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Depending on the anatomical regions of the cattle, we found that the cattle meat assortments preferred by men, regardless of age, are chickpeas, moss, worm, and less the chest, pulp and the rasol. Age categories 21-30 years and 31-40 years do not prefer beef pulp at all, and the 51-60 category the chest, probably because of the thicker miofibrils and make the meat harder to chew. Women of all ages, we see that they prefer all assortments of cattle meat, except for the 21-30 category who does not prefer the rasol, may be due to the fact that they still do not know how to prepare it.

By introducing, processing and interpreting the data from the questionnaires applied, asking three questions regarding the weekly consumption of meat and meat products from cattle and the amount of cattle meat monthly consumed, we found that regardless of age for both men and women a large number of respondents do not consume this type of meat. Men with age between 41-50, 51-60 years and over 60 years consume the largest amount of sausage, monthly 1-2 kg, but larger amounts consume the 21-30 age categories, which states that consumes more than 8.1 kilograms of cattle sausage monthly.

Background and Aim: Arcobacter is a food-borne pathogen associated with human and animal infections. In Iraq, these infections and their adverse effects on public health have not been well investigated. For this reason, as well as to submit data on the resistance to antimicrobials and antibiotypes of the Arcobacter spp. and their occurrence in retail meat in the Wasit marketplaces, this study was undertaken. Materials and Methods: A total of 83 samples of fresh raw (n=35) and chilled meat (n=48) were purchased randomly from marketplaces in various regions of the Wasit Governorate. Bacterial detection was conducted using cultural methods, biochemical analysis, and the Oxoid Biomedical Identification System Campy. Confirmation of these bacteria at the species level was performed using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction method. Susceptibility of the Arcobacter spp. to antimicrobials was investigated in 11 isolates comprising Arcobacter butzleri (n=9) and Arcobacter cryaerophilus (n=2) using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: A total of 32 (38.6%) of the 83 fresh raw and chilled meat samples tested positive for Arcobacter spp.; of those, 27 (84.4%) and 5 (15.6%) were recognized as A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus, respectively. Maximum resistance was perceived, respectively, to tetracycline, erythromycin, and ampicillin (90.9%, 81.8%, and 81.8%, respectively). In contrast, a low resistance rate against fluoroquinolones up to 9.09% was found. Antibiograms of the A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus isolates yielded ten antibiotypes. The vast majority of the isolates (90.91%) were resistant to no fewer than three classes of antimicrobials, and 27.3% of these showed resistance to six antibiotics. A total of 91% of the analyzed isolates had a multiple antibiotic resistance index score between 0.27 and 0.73. Conclusion: Our outcomes demonstrated that retail meat can be a prospective vehicle for pathogenic Arcobacter, making these products a possible risk to human health. Our outcomes postulate that the contamination of retail meats by pathogenic Arcobacter is a global public health concern, particularly with the growing resistance to life-saving drugs, and emphasizes consumer understanding about the quality and safety of these products. To achieve healthy food products, good management practices, and successful control approaches must be implemented across the entire food chain, not only to protect consumers from these contaminants but also to minimize the risk of drug resistance.

