89 results on '"Castro-Escarpulli G"'
Search Results
2. Distribution of virulence genes in clinical and environmental isolates of Aeromonas spp.
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Chacón, M.R., Figueras, M.J., Castro-Escarpulli, G., Soler, L., and Guarro, J.
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- 2003
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3. Evolution of incidence and geographical distribution of Chagas disease in Mexico during a decade (2007–2016)
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Ibáñez-Cervantes, G., primary, León-García, G., additional, Castro-Escarpulli, G., additional, Mancilla-Ramírez, J., additional, Victoria-Acosta, G., additional, Cureño-Díaz, M.A., additional, Sosa-Hernández, O., additional, and Bello-López, J.M., additional
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- 2018
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4. Evolution of incidence and geographical distribution of Chagas disease in Mexico during a decade (2007-2016).
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Ibáñez-Cervantes, G., León-García, G., Castro-Escarpulli, G., Mancilla-Ramírez, J., Victoria-Acosta, G., Cureño-Díaz, M.A., Sosa-Hernández, O., and Bello-López, J.M.
- Abstract
Chagas disease, whose aetiological agent is the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, mainly occurs in Latin America. In order to know the epidemiology and the geographical distribution of this disease in Mexico, the present work analyses the national surveillance data (10 years) for Chagas disease issued by the General Directorate of Epidemiology (GDE). An ecological analysis of Chagas disease (2007-2016) was performed in the annual reports issued by the GDE in Mexico. The cases and incidence were classified by year, state, age group, gender and seasons. A national distribution map showing Chagas disease incidence was generated. An increase of new cases was identified throughout the country (rates from 0.37 to 0.81 per 100 000 inhabitants). Of the total cases accumulated (7388), the major cases were attributed to the states of Veracruz, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Oaxaca, Morelos and Yucatán. The analysis per age groups and gender revealed that, in most age groups, the incidence was higher in the male population. The most number of cases was identified in spring and summer; a direct relationship between the environmental temperature increase and the number of new cases was identified. The analysis showed that the rate of Chagas disease increased presumably due to state programmes; the search for new cases has expanded and we speculate that the disease is associated with occupational activities. These results summarise and recall how important it is to implement the monitoring of Chagas disease mainly in south states of the Mexican Republic in order to implement strategies to control this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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5. Markers of pathogenicity islands in strains of Aeromonas species of clinical and environmental origin
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Ruiz-Ruiz, JM, Aguilera-Arreola, MG, and Castro-Escarpulli, G
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- 2012
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6. Usefulness of Chromogenic CromoCen® AGN agar medium for the identification of the genus Aeromonas: Assessment of faecal samples
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Aguilera-Arreola, M.G., primary, Portillo-Muñoz, M.I., additional, Rodríguez-Martínez, C., additional, and Castro-Escarpulli, G., additional
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- 2012
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7. Characterisation of Aeromonas spp. isolated from frozen fish intended for human consumption in Mexico
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Castro-Escarpulli, G, primary, Figueras, M.J, additional, Aguilera-Arreola, G, additional, Soler, L, additional, Fernández-Rendón, E, additional, Aparicio, G.O, additional, Guarro, J, additional, and Chacón, M.R, additional
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- 2003
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8. A DNA probe specific for Aeromonas colonies
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Chacón, M.R, primary, Castro-Escarpulli, G, additional, Soler, L, additional, Guarro, J, additional, and Figueras, M.J, additional
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- 2002
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9. Markers of pathogenicity islands in strains of Aeromonasspecies of clinical and environmental origin
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Ruiz-Ruiz, JM, Aguilera-Arreola, MG, and Castro-Escarpulli, G
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The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of markers of pathogenicity islands that may be informative to detect the virulent PAI carriers of clinical and environmental strains of Aeromonasspp. isolated in Mexico. virB2, virB9and virB11genes were found in Aeromonasstrains isolated from environmental and clinical sources while cagEand tfc16genes were only in strains of environmental origin. Having performed the wide screening presented in this study, we now have a set of strains to map and confirm the presence of a pathogenicity island in Aeromonasstrains isolated in Mexico.
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- 2012
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10. Isolation and identification of Aeromonas bestiarum in cultured common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) from Santa Maria Chapa de Mota, Estado de Mexico, Mexico,Aislamiento e identificación de Aeromonas bestiarum a partir de carpa común de cultivo (Cyprinus carpio L.) procedentes de Santa María Chapa de Mota, Estado de México, México
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Soriano-Vargas, E., Castro-Escarpulli, G., Ma. Guadalupe Aguilera-Arreola, Vega-Castillo, F., and Salgado-Miranda, C.
11. Virulence factors of A. caviae strains isolated from acute diarrheic disease in Cuba
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Castro Escarpulli, G., Peña Del Barrio, D., Castañeda, N., García Azcuaga, A., Morier Dias, L., Ma. Guadalupe Aguilera-Arreola, and Bravo Farias, L.
12. Reasons to study obligate anaerobic bacteria | ¿por qué estudiar a las bacterias anaerobias obligadas?
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Martha L. Ostria-Hernandez, Hernández Cortez, C., and Castro Escarpulli, G.
13. The genus Aeromonas. An important pathogen in Mexico?,El género Aeromonas. ¿Un patógeno importante en México?
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Castro-Escarpulli, G., Aguilera-Arreola, Ma G., Cerezo, S. G., Hernández-Rodríguez, C. H., matilde R. chacon, Falgás, L. S., Ozores, G. A., and Salvat, M. J. F.
14. Imported malaria cases by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in Mexican territory: Potential impact of the migration crisis.
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Loyola-Cruz MÁ, Durán-Manuel EM, Cruz-Cruz C, Bravata-Alcántara JC, Gutierrez-Muñoz VH, Márquez-Valdelamar LM, Leal-Escobar B, Vásquez-Jiménez E, Cureño-Díaz MA, Lugo-Zamudio GE, Calzada-Mendoza CC, López-Leal G, Castro-Escarpulli G, Rojas-Bernabé A, Fernández-Sánchez V, Plascencia-Nieto ES, Nieto-Velázquez NG, and Bello-López JM
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Background: As the migratory flow to the USA has intensified in recent months, health problems associated have been identified. The aim of this work was the identification of malaria cases imported into Mexican territory., Methods: Operational definitions of suspected and confirmed cases were used for investigation of malaria cases. Detection of parasitic entities by thick blood smear and molecular biology served as a confirmatory test. With the characteristics of the cases, a heat map was made to determine common clinical pictures. Finally, epidemiological analysis of cases was performed for the construction of timelines of imported malaria and the tracing of migratory routes., Results: Twelve migrants from four countries were treated for presenting clinical symptoms with suspected dengue or malaria. Malaria was confirmed and two Plasmodium species were identified. From the epidemiological dates of arrival in Mexico, onset of symptoms and migratory routes, we speculate that ten cases acquired P. vivax during their crossing through Honduras, El Salvador or Guatemala. For the Guinea cases, we conclude that there was African importation of P. falciparum., Conclusion: The epidemiological panorama of malaria cases imported into Mexico show the need to join efforts to ensure universal access to health services, with the objective of timely detection of imported cases., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
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- 2024
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15. Analysis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever cases in Northern Mexico reveals genetic variability of Rickettsia rickettsii and the different distribution of genotypes.
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Brito-Lorán CB, Araiza-Rodríguez A, Garcés-Ayala F, Contreras-Pérez CU, Montes-Colima NA, López-Martínez I, Hernandez-Cortez C, Castro-Escarpulli G, and Ramírez-González JE
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- Mexico epidemiology, Humans, Sequence Analysis, DNA, DNA, Bacterial genetics, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever microbiology, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever epidemiology, Rickettsia rickettsii genetics, Rickettsia rickettsii classification, Rickettsia rickettsii isolation & purification, Genotype, Genetic Variation, Phylogeny
- Abstract
Rickettsioses have been reported in parts of Mexico since the last century, with Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) being one of the most prevalent in northern states. Unfortunately, fatality rates for RMSF in Mexico are higher than in other countries, like the USA. The reason for this difference in fatality rates is currently unknown and could be associated with a genotype of the bacterium, but no comparative molecular typing has been conducted in Mexico to date. The purpose of this study was to analyze 47 RMSF samples with different outcomes from several states in northern Mexico to know the genetic variability of Rickettsia rickettsii, as well as to reconstruct its phylogeny, for which the following intergenic regions were sequenced: RR0155-rpmB, cspA-ksgA, RR1240-tlc5, and Spo0J-abc T1, as well as the following partial genes: ompA, ompB, and gltA. We identified 8 genotypes with different distribution and prevalence among the states analyzed, as well as a different association with case outcome; these genotypes were clustered in 2 clades and 5 lineages were revealed, some of them probably exclusive from Mexico., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)
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- 2024
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16. Comprehensive comparative analysis of the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis: exploring the pan-genome, the reconstruction of the gene regulatory network and genome-scale metabolic network.
