "disease pit" to Iberian hares: at low host densities, the rate of population growth in hares is lower than the rate at which disease-induced mortality increases with increased rodent host density, therefore, keeping hare populations on a low-density equilibrium. We highlight future research needs to clarify tularemia transmission pathways between voles and hares and confirm a disease pit process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Supreme Court Judgment of January 30, 2023 resolves an appeal filed by a commercial company against a judgment issued by the High Court of Justice of Castilla y León. The appeal refers to the exemption of taxes on hydrocarbons for the production of electricity from biogas. The Supreme Court determines that the production of electricity from biogas falls within the framework of promoting renewable energies and, therefore, enjoys direct exemption, while the production of energy from fossil sources may establish exceptions for environmental reasons. [Extracted from the article]

The High Court of Justice of Castilla y León has issued a sentence resolving an appeal filed by the company "I-DE REDES ELECTRICAS INTELIGENTES, S.A.U" against an order from the Ministry of Development and Environment. The order establishes protective measures for birdlife in high-voltage power lines throughout the region of Castilla y León. The court declares the order null, arguing that it is a general provision and not an administrative act, and that the legal procedures for its elaboration were not followed. However, it rejects the request for compensation for damages, as it has not been proven that the plaintiffs have suffered such damages. [Extracted from the article]

The ruling of the Superior Court of Justice of Castilla y León addresses an administrative appeal related to a request for a license for a poultry farm in San Miguel del Arroyo, Valladolid. The ruling annulled the granted license considering it not in accordance with the law. The Association "San Miguel en Vivo" argued the lack of authorization for exceptional use in rural land, but the Court rejected this reason, as the poultry farm does not require such authorization. The ruling clarifies that a poultry farm does not need authorization for exceptional use in rural land and that the authorization for land occupation corresponds to the mayor through an urban license. The Territorial Commission of Urbanism and Environment would only intervene in exceptional cases. [Extracted from the article]