The intent of the current study was to assess the changes concerning beef and camel meat during chilling at 4C and their role in shelf life of camel and cattle meat. The studied parameters included sensory (colour, odour, consistency and appearance). Microbiological characteristics (total bacterial count (TBC), yeast and mould count, coliforms and Staph. Aureus counts) and chemical parameters (Potentiality of hydrogen (pH), Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA), Total Volatile Nitrogen (TVN), Peroxide value (PV), Glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), catalase (CAT), Fractionation of amino acid, Fractionation of fatty acid and Free Fatty Acids (FFAs)). The results revealed that the sensorial quality of fresh cattle meat was acceptable until at 6 Th day but still at 8 Th day of camel meat. The microbiological quality indicated that the validity of cattle meat at 8 th day and camel meat at 10 th day for all mentioned microbial parameters. Chemically, the results were evaluated for cattle meat until the 8 Th day and camel meat at 10 th day for pH., TBA, TVN, PV, Glutathione peroxidase, Catalase and free fatty acids, as well as fractionation of amino acids and fatty acids. In summary, chilling preservation at 4 C enhanced fresh camel meat shelf life for 8 days and fresh cattle meat shelf life for 6 days without undesirable and detrimental effects on its sensory acceptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: pH, subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT), and color are fundamental variables to define the organoleptic characteristics of meat. However, multivariate relationships of those traits remain unexplored in bovine meat. Objective: To investigate the multivariate relationships among pH, subcutaneous fat thickness, and color parameters in bovine meat using canonical correlation analysis. Methods: A dataset containing 173 individual records of pH, SFT, and color parameters (a*: intensity of red color, b*: intensity of yellow color, and L*: lightness) from five Brazilian beef cut types (Breed: Nellore; cuts: acém, contrafilé, fraldinha, patinho and picanha) was constructed. Multivariate relationships between color variables (a*, b*, and L*) and chemical variables (pH and SFT) were explored using the CANCORR procedure of SAS. Results: Two canonical correlations between U (a*, b*, and L*; color variables) and V (pH and SFT; chemical variables) variates were significant (p

Lead (Pb), chromium (Cr) and cobalt (Co) were investigated in 160 local and imported meat samples of cattle and buffalo collected from markets of Mosul city by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results reported mean concentrations of Pb and Cr in local cattle meat 0.136 and 0.0651 mg/kg, respectively significantly higher than that reported for Co 0.008 mg/kg. In imported cattle meat, results revealed that Pb presented a mean concentration 0.182 mg/kg significantly higher than that presented by Cr and Co 0.0486 and 0.00971 mg/kg, respectively. No significant differences in the mean concentrations of Pb, Cr and Co in local buffalo meat 0.119, 0.0896 and 0.017 mg/kg, respectively, and imported buffalo meat 0.106, 0.102 and 0.041 mg/kg, respectively, were reported. The results revealed that 20% from each local cattle and buffalo meat samples, 12.5% from imported cattle meat and 22.5% from imported buffalo meat were exceeded the maximum permissible limit for lead in meat. Concerning Cr, 2.5% from imported cattle meat and 5% from each of local and imported buffalo meat surpassed the maximum acceptable limit. Ultimately, results showed that all samples of local and imported cattle and buffalo meat were within the maximum allowable limits for Co. The hazards of metals on public health was discussed.

Background: pH, subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT), and color are fundamental variables to define the organoleptic characteristics of meat. However, multivariate relationships of those traits remain unexplored in bovine meat. Objective: To investigate the multivariate relationships among pH, subcutaneous fat thickness, and color parameters in bovine meat using canonical correlation analysis. Methods: A dataset containing 173 individual records of pH, SFT, and color parameters (a*: intensity of red color, b*: intensity of yellow color, and L*: lightness) from five Brazilian beef cut types (Breed: Nellore; cuts: acém, contrafilé, fraldinha, patinho and picanha) was constructed. Multivariate relationships between color variables (a*, b*, and L*) and chemical variables (pH and SFT) were explored using the CANCORR procedure of SAS. Results: Two canonical correlations between U (a*, b*, and L*; color variables) and V (pH and SFT; chemical variables) variates were significant (p<0.01). First and second canonical correlations were 0.463 and 0.282, respectively. Canonical weights for variates were for U1: a* = 0.707, b* = 0.406, and L* = -0.039; U2: a* = 0.364, b* = -0.898, and L* = 1.234; V1: pH = -0.376 and SFT = 0.935; V2: pH = 0.927 and STF = 0.356. Conclusion: Subcutaneous fat thickness significantly affected intensity of red and yellow colors, whereas pH significantly affected lightness. The results of this study may be useful for a better understanding of the role of muscle metabolism and its implications on the