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Miranda-López DC, Pérez-Rueda E, Rojas-Vargas J, Cortez CH, Saldaña-Padilla A, Castelán-Sánchez HG, and Castro-Escarpulli G
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- Bacterial Proteins genetics, Bacterial Proteins metabolism, Humans, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Porphyromonas gingivalis genetics, Porphyromonas gingivalis metabolism, Porphyromonas gingivalis pathogenicity, Virulence Factors genetics, Genome, Bacterial, Metabolic Networks and Pathways genetics, Gene Regulatory Networks
- Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a nonmotile, obligate anaerobic, Gram-negative bacterium known for its association with periodontal disease and its involvement in systemic diseases such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, colon cancer, and Alzheimer's disease. This bacterium produces several virulence factors, including capsules, fimbriae, lipopolysaccharides, proteolytic enzymes, and hemagglutinins. A comparative genomic analysis revealed the open pangenome of P. gingivalis and identified complete type IV secretion systems in strain KCOM2805 and almost complete type VI secretion systems in strains KCOM2798 and ATCC49417, which is a new discovery as previous studies did not find the proteins involved in secretion systems IV and VI. Conservation of some virulence factors between different strains was observed, regardless of their genetic diversity and origin. In addition, we performed for the first time a reconstruction analysis of the gene regulatory network, identifying transcription factors and proteins involved in the regulatory mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis. In particular, QseB regulates the expression of hemagglutinin and arginine deaminase, while Rex may suppress the release of gingipain through interactions with PorV and the formatum/nitrate transporter. Our study highlights the central role of conserved virulence factors and regulatory pathways, particularly QseB and Rex, in P. gingivalis and provides insights into potential therapeutic targets., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Applied Microbiology International.)
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- 2024
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17. The CRISPR-Cas system in clinical strains of Acinetobacter baumannii: an in-silico analysis.
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Martínez-Trejo A, Ruiz-Ruiz JM, Gonzalez-Avila LU, Saldaña-Padilla A, Hernández-Cortez C, de Jesús Colmenero-Solís R, Bello-López JM, and Castro-Escarpulli G
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- CRISPR-Cas Systems, Plasmids genetics, Genomics, Phylogeny, Acinetobacter baumannii genetics, Bacteriophages genetics
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Acinetobacter baumannii is a relevant bacterium due to its high-resistance profile. It is well known that antimicrobial resistance is primarily linked to mutations and the acquisition of external genomic material, such as plasmids or phages, to which the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats associated with Cas proteins, or CRISPR-Cas, system is related. It is known that the system can influence the acquisition of foreign genetic material and play a role in various physiological pathways. In this study, we conducted an in-silico analysis using 91 fully assembled genomes of clinical strains obtained from the NCBI database. Among the analyzed genomes, the I-F1 subtype of the CRISPR-Cas system was detected showcasing variations in architecture and phylogeny. Using bioinformatic tools, we determined the presence, distribution, and specific characteristics of the CRISPR-Cas system. We found a possible association of the system with resistance genes but not with virulence determinants. Analysis of the system's components, including spacer sequences, suggests its potential role in protecting against phage infections, highlighting its protective function., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Applied Microbiology International.)
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- 2024
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18. Typing of Candida spp. from Colonized COVID-19 Patients Reveal Virulent Genetic Backgrounds and Clonal Dispersion.
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Quiroga-Vargas E, Loyola-Cruz MÁ, Rojas-Bernabé A, Moreno-Eutimio MA, Pastelin-Palacios R, Cruz-Cruz C, Durán-Manuel EM, Calzada-Mendoza C, Castro-Escarpulli G, Hernández-Hernández G, Cureño-Díaz MA, Fernández-Sánchez V, and Bello-López JM
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Advances in the knowledge of the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 allowed the survival of COVID-19 patients in intensive care units. However, due to the clinical characteristics of severe patients, they resulted in the appearance of colonization events. Therefore, we speculate that strains of Candida spp. isolated from COVID-19 patients have virulent genetic and phenotypic backgrounds involved in clinical worsening of patients. The aim of this work was to virutype Candida spp. strains isolated from colonized COVID-19 patients, analyze their genomic diversity, and establish clonal dispersion in care areas. The virulent potential of Candida spp. strains isolated from colonized COVID-19 patients was determined through adhesion tests and the search for genes involved with adherence and invasion. Clonal association was done by analysis of intergenic spacer regions. Six species of Candida were involved as colonizing pathogens in COVID-19 patients. The genotype analysis revealed the presence of adherent and invasive backgrounds. The distribution of clones was identified in the COVID-19 care areas, where C. albicans was the predominant species. Evidence shows that Candida spp. have the necessary genetic tools to be able colonize the lungs, and could be a possible causal agent of coinfections in COVID-19 patients. The detection of dispersion of opportunistic pathogens can be unnoticed by classical epidemiology. Epidemiological surveillance against opportunistic fungal pathogens in COVID-19 patients is an immediate need, since the findings presented demonstrate the potential virulence of Candida spp.
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- 2023
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19. Genomic Analysis of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains Isolated in Tamaulipas, Mexico.
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Ortega-Balleza JL, Guerrero A, Castro-Escarpulli G, Martínez-Vázquez AV, Cruz-Hernández MA, Luna-Santillana EJ, Acosta-Cruz E, Rodríguez-Sánchez IP, Rivera G, and Bocanegra-García V
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The global spread of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) is a major public health concern. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are the main drivers of this spread by horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Escherichia coli is widespread in various environments and serves as an indicator for monitoring antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the whole genome of multidrug-resistant E. coli strains isolated from human clinical, animal, and environmental sources. Four E. coli strains previously isolated from human urine (n = 2), retail meat (n = 1), and water from the Rio Grande River (n = 1) collected in northern Tamaulipas, Mexico, were analyzed. E. coli strains were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility, followed by whole genome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. Several ARGs were detected, including bla
CTX-M-15 , blaOXA-1 , blaTEM-1B , blaCMY-2 , qnrB , catB3 , sul2 , and sul3 . Additionally, plasmid replicons (IncFIA, IncFIB, IncFII, IncY, IncR, and Col) and intact prophages were also found. Insertion sequences (ISs) were structurally linked with resistance and virulence genes. Finally, these findings indicate that E. coli strains have a large repertoire of resistance determinants, highlighting a high pathogenic potential and the need to monitor them.- Published
- 2023
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20. Epidemiological Overview of Urogenital Gonorrhea in Mexico (2003-2020).
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Loyola-Cruz MÁ, Fernández-Sánchez V, Durán-Manuel EM, Calzada-Mendoza CC, Castro-Escarpulli G, Quijano-Soriano MF, Nicolás-Sayago L, Razo-Blanco Hernández DM, Villegas-Castañeda M, Cárdenas-Cantero A, Cureño-Díaz MA, Paredes-Mendoza M, Cruz-Cruz C, and Bello-López JM
- Abstract
In Mexico, urogenital gonorrhea (UG) is one of the main sexually transmitted diseases notifiable by health systems around the world. Epidemiological data on sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Mexico indicated that UG was "under control" until 2017. However, international epidemiological reports indicate the increase in incidence due to several factors, including an increase during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. These factors suggest that this phenomenon may occur in developing countries, including Mexico. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze national surveillance data on UG from 2003-2019 and the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. An epidemiological study of cases and incidence of UG (2003-2020) was performed in the annual reports issued by the General Directorate Epidemiology in Mexico. Cases and incidence were classified and analyzed by year, sex, age group, and seasons (by temperature). Distribution of UG was carried out using heat maps for the whole country. Ultimately, a seasonal and correlation analysis was performed for UG cases versus temperature. The results showed that the distribution of cases and incidence by sex showed that there was no variation over 14 years. From 2016 onward, a significant increase in UG was observed before the pandemic. During the first year of the pandemic, a significant increase was observed in females aged 24-44 years. A heterogeneous distribution of UG was identified; however, border states were ranked among the top states with elevated incidences and cases. Lastly, the occurrence of UG was associated with temperature, related to summer. The information presented is intended to be useful to promote prevention and to contribute to visualize the distribution of UG over the last 18 years for decision making, and to show one of the consequences of the collapse of epidemiological surveillance of UG during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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- 2023
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21. ESKAPE bacteria characterization reveals the presence of Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreaks in COVID-19/VAP patients.