A methodology is proposed for the study of snowfall, applied to the region and autonomous community of Castilla y León (Spain). It is based on two major pillars: the elaboration of a Snowfall Catalogue from the consultation of documentary sources (press) between 1979 and 2021, which allows cataloging all the episodes that occurred from October to May, and the synoptic study of the atmospheric dynamics in those 43 years, identifying the different types of weather as a means of validating the cataloged episodes. The database created provides information on its intensity, duration, and frequency, as well as its genesis, distribution, typology, and climatic hazard. All this has been analyzed and has allowed to recognize different stages in its way of occurring and to estimate trends and behaviors in both the number of episodes and the number of snow days and their assessment in the current situation of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regional and municipal elections are a great opportunity that political formations take advantage of, not only to try to achieve power, but also to show themselves to the electorate. Those held in Castilla y León in February 2022, as well as those of the Andalusian Parliament, in June of this year, have reported very different results for the right-wing formation Vox, despite the short time distance that separates them. Santiago Abascal's party has maintained the same strategy that we have seen on previous occasions, typical of modern parties, using emotions as the element that permeates a considerable part of its communication. However, the use of an emotion that prevails over the others in the communication of the Vox candidates, it is about fear. The purpose of this research is to carry out an analysis, and subsequent comparison, of the use that Juan García-Gallardo, in Castilla y León, and Macarena Olona, in Andalucía, carry out, in their corresponding Twitter accounts, of this emotion, obtaining electoral results. very different in two highly representative territories of the national scene, to which many media outlets have granted the power to turn into predictors of what could happen in the next general elections in Spain, scheduled for the end of 2023. Similarly, this study aims to reveal whether the two candidates, in both electoral campaigns, blame the fear on the same subjects, parties or groups before the society to which they are addressing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to employment for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities requires individualized support processes, especially in the transition from school to employment. Public/private collaboration initiatives are emerging as successful strategies. This paper analyzes the implementation of the Individualized Itineraries Project in Castilla y León, analyzing its impact on the professional career of people with intellectual disabilities and its incursion into public policies. From the analysis we can conclude that these programs promote the employability of the group, under a comprehensive model of intervention that transcends the intermediation, covering planned actions from training for employment to access to housing. It is also observed its consolidation within the strategy of attention to disability in this territory and its orientation towards the achievement of a new model of day centers, oriented to the professional training of people with intellectual disabilities, with the aim of achieving a new social role that contributes to their life project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Catalana de Dret Ambiental is the property of Universitat Rovira I Virgili and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Catalana de Dret Ambiental is the property of Universitat Rovira I Virgili and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main objective of this research was to analyse the ICT resources and teaching methodologies used by high school teachers before and during the state of alarm decreed by the Spanish state to combat COVID-19, as well as the teachers' opinion about their own training in digital competences. The information was collected through a questionnaire designed ad hoc addressed to all Biology and Geology teachers in the autonomous community of Castilla y León (Spain) who taught in ESO, Baccalaureate and/or Vocational Training centres during the 2020/2021 academic year (n=145). The results obtained show that the use of ICT increased considerably during the state of alarm, allowing for the adaptation of teaching programmes and methodology. The teachers surveyed considered that their use facilitated the teaching-learning process, however, a high percentage claimed not to have the necessary training and resources. Our study also suggests the existence of a digital divide in the Spanish education system, as a high percentage of teachers indicated that not all their students had the means and/or the necessary training to use virtual learning environments or virtual educational communication tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outbreaks of myxomatosis in Iberian hares (Lepus granatensis) were detected for the first time in Spain in 2018. The disease spread to a significant proportion of the species range, negatively affecting the hare populations. In this study, we analyzed the impact of myxomatosis at hunting grounds of Castilla y León (Northern Spain), comparing hare density during two consecutive hunting seasons; the first when outbreaks were detected for the first time (season 1, Oct 2019-Jan 20) and the second after the spread of the disease (season 2, Oct 2020-Jan 21). Data was gathered from 1,102 hunts from 178 hunting grounds through "coursing", a hunting type in which hunters and greyhounds search for hares, allowing the estimation of hare density. Overall, hare density decreased significantly, from 12.7 hare/100 ha in season 1 to 4.7 hare/100 ha in season 2. The percentage of hares suspected to be affected by myxomatosis (sick and dead) per hunt was higher in season 1 (14.4%) compared to season 2 (10.7%). For both seasons, this proportion was higher when hunting season was started (20.7%, October), compared to the remaining months (4.7%, November–January). However, the proportion of hunting grounds affected increased from 44% in season 1 to 66.7% in season 2. Our research confirmed a 62.7% reduction in hare density in Castilla y León after the spread of myxomatosis and identified scenarios of possible depletion when densities were below 4–5 hare/100 ha. As myxomatosis becoming endemic in Iberian hares is likely, hunters and game managers should continue current monitoring and disease surveillance and make management decisions accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on two environmental legislations in Spain. Firstly, it presents Decree 46/2022, of November 24th, which regulates the administrative authorization procedures for electrical installations in Castilla y León. This regulation aims to simplify procedures and establish economic-financial requirements to ensure the viability of projects. Additionally, the process of competing wind farm projects is eliminated to promote equal conditions. Secondly, it mentions Order 64/2022, of October 21st, which establishes measures to promote energy communities in Navarra. This regulation seeks to promote the participation of citizens, local entities, and SMEs in renewable energy projects, recognizing their role in the energy transition towards a decarbonized model. [Extracted from the article]

The article titled "Public Forest Ownership and Energy Use of Forest Biomass in Castilla y León" analyzes the importance of forest biomass District Heating & Cooling systems in the energy transition. The author examines the legal framework regulating forests in Castilla y León and the barriers that hinder biomass extraction, especially in forests classified as public utility. The different categories of public and private forests are also studied, as well as the regulation of timber and woody uses in state-owned forests. The article offers practical solutions for the bidding of uses in forests classified as public utility, with the aim of allocating them to energy production in forest biomass power plants. This work is a reference for professionals in the forestry sector and can facilitate the extraction and use of timber and woody resources in Castilla y León. [Extracted from the article]