organoleptic characteristics of bovine meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concentrations of Copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn) and lead (Pb) in liver, kidneys and red meat of cattle slaughtered in selected abattoirs in Owerri metropolis, Nigeria were studied using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). This was performed in relation to their concentrations in a forage grass, Panicum maximum randomly harvested from roadsides of Owerri-Onitsha and Owerri-Aba expressways. Results obtained showed that cattle meat samples contained all heavy metals studied. Their mean concentrations (mg/kg ± standard deviation) were 0.040 ± 0.018, 0.039 ± 0.031 and 0.044 ± 0.048 for Pb; 0.0088 ± 0.005, 0.0078 ± 0.0058 and 0.010 ± 0.011 for Cd; 0.013 ± 0.008, 0.013 ± 0.008 and 0.011 ± 0.006 for Cu; and 0.020 ± 0.008, 0.020 ± 0.017 and 0.015 ± 0.007 for Mn, in red meat, liver and kidneys respectively. The general order of concentrations observed was Pb>Mn>Cu>Cd. Their concentrations in various organs of cattle were in the order; kidneys>liver>red meat for Pb and Cd and liver>kidneys>red meat for Cu and Mn. These were far below the World Health Organization/Food and Agricultural Organization/European Commission maximum permissible/allowable limits (MPLs) for the heavy metals. The concentrations in Panicum maximum were in the order Pb>Cu>Mn>Cd in samples collected from Owerri-Aba expressway, while in samples from Owerri-Onitsha expressway, the order was Mn>Cu>Pb>Cd. The order of estimated daily intake (EDI) for meat samples was Pb>Mn>Cu>Cd, being below the tolerable daily intake (TDI). Statistical analysis showed that there was no correlation between the concentrations of these heavy metals in meat and plant samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead (Pb), chromium (Cr) and cobalt (Co) were investigated in 160 local and imported meat samples of cattle and buffalo collected from markets of Mosul city by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results reported mean concentrations of Pb and Cr in local cattle meat 0.136 and 0.0651 mg/kg, respectively significantly higher than that reported for Co 0.008 mg/kg. In imported cattle meat, results revealed that Pb presented a mean concentration 0.182 mg/kg significantly higher than that presented by Cr and Co 0.0486 and 0.00971 mg/kg, respectively. No significant differences in the mean concentrations of Pb, Cr and Co in local buffalo meat 0.119, 0.0896 and 0.017 mg/kg, respectively, and imported buffalo meat 0.106, 0.102 and 0.041 mg/kg, respectively, were reported. The results revealed that 20% from each local cattle and buffalo meat samples, 12.5% from imported cattle meat and 22.5% from imported buffalo meat were exceeded the maximum permissible limit for lead in meat. Concerning Cr, 2.5% from imported cattle meat and 5% from each of local and imported buffalo meat surpassed the maximum acceptable limit. Ultimately, results showed that all samples of local and imported cattle and buffalo meat were within the maximum allowable limits for Co. The hazards of metals on public health was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meat products are highly vulnerable to numerous foodborne pathogens such as S. aureus, which make these products as plausible vehicle to disseminate these bacteria, so this study was carried out to detect the level of contamination of cattle meat as a measurement for the exposure of consumers to MRSA in one of the most common food chains in Wasit markets. The study was performed in the technical institute of Suwaira at Wasit province in Iraq, during the period from March to June 2018. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were isolated from imported and locally slaughtered cattle meat. A total of 35(46.7%) out of 75 of imported and locally slaughtered cattle meat gave positive results for S. aureus with prevalence of (25.7%) for MRSA in S. aureus. Results of susceptibility test revealed high prevalence of resistance in MRSA isolates to four or more antimicrobial agents with which eight antibiotic resistance profiles (ARPs) were presented by these isolates. Our study has shown that Imported and locally slaughtered beef in several markets in the province of Wasit has been highly tainted by S. aureus throughout the period of the study and when take into consideration that the existence of multiple drug-resistant S. aureus in retail meat may constitute a serious danger for the health of the consumers, consequently these outcomes are very vital from the public health viewpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Benin, veterinary antibiotics are widely used for cattle breeding. This livestock contributes to 57% of the locally produced meat. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the large use of antibiotics by determining the contamination level with antibiotic residues in bovine meat, in North Benin. Kidney and muscle samples taken from 50 bovine carcasses in the 2 main slaughterhouses of Parakou were analyzed for the presence of antibiotic residues by a screening method modified from the “New Two Plates Test” (NTPT), to identify tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and beta-lactam groups of antibiotics. Thirteen kidney and muscle samples were subjected to liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry analysis for the confirmation of tetracycline and sulfonamide residues. After modified NTPT screening, tetracycline residues were identified in 54% of cattle carcasses while beta-lactam and sulfonamide residues were present, respectively, in 2 and 6% of sampled animals. The LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed the presence in the kidney tissue of oxytetracycline, epi-oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and epi-tetracycline at maximum levels, respectively, of 1380, 350, 190, and 230 μg kg−1. Sulfamethazine residues were confirmed in one of cattle carcass at very high levels of 3900 μg kg−1 in kidney and 2220 μg kg−1 in muscle. Antibiotic residue levels were found above the maximum residue limit applied in the European legislation in 38% of the carcasses subjected to the LC-MS/MS analysis. These high levels of contamination with antibiotic residues are a potential threat for the health of consumers, and are of concern regarding the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animals and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide residues in meat is of growing concern due to possible adverse effects on humans. Pesticide levels were assessed in five edible cattle parts: muscle, liver, kidney and tongue tissues to determine human health risk associated with consumption of these tissues. Health risk estimates were analysed using estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) for two (2) age/weight categories: 1–11years/30 kg for children while 70 kg was used for adult. Risks were categorized for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health effects and measured at the average, maximum, 50th and 95th percentiles of the measured exposure concentrations (MEC). Total pesticide residues ranged from 2.38 to 3.86 μg/kg (muscle), 3.58 to 6.3 μg/kg (liver), 1.87 to 4.59 μg/kg (kidney) and 2.54 to 4.35 μg/kg (tongue). Residual pesticide concentrations in the tissues were in the order: Liver > Tongue > Muscle > Kidney. The concentrations of all the assessed pesticides observed in the tissues were however lower than the recommended maximum residual limits (MRLs). Human health risk estimations for the children showed EDI values for heptachlor epoxide, aldrin and dieldrin exceeding threshold values. Non-cancer risk posed to children on consumption of contaminated cattle parts showed HQ values for heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin and HI values for organochlorines exceeding 1, indicating the possibility of non-carcinogenic health risks to consumers especially children from consumption of cattle meat from the selected abattoirs.

Background and Aim: Animal solid lipids contain considerable saturated and trans acids fats which are the risk factors for lipidemia and as a result, predispose men to cardiovascular diseases. Thus, the present study aimed at.determining the fatty acid profiles of tallow and meat of the cattle in different places of South Khorasan Province and assessing their decisive effects. on the occurrence of cadovascular diseases. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study. 5 samples of meat and tallow from the cattles’ abattoirs in Birjand, Boshroyeh, Ferdows, Ghaen, and Nehbandan cities (i.e. from50 samples of 25 oxen .) were gatheredd and frozen. The samples were frozen at -80oc . Then, the fats were separated from the samples, hydolized, and methylated. Then, the type and percent of each fatty acid were designated taking their respective retention time and standard peak into account. Atherogenesity and thrombogenisity features of the samples were accounted. based on the fatty acid profile. Finally, statistical analysis of the obtained data was done by SAS software. Results: Analysis of the gathered data . revealed that the levels of saturated fatty acids were not differet between meat and tallow except for stearic acid. The percent of this acid was 18.2% higher in tallow in comparison with meat. The higher amount of monounsaturated fatty acid was observed in the meat than tallow (p

By introducing, processing and interpreting the data from the questionnaires applied, asking three questions regarding the weekly consumption of meat and meat products from cattle and the amount of cattle meat monthly consumed, we found that regardless of age for both men and women a large number of respondents do not consume this type of meat. Men with age between 41-50, 51-60 years and over 60 years consume the largest amount of sausage, monthly 1-2 kg, but larger amounts consume the 21-30 age categories, which states that consumes more than 8.1 kilograms of cattle sausage monthly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's digital age to feed this ever increasing population there is a high demand for more production of food. To meet this task, artificial hormones are being used to increase the production of milk and meat. In this review, we address the controversial issue of adverse effects of hormones being administered in cattle. Oestradiol, Progesterone, Testosterone, Zeranol, Trenbolone and Melengestrol hormones are approved by U.S. food and drug administration (FDA) for commercial use. These have been found to be used to increase the quantity of milk and meat in cattle but their adverse effects being observed on the consumers as they cause