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Loyola-Cruz MÁ, Durán-Manuel EM, Cruz-Cruz C, Márquez-Valdelamar LM, Bravata-Alcántara JC, Cortés-Ortíz IA, Cureño-Díaz MA, Ibáñez-Cervantes G, Fernández-Sánchez V, Castro-Escarpulli G, and Bello-López JM
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- Humans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pandemics, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated epidemiology, COVID-19 epidemiology
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Introduction: A decrease of detection of outbreaks by multidrug-resistant bacteria in critical areas has been reduced due to COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, molecular epidemiological surveillance should be a primary tool to reveal associations not evident by classical epidemiology. The aim of this work was to demonstrate the presence of hidden outbreaks in the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and to associate their possible origin., Methods: A population of 96 COVID-19 patients was included in the study (April to June 2020) from Hospital Juárez de México. Genetic identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of VAP causative agents isolated from COVID-19 patients was performed. Resistance phenotypes were confirmed by PCR. Clonal association of isolates was performed by analysis of intergenic regions obtained. Finally, the association of clonal cases of VAP patients was performed by timelines., Results: ESKAPE and non-ESKAPE bacteria were identified as causative agents of VAP. ESKAPE bacteria were classified as MDR and XDR. Only A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa were identified as clonally distributed in 13 COVID-19/VAP patients. Time analysis showed that cross-transmission existed between patients and care areas., Conclusions: Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were involved in outbreaks non-detected in COVID-19/VAP patients in the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic., (Copyright © 2022 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2023
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22. ESKAPE and Beyond: The Burden of Coinfections in the COVID-19 Pandemic.
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Loyola-Cruz MÁ, Gonzalez-Avila LU, Martínez-Trejo A, Saldaña-Padilla A, Hernández-Cortez C, Bello-López JM, and Castro-Escarpulli G
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The ESKAPE group constitute a threat to public health, since these microorganisms are associated with severe infections in hospitals and have a direct relationship with high mortality rates. The presence of these bacteria in hospitals had a direct impact on the incidence of healthcare-associated coinfections in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. In recent years, these pathogens have shown resistance to multiple antibiotic families. The presence of high-risk clones within this group of bacteria contributes to the spread of resistance mechanisms worldwide. In the pandemic, these pathogens were implicated in coinfections in severely ill COVID-19 patients. The aim of this review is to describe the main microorganisms of the ESKAPE group involved in coinfections in COVID-19 patients, addressing mainly antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, epidemiology, and high-risk clones.
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- 2023
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23. A Global Survey of Hypervirulent Aeromonas hydrophila (vAh) Identified vAh Strains in the Lower Mekong River Basin and Diverse Opportunistic Pathogens from Farmed Fish and Other Environmental Sources.
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Xu T, Rasmussen-Ivey CR, Moen FS, Fernández-Bravo A, Lamy B, Beaz-Hidalgo R, Khan CD, Castro Escarpulli G, Yasin ISM, Figueras MJ, Azzam-Sayuti M, Karim MM, Alam KMM, Le TTT, Thao NHP, Addo S, Duodu S, Ali S, Latif T, Mey S, Somony T, and Liles MR
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Hypervirulent Aeromonas hydrophila (vAh) has emerged as the etiologic agent of epidemic outbreaks of motile Aeromonas septicemia (MAS) in high-density aquaculture of farmed carp in China and catfish in the United States, which has caused millions of tons of lost fish. We conducted a global survey to better understand the evolution, geographical distribution, and phylogeny of vAh. Aeromonas isolates were isolated from fish that showed clinical symptoms of MAS, and pure cultures were screened for the ability to utilize myo -inositol as the sole carbon source. A total of 113 myo- inositol-utilizing bacterial strains were included in this study, including additional strains obtained from previously published culture collections. Based on a gyrB phylogeny, this collection included 66 A. hydrophila isolates, 48 of which were vAh. This collection also included five new vAh isolates from diseased Pangas catfish (Pangasius pangasius) and striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) obtained in Cambodia and Vietnam, respectively. Genome sequences were generated from representative vAh and non-vAh isolates to evaluate the potential for lateral genetic transfer of the myo- inositol catabolism pathway. Phylogenetic analyses of each of the nine genes required for myo -inositol utilization revealed the close affiliation of vAh strains regardless of geographic origin and suggested lateral genetic transfer of this catabolic pathway from an Enterobacter species. Prediction of virulence factors was conducted to determine differences between vAh and non-vAh strains in terms of virulence and secretion systems. Core genome phylogenetic analyses on vAh isolates and Aeromonas spp. disease isolates (55 in total) were conducted to evaluate the evolutionary relationships among vAh and other Aeromonas sp. isolates, which supported the clonal nature of vAh isolates. IMPORTANCE This global survey of vAh brought together scientists that study fish disease to evaluate the evolution, geographical distribution, phylogeny, and hosts of vAh and other Aeromonas sp. isolates. In addition to vAh isolates from China and the United States, four new vAh isolates were isolated from the lower Mekong River basin in Cambodia and Vietnam, indicating the significant threat of vAh to modern aquaculture and the need for improved biosecurity to prevent vAh spread.
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- 2023
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24. Disinfection efficacy of ozone on ESKAPE bacteria biofilms: Potential use in difficult-to-access medical devices.
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Ibáñez-Cervantes G, Cruz-Cruz C, Durán-Manuel EM, Loyola-Cruz MÁ, Cureño-Díaz MA, Castro-Escarpulli G, Lugo-Zamudio GE, Rojo-Gutiérrez MI, Razo-Blanco Hernández DM, López-Ornelas A, and Bello-López JM
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- Humans, Staphylococcus aureus, Biofilms, Bacteria, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Disinfection methods, Ozone pharmacology
- Abstract
Background: Medical devices can be reservoirs of multidrug-resistant bacteria that may be involved in the acquisition of infections since bacteria with the ability to form biofilms that are difficult to eradicate, mainly in mechanical ventilators. The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of O
3 against biofilms of bacteria ESKAPE group through disinfection studies., Methods: The formation of biofilms of ESKAPE group bacteria was induced in vitro. O3 was injected at different exposure times at a constant dose of 600 mg/h. The recovery of surviving bacteria after O3 treatment was assessed by bacterial counts and biofilm disruption was analyzed. Finally, the viability and integrity of biofilms after O3 treatment was determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM)., Results: O3 showed bactericidal activity on biofilms from 12 min/7.68 ppm for A. baumannii and C. freundii. P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae and S. aureus were killed after 15 min/9.60 ppm. Correlation analyses showed inversely proportional relationships between the variables "disruption versus O3 ". CLSM revealed that death was time-dependent of biofilms upon O3 exposure. Orthogonal plane analysis showed that bacteria located in the outer region of the biofilms were the ones that initially suffered damage from O3 exposure., Conclusions: Our findings suggest that this method could be an alternative for the disinfection in mechanical ventilators colonized by bacteria biofilm forming., (Copyright © 2022 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2023
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25. Massive sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable region of bronchoalveolar lavage from patients with COVID-19 and VAP reveals the collapse of the pulmonary microbiota.
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Durán-Manuel EM, Loyola-Cruz MÁ, Cruz-Cruz C, Ibáñez-Cervantes G, Gaytán-Cervantes J, González-Torres C, Quiroga-Vargas E, Calzada-Mendoza CC, Cureño-Díaz MA, Fernández-Sánchez V, Castro-Escarpulli G, and Bello-López JM
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- Humans, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, SARS-CoV-2 genetics, Bronchoalveolar Lavage, Bacteria genetics, Intensive Care Units, Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated diagnosis, Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated epidemiology, COVID-19 diagnosis, Cross Infection drug therapy, Microbiota
- Abstract
Background . The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic is a predisposing factor for the development of healthcare-associated infections, of which ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one. Hypothesis . VAP is caused by ESKAPE bacteria and other pathogens not detected by microbiological culture. Aim . To elucidate the bacterial pathogens of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and VAP patients by massive sequencing and to predict their degree of relationship with the age and sex of the patients. Methods . Analysis of ribosomal libraries of the V3-V4 hypervariable region obtained by Illumina sequencing of bronchoalveolar lavages from COVID-19 and VAP (first wave) patients from Hospital Juárez de México. Results . Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas were the main bacterial genera in the bronchoalveolar lavages (BALs) analysed. Other members of the ESKAPE group, such as Enterococcus and Klebsiella , were also identified. Taxonomic composition per patient showed that non-ESKAPE genera were present with significant relative abundances, such as Prevotella , Stenotrophomas , Enterococcus , Mycoplasma , Serratia and Corynebacterium . Kruskal-Wallis analysis proved that VAP acquisition is an adverse event that is not influenced by the sex and age of COVID-19 patients. Discussion . Metagenomic findings in COVID-19/VAP patients highlight the importance of implementing comprehensive microbiological diagnostics by including alternative tools for the detection of the causal agents of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Conclusions . Timely identification of bacteria 'not sought' in diagnostic bacteriology laboratories will allow specific and targeted treatments. Implications for the restricted diagnosis of VAP causative agents in COVID-19 patients and the presence of pathogens not detected by classical microbiology are analysed and discussed.
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- 2022
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26. First Record of the Rare Species Aeromonas lusitana from Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss , Walbaum): Comparative Analysis with the Existing Strains.