cancer and premature puberty in children. Similarly the utilization of recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH) in cattle is seen to be a burning issue as it causes cancer. Here, we present a deeper insight to above mentioned content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depending on the anatomical regions of the cattle, we found that the cattle meat assortments preferred by men, regardless of age, are chickpeas, moss, worm, and less the chest, pulp and the rasol. Age categories 21-30 years and 31-40 years do not prefer beef pulp at all, and the 51-60 category the chest, probably because of the thicker miofibrils and make the meat harder to chew. Women of all ages, we see that they prefer all assortments of cattle meat, except for the 21-30 category who does not prefer the rasol, may be due to the fact that they still do not know how to prepare it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the socio-economic and intellectual factors affecting the imported meat preferences of consumers and to reveal the personal prioritized preferences of buyers consuming domestic meat and imported meat. The study was carried out in Izmir, the third city of Turkey, where face-to-face interviews were conducted in 300householdswhose occupants shop at hypermarkets where domestic and imported meat is sold. 28.7% of those participating in the study prefer imported meat. As a result of logistic regression, the approach related to the share of cattle meat in the total meat spend, the age factor and the belief that the price of imported cattle meat is low positively affect the probability of consuming imported meat. The consumption of chicken and lamb and marital status has negative effects. The religious belief factor and the perception of taste in those consuming imported meat take priority in the personal preferences of domestic meat consumers. Long-term policies that will ensure stability in the market as a whole are needed in the livestock sector in Turkey. Improvement of meat quality, classification and the rising awareness of consumers regarding quality and farming according to nutritional requirements and the development of certification also have significant importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determination of sex origin of cattle meat by fast and reliable molecular methods is an important measure to ensure correct allocation of export refunds particularly in European countries and also female cattle (cow) slaughter is legally banned in India because of religious beliefs. Based on the DEAD box protein gene located on the X and Y chromosomes, 2 pair of primers were designed and the system of PCR was optimized. Upon PCR amplification, male tissue showed 2 bands, while female tissue resulted in only one band. The accuracy and specificity of the primers was assessed using DNA template extracted from cattle meat of known sex. The protocol was subjected to a blind test and showed 100% concordance, proving its accuracy and reliability.

Aim: The objective of this study was to develop a simplified, efficient, and accurate protocol for sexing of cattle meat based on the amelogenin (AMELX/AMELY) gene using PCR technique which is superior to earlier work in terms of band patterns. Materials and Methods: Based on the amelogenin gene located on the conservation region of X and Y chromosomes, a pair of primers was designed and the system of PCR was established to amplify a 241-bp fragment from the X chromosome in female cattle, and a 241-bp fragment from X chromosome and 178-bp fragment from the Y chromosome in male cattle, respectively. The accuracy and specificity of the primers was assessed using DNA template extracted from cattle meat samples of known sex. The protocol was subjected to a blind test showed 100% concordance, proving its accuracy and reliability. Results: PCR products of cattle meat samples after electrophoresis showed two bands (241, 178-bp) for tissue from male while female tissue resulted in only one (241-bp) band. Conclusions: Our findings show that the PCR assay based on the amelogenin gene is reliable for sex determination in cattle meat. [Vet World 2012; 5(9.000): 526-529]

Many xenobiotic and natural compounds such as testosterone have been used and sometime misused to improve the growth of cattle and other livestock animals. In order to control the testosterone hormone residues in meat and to ensure the safety of Iranian consumers, a monitoring system must be put in place to address the concerns. The present study was undertaken to detect and quantify the levels of testosterone residue in the market meat. Cattle meat samples were collected randomly from the market in Tehran. A total of 120 samples of cattle meat were analyzed for the level of testosterone by Enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) method. The average experimental value of testosterone in cattle meat was 810.9 ng/kg. The average value of cattle meat testosterone was significantly upper than FDA (Food and Drug Administration) allowable level but was in agreement with the values proposed by JESFA (Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives). So it seems that the present status of this anabolic hormone in market meat is not at risk but there is need to routinely monitor this chemical as a food quality control measure.