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Fernández-Bravo A, Vega-Sánchez V, Pérez-Cataluña A, Latif-Eugenín F, Beaz-Hidalgo R, Martínez-Murcia A, Soriano-Vargas E, Cabrero-Martínez OA, Castro-Escarpulli G, and Figueras MJ
- Abstract
The species Aeromonas lusitana was first described in 2016 with five strains recovered from untreated water and vegetables from Portugal. Since then, no further records exist of this species. During a surveillance study on the presence of Aeromonas in fish farms in Mexico, a new strain (ESV-351) of the mentioned species isolated from a rainbow trout was recovered. It was identified because it clustered phylogenetically with the type strain of A. lusitana based on the analysis of the rpo D gene sequences. In the present study, phenotypic characteristics, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and the presence of putative virulence genes of this novel strain (ESV-351) were determined in parallel to the five isolates from the original species description. Phenotypic differential characteristics exhibited by A. lusitana ESV-351 depicted an evident similarity to the characteristics exhibited by the other evaluated strains. However, the novel strain was positive for the production of indole using conventional methods, while the rest of the strains, including the type strain, were negative for its production. Furthermore, intermediate resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cephalothin was detected in both the novel and the type strain. Five different virulence-related genes were detected in the novel strain and in the previously described strains, with the type strain exhibiting the highest number of virulence-related genes. In addition to this, the genome of the novel strain (ESV-351) was sequenced and compared with the genomes from the type strain ( A. lusitana CECT 7828
T ) and other Aeromonas spp. The genomic analysis defined Aeromonas tecta as the closest species to A. lusitana with a highly similar number of predicted proteins. The genomic size, the number of protein-encoding genes and the number of different tRNAs, among other characteristics, make it possible to propose that the ESV-351 strain could potentially have the capacity to adapt to different environments. Genome comparison of the ESV-351 strain with the type strain revealed that both possess a similar sequence of the citrate synthase gene. In addition to this finding, the chromosomal region containing the citrate synthase locus of the novel strain exhibits some similarity to the chromosomal region in the genome of the A. hydrophila type strain and other known human pathogens, such as Vibrio cholerae . This could suggest a possible virulence role for the citrate synthase gene in A. lusitana (ESV-351).- Published
- 2022
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27. Evasion of Antimicrobial Activity in Acinetobacter baumannii by Target Site Modifications: An Effective Resistance Mechanism.
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Martínez-Trejo A, Ruiz-Ruiz JM, Gonzalez-Avila LU, Saldaña-Padilla A, Hernández-Cortez C, Loyola-Cruz MA, Bello-López JM, and Castro-Escarpulli G
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- Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Colistin pharmacology, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Fluoroquinolones pharmacology, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, beta-Lactams pharmacology, Acinetobacter baumannii
- Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative bacillus that causes multiple infections that can become severe, mainly in hospitalized patients. Its high ability to persist on abiotic surfaces and to resist stressors, together with its high genomic plasticity, make it a remarkable pathogen. Currently, the isolation of strains with high antimicrobial resistance profiles has gained relevance, which complicates patient treatment and prognosis. This resistance capacity is generated by various mechanisms, including the modification of the target site where antimicrobial action is directed. This mechanism is mainly generated by genetic mutations and contributes to resistance against a wide variety of antimicrobials, such as β-lactams, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, among others, including polymyxin resistance, which includes colistin, a rescue antimicrobial used in the treatment of multidrug-resistant strains of A. baumannii and other Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide a detailed and up-to-date description of antimicrobial resistance mediated by the target site modification in A. baumannii , as well as to detail the therapeutic options available to fight infections caused by this bacterium.
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- 2022
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28. Draft Genome Sequence of a Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Sequence Type 44 Strain Carrying Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance Genes.
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Ortega-Balleza JL, Guerrero A, Castro-Escarpulli G, Cruz-González E, Rivera G, and Bocanegra-García V
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Escherichia coli is a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Here, we report the draft genome sequence of an E. coli strain (31HGR-CBG) that was isolated from a urine sample in Tamaulipas, Mexico. 31HGR-CBG harbors multiple ARGs, including bla
CTX-M-15 and class 1 integron. This strain also carries multiple virulence genes.- Published
- 2022
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29. Editorial: CRISPR-Cas Systems in Bacteria and Archaea.
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Kamruzzaman M, Yan A, and Castro-Escarpulli G
- Abstract
Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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- 2022
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30. Impact of the modification of a cleaning and disinfection method of mechanical ventilators of COVID-19 patients and ventilator-associated pneumonia: One year of experience.
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Cureño-Díaz MA, Durán-Manuel EM, Cruz-Cruz C, Ibáñez-Cervantes G, Rojo-Gutiérrez MI, Moncayo-Coello CV, Loyola-Cruz MÁ, Castro-Escarpulli G, Hernández DMR, and Bello-López JM
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- Disinfection, Humans, SARS-CoV-2, Ventilators, Mechanical, COVID-19, Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated epidemiology, Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated prevention & control
- Abstract
Background: Mechanical ventilators are essential biomedical devices for the respiratory support of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. These devices can be transmitters of bacterial pathogens. Therefore, it is necessary to implement effective disinfection procedures. The aim of this work was to show the impact of the modification of a cleaning and disinfection method of mechanical ventilators of patients with SARS-CoV-2 and ventilator-associated pneumonia., Methods: A total of 338 mechanical ventilators of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and ESKAPE bacteria were divided in two groups. Group A and B were subjected to cleaning and disinfection with superoxidation solution-Cl/enzymatic detergent and isopropyl alcohol, respectively. Both groups were cultured for the detection of ESKAPE bacteria. The isolates were subjected to tests for identification, resistance, adherence, and genomic typing., Results: Contamination rates of 21.6% (n = 36) were identified in group A. The inspiratory limb was the circuit involved in most cases of postdisinfection contamination. Acinetobacter baumanni, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and multi-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae were the pathogens involved in the contamination cases. The pathogens were highly adherent and in the case of A. baumanni, clonal dispersion was detected in 14 ventilators. Disinfection with enzymatic detergents allows a 100% reduction in contamination rates., Conclusions: The implementation of cleaning and disinfection with enzymatic detergents/isopropyl alcohol of mechanical ventilators of patients with SARS-CoV-2 and ESKAPE bacteria had a positive impact on postdisinfection microbial contamination rates., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article., (Copyright © 2021 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
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31. Molecular Epidemiology of Multidrug-Resistant Uropathogenic Escherichia coli O25b Strains Associated with Complicated Urinary Tract Infection in Children.
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Contreras-Alvarado LM, Zavala-Vega S, Cruz-Córdova A, Reyes-Grajeda JP, Escalona-Venegas G, Flores V, Alcázar-López V, Arellano-Galindo J, Hernández-Castro R, Castro-Escarpulli G, Xicohtencatl-Cortes J, and Ochoa SA
- Abstract
Background: Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) has increased the incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI). It is the cause of more than 80% of community-acquired cystitis cases and more than 70% of uncomplicated acute pyelonephritis cases., Aim: The present study describes the molecular epidemiology of UPEC O25b clinical strains based on their resistance profiles, virulence genes, and genetic diversity., Methods: Resistance profiles were identified using the Kirby-Bauer method, including the phenotypic production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs). The UPEC serogroups, phylogenetic groups, virulence genes, and integrons were determined via multiplex PCR. Genetic diversity was established using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and sequence type (ST) was determined via multilocus sequence typing (MLST)., Results: UPEC strains ( n = 126) from hospitalized children with complicated UTIs (cUTIs) were identified as O25b, of which 41.27% were multidrug resistant (MDR) and 15.87% were extensively drug resistant (XDR). The O25b strains harbored the fimH (95.23%), csgA (91.26%), papG II (80.95%), chuA (95.23%), iutD (88.09%), satA (84.92%), and intl1 (47.61%) genes. Moreover, 64.28% were producers of ESBLs and had high genetic diversity. ST131 (63.63%) was associated primarily with phylogenetic group B2, and ST69 (100%) was associated primarily with phylogenetic group D., Conclusion: UPEC O25b/ST131 harbors a wide genetic diversity of virulence and resistance genes, which contribute to cUTIs in pediatrics.
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- 2021
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32. Identification and Characterization of the CRISPR/Cas System in Staphylococcus aureus Strains From Diverse Sources.
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Cruz-López EA, Rivera G, Cruz-Hernández MA, Martínez-Vázquez AV, Castro-Escarpulli G, Flores-Magallón R, Vázquez K, Cruz-Pulido WL, and Bocanegra-García V
- Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas [clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and the CRISPR-associated genes (Cas)] system provides defense mechanisms in bacteria and archaea vs. mobile genetic elements (MGEs), such as plasmids and bacteriophages, which can either be harmful or add sequences that can provide virulence or antibiotic resistance. Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium that could be the etiological agent of important soft tissue infections that can lead to bacteremia and sepsis. The role of the CRISPR-Cas system in S. aureus is not completely understood since there is a lack of knowledge about it. We analyzed 716 genomes and 1 genomic island from GENOMES-NCBI and ENA-EMBL searching for the CRISPR-Cas systems and their spacer sequences (SSs). Our bioinformatic analysis shows that only 0.83% (6/716) of the analyzed genomes harbored the CRISPR-Cas system, all of them were subtype III-A, which is characterized by the presence of the cas10/csm1 gene. Analysis of SSs showed that 91% (40/44) had no match to annotated MGEs and 9% of SSs corresponded to plasmids and bacteriophages, indicating that those phages had infected those S. aureus strains. Some of those phages have been proposed as an alternative therapy in biofilm-forming or infection with S. aureus strains, but these findings indicate that such antibiotic phage strategy would be ineffective. More research about the CRISPR/Cas system is necessary for a bigger number of S. aureus strains from different sources, so additional features can be studied., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Cruz-López, Rivera, Cruz-Hernández, Martínez-Vázquez, Castro-Escarpulli, Flores-Magallón, Vázquez, Cruz-Pulido and Bocanegra-García.)
- Published
- 2021
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33. Colistin Resistance in Aeromonas spp.
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Gonzalez-Avila LU, Loyola-Cruz MA, Hernández-Cortez C, Bello-López JM, and Castro-Escarpulli G
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- Aeromonas drug effects, Aeromonas pathogenicity, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Bacterial Proteins genetics, Colistin therapeutic use, Humans, Plasmids drug effects, Plasmids genetics, Aeromonas genetics, Anti-Bacterial Agents chemistry, Colistin chemistry, Drug Resistance, Bacterial genetics
- Abstract
The increase in the use of antimicrobials such as colistin for the treatment of infectious diseases has led to the appearance of Aeromonas strains resistant to this drug. However, resistance to colistin not only occurs in the clinical area but has also been determined in Aeromonas isolates from the environment or animals, which has been determined by the detection of mcr genes that confer a resistance mechanism to colistin. The variants mcr-1 , mcr-3 , and mcr-5 have been detected in the genus Aeromonas in animal, environmental, and human fluids samples. In this article, an overview of the resistance to colistin in Aeromonas is shown, as well as the generalities of this molecule and the recommended methods to determine colistin resistance to be used in some of the genus Aeromonas .
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- 2021
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34. The Challenge of CRISPR-Cas Toward Bioethics.
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Gonzalez-Avila LU, Vega-López JM, Pelcastre-Rodríguez LI, Cabrero-Martínez OA, Hernández-Cortez C, and Castro-Escarpulli G
- Abstract
Since determining the structure of the DNA double helix, the study of genes and genomes has revolutionized contemporary science; with the decoding of the human genome, new findings have been achieved, including the ability that humans have developed to modify genetic sequences in vitro . The discovery of gene modification mechanisms, such as the CRISPR-Cas system (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and Cas (CRISPR associated). Derived from the latest discoveries in genetics, the idea that science has no limits has exploded. However, improvements in genetic engineering allowed access to new possibilities to save lives or generate new treatment options for diseases that are not treatable by using genes and their modification in the genome. With this greater knowledge, the immediate question is who governs the limits of genetic science? The first answer would be the intervention of a legislative branch, with adequate scientific advice, from which the logical answer, bioethics, should result. This term was introduced for the first time by Van Rensselaer Potter, who in 1970 combined the Greek words bios and ethos, Bio-Ethik , which determined the study of the morality of human behavior in science. The approach to this term was introduced to avoid the natural tension that results from the scientific technical development and the ethics of limits. Therefore, associating the use of biotechnology through the CRISPR-Cas system and the regulation through bioethics, aims to monitor the use of techniques and technology, with benefits for humanity, without altering fundamental rights, acting with moral and ethical principles., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Gonzalez-Avila, Vega-López, Pelcastre-Rodríguez, Cabrero-Martínez, Hernández-Cortez and Castro-Escarpulli.)
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- 2021
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35. Gut dysbiosis and clinical phases of pancolitis in patients with ulcerative colitis.
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Maldonado-Arriaga B, Sandoval-Jiménez S, Rodríguez-Silverio J, Lizeth Alcaráz-Estrada S, Cortés-Espinosa T, Pérez-Cabeza de Vaca R, Licona-Cassani C, Gámez-Valdez JS, Shaw J, Mondragón-Terán P, Hernández-Cortez C, Suárez-Cuenca JA, and Castro-Escarpulli G
- Subjects
- Adult, Bacteria genetics, Biodiversity, DNA, Bacterial, Female, Healthy Volunteers, Humans, Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex analysis, Male, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Severity of Illness Index, Bacteria classification, Colitis microbiology, Colitis, Ulcerative microbiology, Dysbiosis microbiology, Feces microbiology, Gastrointestinal Microbiome
- Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a frequent type of inflammatory bowel disease, characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation. Gut dysbiosis may influence pathophysiology and clinical response in UC. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether gut microbiota is related to the active and remission phases of pancolitis in patients with UC as well as in healthy participants. Fecal samples were obtained from 18 patients with UC and clinical-endoscopic evidenced pancolitis (active phase n = 9 and remission phase n = 9), as well as 15 healthy participants. After fecal DNA extraction, the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced (Illumina MiSeq), operational taxonomic units were analyzed with the QIIME software. Gut microbiota composition revealed a higher abundance of the phyla Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria in active pancolitis, as compared with remission and healthy participants. Likewise, a marked abundance of the genus Bilophila and Fusobacteria were present in active pancolitis, whereas a higher abundance of Faecalibacterium characterized both remission and healthy participants. LEfSe analysis showed that the genus Roseburia and Faecalibacterium were enriched in remission pancolitis, and genera Bilophila and Fusobacterium were enriched in active pancolitis. The relative abundance of Fecalibacterium and Roseburia showed a higher correlation with fecal calprotectin, while Bilophila and Fusobacterium showed AUCs (area under the curve) of 0.917 and 0.988 for active vs. remission pancolitis. The results of our study highlight the relation of gut dysbiosis with clinically relevant phases of pancolitis in patients with UC. Particularly, Fecalibacterium, Roseburia, Bilophila, and Fusobacterium were identified as genera highly related to the different clinical phases of pancolitis., (© 2021 The Authors. MicrobiologyOpen published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2021
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36. Clonal dispersion of Acinetobacter baumannii in an intensive care unit designed to patients COVID-19.
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Durán-Manuel EM, Cruz-Cruz C, Ibáñez-Cervantes G, Bravata-Alcantará JC, Sosa-Hernández O, Delgado-Balbuena L, León-García G, Cortés-Ortíz IA, Cureño-Díaz MA, Castro-Escarpulli G, Vélez-Reséndiz JM, and Bello-López JM
- Subjects
- Acinetobacter baumannii pathogenicity, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Biofilms growth & development, Cross Infection microbiology, Drug Resistance, Bacterial genetics, Equipment and Supplies microbiology, Genotype, Humans, Interspersed Repetitive Sequences, Mexico, Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated microbiology, Acinetobacter Infections transmission, Acinetobacter baumannii isolation & purification, COVID-19 prevention & control, Cross Infection prevention & control, Intensive Care Units
- Abstract
Introduction: SARS-CoV2 pandemic marks the need to pay attention to bacterial pathogens that can complicate the hospital stay of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). ESKAPE bacteria which includes Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter cloacae are considered the most important, because of their close relationship with the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). The aim of this work was to identify and characterize ESKAPE bacteria and to detect their possible clonal spread in medical devices, patients, and medical personnel of the ICU for COVID-19 patients of the Hospital Juarez de Mexico., Methodology: Genetic identification of ESKAPE bacteria was performed by analyzing the 16S rRNA gene. Resistance assays were performed according to the CLSI guidelines. Assembly of AdeABCRS operon and inhibition assays of pumps efflux in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates were performed. Associated gene involved in biofilm formation (icaA) was performed in isolates belonging to the Staphylococcus genus. Finally, typing by ERIC-PCR and characterization of mobile genetic element SCCmec were done., Results: Heterogeneous distribution of ESKAPE and non-ESKAPE bacteria was detected in various medical devices, patients, and medical personnel. Acinetobacter baumannii and Staphylococcus aureus were the predominant ESKAPE members. The analysis of intergenic regions revealed an important clonal distribution of A. baumannii (AdeABCRS+). Genotyping of SCCmec mobile genetic elements and the icaA gene showed that there is no clonal distribution of S. aureus., Conclusions: Clonal spread of A. baumannii (AdeABCRS+) highlights the importance of adopting good practices for equipment disinfection, surfaces and management of COVID-19 patients., Competing Interests: No Conflict of Interest is declared, (Copyright (c) 2021 Emilio Mariano Duran-Manuel, Clemente Cruz-Cruz, Gabriela Ibanez-Cervantes, Juan Carlos Bravata-Alcantara, Oscar Sosa-Hernandez, Laura Delgado-Balbuena, Gregorio Leon-Garcia, Iliana Alejandra Cortes-Ortiz, Monica Alethia Cureno-Diaz, Graciela Castro-Escarpulli, Juan Manuel Velez-Resendiz, Juan Manuel Bello-Lopez.)
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- 2021
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37. Patient knowledge of fecal calprotectin in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): An observational study in Mexico.
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Maldonado-Arriaga B, Sandoval-Jiménez S, Rodríguez-Silverio J, Alcaráz-Estrada SL, Cortés-Espinosa T, Pérez-Cabeza de Vaca R, Shaw J, Mondragón-Terán P, Hernández-Cortez C, Suárez-Cuenca JA, and Castro-Escarpulli G
- Abstract
Background: Fecal calprotectin (FC) can be a valuable tool to optimize health care for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The objective of this observational study was to determine the level of knowledge of the FC test in Mexican patients with IBD. Methods: A self-report questionnaire was distributed via Facebook to patients with IBD. The survey consisted of 15 questions in two categories: the first category assessed knowledge of IBD diagnosis, and the second category assessed knowledge of the FC test. Results: In total, 460 patients with IBD participated, of which 83.9% (386) had ulcerative colitis (UC) and 16.0% (74) had Crohn's disease (CD). Regarding IBD diagnosis, 41.9% of participants stated that they did not know of a non-invasive test for fecal matter to identify inflammation of the colon. Regarding the FC test, 57.5% (UC) and 58.1% (CD) stated that they did not know about the test. Additionally, 65.8% (UC) and 51.3% (CD) of participants stated that they had never received the FC test and 82.6% (UC) and 77.0% (CD) recognized that the FC test was difficult to access in their medical practice. Furthermore, 66% (UC) and 52.7% (CD) of participants noted that their specialist doctor had never suggested the FC test to them, yet 89.1% (UC) and 87.8% (CD) stated that they would prefer FC analysis for their IBD follow-up assessments. Conclusions: There is little knowledge of the FC biomarker among Mexican patients with IBD. This suggests the need for greater dissemination of its use and scope as a biomarker in IBD., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2020 Maldonado-Arriaga B et al.)
- Published
- 2020
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38. Analysis of CRISPR-Cas systems in Gardnerella suggests its potential role in the mechanisms of bacterial vaginosis.
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Ruiz-Hernández UE, Pelcastre-Rodriguez LI, Cabrero-Martínez OA, Hernández-Cortez C, and Castro-Escarpulli G
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- Female, Gardnerella chemistry, Humans, Phylogeny, Virulence Factors genetics, CRISPR-Cas Systems, Gardnerella genetics, Vaginosis, Bacterial microbiology
- Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the principal cause of vaginal discharge among women, and it can lead to many comorbidities with a negative impact in women's daily activities. Despite the fact that the pathophysiological process of BV remains unclear, great advances had been achieved in determining consequences of the shift in the vaginal community, and it was defined that Gardnerella spp., plays a key role in the pathogenesis of BV. Interactions of vaginal phage communities and bacterial hosts may be relevant in eubiosis/dysbiosis states, so defense mechanisms in Gardnerella spp., against phage infections could be relevant in BV development. In this study, we analyzed CRISPR-Cas systems among the 13 Gardnerella species recently classified, considering that these systems act as prokaryotic immune systems against phages, plasmids, and other mobile genetic elements. In silico analyses for CRISPR-Cas systems mining over the 81 Gardnerella spp., strains genomes analyzed led to the identification of subtypes I-E and II-C. Spacers analyses showed a hypervariable region across species, providing a high resolution level in order to distinguish clonality in strains, which was supported with phylogenomic analyses based on Virtual Genomic Fingerprinting. Moreover, most of the spacers revealed interactions between Gardnerella spp., strains and prophages over the genus. Furthermore, virulence traits of the 13 species showed insights of potential niche specificity in the vaginal microbiome. Overall, our results suggest that the CRISPR-Cas systems in the genus Gardnerella may play an important role in the mechanisms of the development and maintenance of BV, considering that the Gardnerella species occupies different niches in the vaginal community; in addition, spacer sequences can be used for genotyping studies., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
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- 2020
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39. Co-infection between genotypes of the human papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis in Mexican women.
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Escarcega-Tame MA, López-Hurtado M, Escobedo-Guerra MR, Reyes-Maldonado E, Castro-Escarpulli G, and Guerra-Infante FM
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- Adult, Cervix Uteri pathology, Chlamydia Infections diagnosis, Chlamydia trachomatis isolation & purification, Female, Genotype, Humans, Mexico, Middle Aged, Papillomaviridae isolation & purification, Papillomavirus Infections diagnosis, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Prevalence, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms epidemiology, Uterine Cervicitis epidemiology, Vaginal Smears, Young Adult, Uterine Cervical Dysplasia epidemiology, Chlamydia Infections epidemiology, Chlamydia trachomatis genetics, Coinfection epidemiology, Papillomaviridae genetics, Papillomavirus Infections epidemiology, Vagina microbiology, Vagina virology
- Abstract
Not all human papillomavirus (HPV) infections develop into cervical cancer (CC), so it is proposed that other factors may influence this, such as co-infection with Chlamydia trachomatis (CT). To identify the prevalence of co-infection, we included 189 women with suspicion of HPV. Viral typing was performed by carrying out the Roche HP Linear Array test, while CT detection was performed with the COBAS® TaqMan® 48 kit from Roche. Of the 189 women only 184 had an infection with HPV, CT or both: 56.6% were positive for one or several HPV genotypes, and 67.7% for CT. Clinical data showed an association between HPV and CIN I (n = 22; RR = 2.43; 95% CI 1.72-3.43, p < 0.05). CT infection was only associated with cervicitis (n = 40; RR = 1.73; 95% CI 1.34-2.23, p < 0.05). The CT-HPV co-infection rate was 28%. Co-infection revealed an association with CIN I (n = 31, RR= 3.33; 95% CI 2.08-5.34 p < 0.05), CIN III (n = 7; RR = 2.57; 95% CI 1.53-4.31, p < 0.05); and a significant risk of 2.3 (95% CI 1.08-4.90) times higher to develop CC; nevertheless, this risk was not statistically significant. CT/HPV co-infection was associated with the development of a high-grade lesion (CIN III) as well as an important risk for developing CC.
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- 2020
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40. Genetic and phenotypic determinants of resistance to antibiotics in Aeromonas spp., strains isolated from pediatric patients.
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Bello-López JM, Sanchez-Garibay C, Ibáñez-Cervantes G, León-García G, Gonzalez-Avila LU, Hernández-Cortez C, Arzate Barbosa P, and Castro-Escarpulli G
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Aeromonas enzymology, Child, Child, Preschool, Diarrhea microbiology, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections microbiology, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Integrons genetics, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S genetics, Tertiary Care Centers statistics & numerical data, beta-Lactamases genetics, Aeromonas drug effects, Aeromonas genetics, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial genetics, Phenotype
- Abstract
Introduction: Intestinal and extraintestinal infections by Aeromonas spp., remain controversial, due to the existence of healthy carriers of Aeromonas spp. In children under five years old, the diarrhea of infectious origin constitutes the second cause of mortality and remains a major concern for public health. The aim of this work was to detect the pheno/genotype of β-lactamases and class 1 integrons in Aeromonas spp., strains isolated from pediatric patients in a tertiary referral hospital in Mexico., Methodology: Sixty-six strains of Aeromonas spp., were isolated from clinical samples of pediatric origin and were identified by RFLP-PCR 16S rRNA. Resistance phenotype according to CLSI, genetic and phenotypic detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and metallo-b-lactamases (MBL) was performed. Finally, characterization of class 1 integrons was performed., Results: Aeromonas spp., strains of diarrheic origin were more predominant. A wide heterogeneity was detected, where A. caviae was the predominant specie. Second-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and nitrofurans had best antimicrobial activity; moreover, antibiotics of the β-lactamic and lincosamides families showed lower inhibitory activity. Phenotypically, prevalences of 4.55% and 3.03% were detected for MBL (intestinal origin) and ESBL (extraintestinal origin), respectively. blaIMIS-cphA and blaTEM-1 genes, and nineteen class 1 integrons carrying two variants of cassettes corresponding to adenylyl transferases (aadA), and dihydrofolate reductases (dfrA). Monogenic array with aadA1 cassette was predominantly., Conclusions: ESBL and class 1 integrons, in Aeromonas collected from pediatric patients, determines a major detection challenge for the clinical microbiology laboratory and represents a remarkable epidemiological risk of nosocomial spread of multidrug-resistant determinants., Competing Interests: No Conflict of Interest is declared, (Copyright (c) 2020 Juan Manuel Bello-Lopez, Carlos Sanchez-Garibay, Gabriela Ibanez-Cervantes, Gregorio Leon-García, Luis Uriel Gonzalez-Avila, Cecilia Hernandez-Cortez, Patricia Arzate Barbosa, Graciela Castro-Escarpulli.)
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- 2020
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41. Commensal and virulent Escherichia coli strains of vaginal origin are reservoirs of resistance cassettes in class 1 integrons.
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Blancarte-Lagunas MI, Castro-Escarpulli G, Navarro-Ocaña A, Ibáñez-Cervantes G, Marquez-Valdelamar LM, Hernández-Carrillo JM, Salazar-Salinas J, Mendoza-Vásquez OF, Damazo-Hernández G, Sosa-Hernández O, León-García G, Cureño-Díaz MA, and Bello-López JM
- Subjects
- Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Disease Reservoirs, Drug Resistance, Bacterial genetics, Escherichia coli drug effects, Escherichia coli genetics, Escherichia coli pathogenicity, Female, Humans, Integrons genetics, Mexico, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Escherichia coli isolation & purification, Escherichia coli Infections microbiology, Vaginosis, Bacterial microbiology
- Abstract
Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli, one of the causal agents of aerobic vaginitis, leads to the persistence of the infection. The investigation of integrons acquires relevance, since they are elements that are responsible for the acquisition of resistance to antibiotics. The aim of this work was to describe the structural diversity of class 1 integrons in virulent and commensal strains of E. coli isolated from patients with vaginal infection., Methodology: Ninety-two strains of E. coli were isolated from patients with aerobic vaginitis. Resistance profile against 19 antibiotics and class 1 integrons were detected by PCR. The identity and arrangement of cassettes was determined by sequencing. ERIC-PCR assays were carried out in strains with identical arrays. Finally, genotyping by Clermont algorithm and serotyping were performed. Seventeen strains showed integrons located in plasmids., Results: Ten different gene cassette arrays were identified in 30 strains of E. coli. Cassettes corresponding to genes coding for adenylyltransferases (aadA), dihydrofolate reductases (dfrA), and oxacillinases (blaOXA) were detected. Array dfrA17-aadA5 was predominantly prevalent over the other arrays identified. Phylogenetic group A was the most predominant, followed by group B2 and D., Conclusions: This study demonstrates the presence of E. coli of vaginal origin carrying class 1 integrons, which are main genetic elements of capture of resistance genes, with the possibility of capturing new resistance cassettes. These evidences should serve for the modification of protocols in the diagnosis and treatment of aerobic vaginitis, and the development of policies for the rational use of antimicrobials., Competing Interests: No Conflict of Interest is declared, (Copyright (c) 2020 Juan Manuel Bello-LOpez, Manalli Itzahaya Blancarte–Lagunas, Graciela Castro-Escarpulli, Armando Navarro-Ocana, Gabriela Ibanez-Cervantes, Laura Margarita Marquez-Valdelamar, Jose Hernandez-Carrillo, Juana Salazar-Salinas, O.F Mendoza-Vasquez, Gabriel Damazo-Hernandez.)
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- 2020
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42. Mollicutes antibiotic resistance profile and presence of genital abnormalities in couples attending an infertility clinic.
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Maldonado-Arriaga B, Escobar-Escamilla N, Pérez-Razo JC, Alcaráz-Estrada SL, Flores-Sánchez I, Moreno-García D, Pérez-Cabeza de Vaca R, Mondragón-Terán P, Shaw J, Hernandez-Cortez C, Castro-Escarpulli G, and Suárez-Cuenca JA
- Subjects
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Family Characteristics, Fertility Clinics, Genitalia abnormalities, Genitalia microbiology, Tenericutes physiology
- Published
- 2020
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43. Mutational landscape and intra-host diversity of human papillomavirus type 16 long control region and E6 variants in cervical samples.
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Escobar-Escamilla N, González-Martínez BE, Araiza-Rodríguez A, Fragoso-Fonseca DE, Pedroza-Torres A, Landa-Flores MG, Garcés-Ayala F, Mendieta-Condado E, Díaz-Quiñonez JA, Castro-Escarpulli G, and Ramírez-González JE
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- Adult, Base Sequence, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Viral, Human papillomavirus 16 classification, Human papillomavirus 16 isolation & purification, Human papillomavirus 16 metabolism, Humans, Mexico, Mutation, Oncogene Proteins, Viral metabolism, Phylogeny, Repressor Proteins metabolism, Retrospective Studies, Human papillomavirus 16 genetics, Oncogene Proteins, Viral genetics, Papillomavirus Infections virology, Repressor Proteins genetics, Terminal Repeat Sequences, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms virology
- Abstract
Human papillomavirus genotype 16 (HPV16) is the most frequent high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) identified in cervical precursor lesions and cervical cancer (CC) worldwide. The oncogenic potential of HPV16 is partly dependent on the lineage involved in the infection and the presence of clinically relevant mutations. In this report, we present the distribution of HR-HPV and the mutational profile and intra-host variability of HPV16 lineages, based on analysis of the long control region (LCR) and the E6 gene in samples with normal cytology (n = 39), squamous intraepithelial lesions (n = 25), and CC (n = 39). HR-HPV genotyping was performed using multiplex real-time PCR. HPV16 lineage assignments and mutation frequencies were determined by conventional PCR and Sanger DNA sequencing, and intra-patient viral populations were analyzed using next-generation sequencing (NGS). The most frequent HR-HPV type was HPV16, followed by HPV31 and HPV18. The frequency of HPV16 sublineages was A1/A2 > D2 > D3 and B1. Moreover, the most frequent mutations, both in samples from this study and in the available sequences from Mexican isolates in the GenBank database were LCR-G7518A, which is involved in carcinogenesis, and E6-T350G (producing L83V), associated with persistence of infection. Otherwise, deep sequencing revealed high conservation of viral lineages and mutations, independently of the stages studied. In conclusion, the high frequency and stability of these molecular markers, as well as the circulating viral lineages, could be related to the incidence of CC associated with HPV16. Hence, they deserve a broader analysis to determine the risk of specific populations for progression of the disease.
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- 2019
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44. Horizontal Gene Transfer and Its Association with Antibiotic Resistance in the Genus Aeromonas spp.
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Bello-López JM, Cabrero-Martínez OA, Ibáñez-Cervantes G, Hernández-Cortez C, Pelcastre-Rodríguez LI, Gonzalez-Avila LU, and Castro-Escarpulli G
- Abstract
The evolution of multidrug resistant bacteria to the most diverse antimicrobials known so far pose a serious problem to global public health. Currently, microorganisms that develop resistant phenotypes to multiple drugs are associated with high morbidity and mortality. This resistance is encoded by a group of genes termed 'bacterial resistome', divided in intrinsic and extrinsic resistome. The first one refers to the resistance displayed on an organism without previous exposure to an antibiotic not involving horizontal genetic transfer, and it can be acquired via mutations. The latter, on the contrary, is acquired exclusively via horizontal genetic transfer involving mobile genetic elements that constitute the 'bacterial mobilome'. This transfer is mediated by three different mechanisms: transduction, transformation, and conjugation. Recently, a problem of public health due to implications in the emergence of multi-drug resistance in Aeromonas spp. strains in water environments has been described. This is derived from the genetic material transfer via conjugation events. This is important, since bacteria that have acquired antibiotic resistance in natural environments can cause infections derived from their ingestion or direct contact with open wounds or mucosal tissue, which in turn, by their resistant nature, makes their eradication complex. Implications of the emergence of resistance in Aeromonas spp. by horizontal gene transfer on public health are discussed.
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- 2019
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45. Antibiotic resistance, virulence factors and genotyping of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in public hospitals of northeastern Mexico.
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González-Olvera EM, Pérez-Morales R, González Zamora A, Castro-Escarpulli G, Palma-Martínez I, and Alba-Romero JJ
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- Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Genotype, Humans, Mexico, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Molecular Typing, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Pseudomonas aeruginosa genetics, Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenicity, Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization, Virulence Factors genetics, Cross Infection microbiology, Drug Resistance, Bacterial genetics, Hospitals, Public, Pseudomonas aeruginosa drug effects, Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation & purification
- Abstract
Introduction: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the second most prevalent opportunistic pathogen causing nosocomial infections in Mexico. This study evaluated antibiotic resistance, production of virulence factors and clonal diversity of P. aeruginosa strains isolated from patients undergoing nosocomial infections in public hospitals of northeastern Mexico., Methodology: Ninety-two P. aeruginosa isolates from urine culture, Foley catheter, ear, wounds, respiratory tract secretions, scalp, blood culture, bronchoalveolar lavage, expectoration and cerebrospinal fluid causing nosocomial infections were analyzed. The isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF and antibiotic resistance profiles obtained by MicroScan®. The production of virulence factors was analyzed with spectrophotometric techniques and isolates genotyped by ERIC-PCR., Results: Out of the 92 isolates, 26 (28.2%) were found to be multidrug resistant (MDR); 21 (22.7%) were classified as extremely drug resistant (XDR). Highest resistance rate was found for gatifloxacin (42%) while ciprofloxacin accounted for the antibiotic with the lowest resistance rate (2%). Bronchoalveolar lavage isolates produced the highest amounts of virulence factors: biofilm (44.4% ± 2.7%), elastase (58.5% ± 4.3%), alkaline protease (60.1% ± 5.0%); except for pyocyanin production. The ERIC-PCR assay showed 83 genetic patterns (90% clonal diversity) and 13 isolates had 100% genetic similarity, forming 4 real clones, 3 of these clones were obtained from different anatomical site and/or hospital., Conclusions: Antibiotic resistance and virulence factors production was heterogeneous among samples analyzed. Genotyping of P. aeruginosa strains showed high genetic diversity in the studied isolates., Competing Interests: No Conflict of Interest is declared, (Copyright (c) 2019 Rebeca Perez Morales, Eliab M Gonzalez Olvera, Alberto Gonzalez Zamora, Graciela Castro Escarpulli, Ingrid Palma Martinez, Jose J Alba Romero.)
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- 2019
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46. Cytotoxic effect caspase activation dependent of a genetically engineered fusion protein with a CD154 peptide mimetic (OmpC-CD154 p ) on B-NHL cell lines is mediated by the inhibition of bcl-6 and YY1 through MAPK p38 activation.
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Pantoja-Escobar G, Morales-Martínez M, Vega GG, Castro-Escarpulli G, and Vega MI
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- Antineoplastic Agents chemistry, Antineoplastic Agents pharmacology, Apoptosis drug effects, CD40 Antigens metabolism, CD40 Ligand chemistry, Cell Cycle drug effects, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Survival drug effects, Humans, Molecular Mimicry, Peptides chemistry, Porins chemistry, Caspases metabolism, Peptides pharmacology, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-6 metabolism, YY1 Transcription Factor metabolism, p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases metabolism
- Abstract
The interaction between CD40, and its ligand, CD154, is essential for the development of humoral and cellular immune responses. The selective inhibition or activation of this pathway forms the basis for the development of new therapeutics against immunologically based diseases and malignancies. We are developing a gene fusion of Salmonella typhi OmpC protein expressing the CD154 Tyr140-Ser-149 amino acid strand. This OmpC-CD154 binds CD40 and activates B cells. In this study, we demonstrate that OmpC-CD154
p treatment inhibits cell growth, proliferation and induced apoptosis in the B-NHL cell lines Raji and Ramos. The Bcl-2 family proteins were regulated and the Bcl-6 and YY1 oncoproteins were inhibited. p38 MAPK activation is an important mechanism underlying the effect on proliferation and apoptosis mediated by this fusion protein. This study establishes a basis for the possible use of fusion protein OmpC-CD154 as an alternative treatment for B-NHL.- Published
- 2019
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47. A one-step real-time RT-PCR helps to identify mixed rotavirus infections in Mexico.
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Anaya-Molina Y, De La Cruz Hernández SI, Andrés-Dionicio AE, Terán-Vega HL, Méndez-Pérez H, Castro-Escarpulli G, and García-Lozano H
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- Feces virology, Genes, Viral, Genotype, Humans, Molecular Epidemiology methods, RNA, Viral, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction methods, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction methods, Rotavirus classification, Rotavirus genetics, Rotavirus Infections diagnosis, Rotavirus Infections virology
- Abstract
Rotaviruses continue being the most important pathogens responsible of diarrhea in young children worldwide. Seminested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is used to determine rotavirus genotype; however, this technique employs multistep procedures. The real-time RT-PCR is a fast and reliable tool that can be used as rotavirus genotyping tool, especially in rotavirus outbreaks. In this study, we tested a real-time RT-PCR to identify rotavirus genotype using a panel of 252 samples from patients with diarrheal disease caused by G9P[4] and G12P[8] genotypes, which were identified as emerging rotaviruses in 2 outbreaks in Chiapas, Mexico. Our results show that the real-time RT-PCR assay detected these rotaviruses, and it allowed us to identify mixed genotype infections, G/P combinations, and the viral abundance in some samples in which the seminested assay could not identify them. Therefore, the real-time RT-PCR is a molecular tool that can be great support during rotavirus outbreaks., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2018
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48. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Alkyl-Quinoxalin-2(1 H )-One Derivatives as Anti- Quorum Sensing Molecules, Inhibiting Biofilm Formation in Aeromonas caviae Sch3.
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Blöcher R, Rodarte Ramírez A, Castro-Escarpulli G, Curiel-Quesada E, and Reyes-Arellano A
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- Aeromonas caviae growth & development, Anti-Bacterial Agents chemical synthesis, Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic, Drug Design, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Quinoxalines chemical synthesis, Aeromonas caviae drug effects, Anti-Bacterial Agents chemistry, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Biofilms drug effects, Quinoxalines chemistry, Quinoxalines pharmacology, Quorum Sensing drug effects
- Abstract
With the increasing antibiotic resistance of bacterial strains, alternative methods for infection control are in high demand. Quorum sensing (QS) is the bacterial communication system based on small molecules. QS is enables bacterial biofilm formation and pathogenic development. The interruption of QS has become a target for drug discovery, but remains in the early experimental phase. In this study, we synthesized a set of six compounds based on a scaffold (alkyl-quinoxalin-2(1 H )-one), new in the anti-QS of Gram-negative bacteria Aeromonas caviae Sch3. By quantifying biofilm formation, we were able to monitor the effect of these compounds from concentrations of 1 to 100 µM. Significant reduction in biofilm formation was achieved by 3-hexylylquinoxalin-2(1 H )-one ( 11 ), 3-hexylylquinoxalin-2(1 H )-one-6-carboxylic acid ( 12 ), and 3-heptylylquinoxalin-2(1 H )-one-6-carboxylic acid ( 14 ), ranging from 11% to 59% inhibition of the biofilm. This pilot study contributes to the development of anti-QS compounds to overcome the clinical challenge of resistant bacteria strains.
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- 2018
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49. Nosocomial, Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains Isolated from Mexico City Produce Robust Biofilms on Abiotic Surfaces but Not on Human Lung Cells.
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Ostria-Hernandez ML, Juárez-de la Rosa KC, Arzate-Barbosa P, Lara-Hernández A, Sakai F, Ibarra JA, Castro-Escarpulli G, and Vidal JE
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- Adhesins, Bacterial genetics, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Bacterial Proteins genetics, Biofilms drug effects, Carbapenems pharmacology, Cells, Cultured, Cross Infection drug therapy, Cross Infection microbiology, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial drug effects, Enterobacteriaceae drug effects, Enterobacteriaceae genetics, Fimbriae, Bacterial genetics, Hospitals, Humans, Klebsiella Infections drug therapy, Mexico, Virulence genetics, Biofilms growth & development, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial genetics, Klebsiella Infections microbiology, Klebsiella pneumoniae genetics, Klebsiella pneumoniae isolation & purification
- Abstract
Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kpn) strains are a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections, including ventilator-associated pneumonia. Resistance to antibiotics, biofilm formation, and the production of certain fimbriae play an important role in the pathogenesis., Aim: We investigated the genetic relatedness, antibiotic resistance, virulence potential, and ability to form biofilms of Kpn strains isolated from hospital-acquired infections (n = 76). Strains were isolated at three major hospitals serving the largest metropolitan urban area in Mexico City, Mexico., Results: Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR demonstrated that clonal groups predominate in each hospital. Selected strains chosen from clonal groups (n = 47) were multidrug resistant (MDR, 83%), although the majority (∼70%) were susceptible to carbapenems. All strains produced robust biofilms on abiotic surfaces, and ∼90% harbored adhesin genes fimH, mrkA, and ecpA. The ultrastructure of biofilms was further studied by high-resolution confocal microscopy. The average height of Kpn biofilms on abiotic surfaces was ∼40 μm. We then assessed formation of biofilms on human lung cells, as a surrogate of lung infection. While Kpn strains formed robust biofilms on abiotic surfaces, studies on lung cells revealed attachment to human cells but scarce formation of biofilms. Gene expression studies revealed a differential temporal expression of an adhesin (ecpA) and a capsule (galF) gene when biofilms were formed on different substrates., Conclusions: Kpn strains isolated from nosocomial infections in Mexico City are MDR, although the majority are still susceptible to carbapenems and form more robust biofilms on polystyrene in comparison to those formed on human cells.
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- 2018
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50. Adherence of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale to chicken embryo lung cells as a pathogenic mechanism.
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De la Rosa-Ramos MA, Muñoz-Solís K, Palma-Zepeda M, Gutierrez-Castillo AC, López Villegas EO, Guerra-Infante FM, and Castro-Escarpulli G
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- Animals, Cells, Cultured, Lung embryology, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms, Bacterial Adhesion physiology, Chick Embryo, Lung cytology, Ornithobacterium physiology
- Abstract
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale is a bacterium that causes respiratory disease in birds and it has been isolated in countries with a large poultry production, including Mexico. The pathogenicity mechanisms of this bacterium have not been completely elucidated yet. The capacity of the bacterium to adhere to epithelial cells of chicken in vitro has been evidenced, and since this bacterium has been isolated from the lungs and air sacs of several avian species, the aim of this study was to determine if this bacterium can adhere to chicken lung cells. We used five O. rhinotracheale reference serovars (A-E) that were in contact with primary lung cells cultured from a 19-day-old chicken embryo. O. rhinotracheale adherence was evaluated through optical and transmission electron microscopies. The results revealed that O. rhinotracheale is capable of adhering to chicken embryo lung cells within 3 h of incubation with a diffuse adherence pattern. The adherence percentages of the chicken embryo lung cells were 51-96% according to the serovar of the bacterium. Relative adherence was from 4 to 8 bacteria per cell. Transmission electron microscope data revealed intracellular bacteria inside a vacuole in less than 3 h of incubation.
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- 2018
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