A pesticide is a substance intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest. Most of the pesticides are synthetic chemical compounds most intensively used in agriculture. These pesticides are not problem-free, despite the gigantic benefits resulting from them. The extensive use of pesticides poses a risk to plants, animals and human as some of them are persistent and their toxic residues may enter food chain. Pesticides are continuously being used in developing countries, which are increasing gradually and majority (60-70%) of the pesticide-poisoning cases occurs there. Farmer's illiteracy, pathetic law enforcement, unfavorable hygienic conditions makes the situation worse in these countries. Pesticide poisoning cases may even be more than reported due to lack of data and misdiagnosis. Not all pesticides consumed in Pakistan were detected due to be short of analytical laboratory conveniences. The data on pesticides residues in fruits shows that the most of samples are contaminated with one or more pesticides including organochlorine, however, this contamination remains within the maximum residues level (MRLs) with few exceptions. The fruit samples from cities like Karachi, Hydrabad and Nawabshah shows 36%, 12.5% & 8% of samples were contaminated with one or more pesticide with concentrations higher than MRLs. The data on pesticides residues in cattle meat/fish/poultry is very scarce; few studies report the presence of one or more pesticides from cities like Karachi and Faisalabad with 100% contamination of samples. Cattle meat (muscles) samples from Faisalabad show the pesticide contamination as high as 47 times the MRLs. The presence of banned pesticides in food commodities shows the lack of knowledge towards the use of pesticides among farmers and the gaps between legislation and implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meat is an essential protein source required by the body for growth and development. Cattle meat has an important area in our country. Determination of gender is one of the quality standards for meat. The quality of meat obtained from male cattles is hingher than that of female ones so the prices of male cattle meat is higher than female cattle meat. A number of methods have been developed for gender determination on meat. In this study, Y chromosome-specific genes that distinguish two different primer sets on the availability of gender determination in cattle meat was aimed to investigate with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR results were obtained on meat samples (30); 15 female, 15 male genders were determined through gel-electrophoresis images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, hormones and hormone like substances have been recently used in livestock production to obtain a high yield performance in a shorter period of time. These anabolic agents are used to increase the weight gain, to improve the food efficiency, storing protein and to decrease fatness. However, depending on the use of anabolic agent in animal feed, anabolic residues that may occur in meat and meat products present risks to human health. The aim of this study was to detect the levels of 19 nortestosterone residues in the market cattle meat in R. Macedonia. In this study, a total of 86 samples were obtained from different markets and used as a test material. 19 nortestosterone residues were analyzed with ELISA method. The average experimental level of 19 nortestosterone in cattle meat was 375.20 ppt. The recovery was between 79.54% and 114.39%, a working range between 50 to 3.000 ppt. The regression equation of the final inhibition curve was: y = - 0.1453 x +1.4057, R2 = 0.9972. The levels of 19 nortestosterone residues were below the international allowable levels set by the Macedonian Residue Control Plan and the European Union. According to the results of our study on this anabolic steroid, the obtained 86 cattle meat samples are safe for human consumption. However, it is still necessary to monitor this chemical as a food quality control measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim:The objective of this study was to develop a simplified, efficient, and accurate protocol for sexing of cattle meat based on the amelogenin (AMELX/AMELY) gene using PCR technique which is superior to earlier work in terms of band patterns. Materials and Methods: Based on the amelogenin gene located on the conservation region of X and Ychromosomes, a pair of primers was designed and the system of PCR was established to amplify a 241-bp fragment from the X chromosome in female cattle, and a 241-bp fragment from X chromosome and 178-bp fragment from the Y chromosome in male cattle, respectively. The accuracy and specificity of the primers was assessed using DNA template extracted from cattle meat samples of known sex. The protocol was subjected to a blind test showed 100% concordance, proving its accuracy and reliability. Results: PCR products of cattle meat samples after electrophoresis showed two bands (241, 178-bp) for tissue from male while female tissue resulted in only one (241-bp) band. Conclusions: Our findings show that the PCR assay based on the amelogenin gene is reliable for sex determination in cattle meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of the sex of cattle meat by fast and reliable molecular techniques is an important measure to ensure correct allocation of export refunds, particularly in European countries and also in countries such as India where female cattle (cow) slaughter is banned legally in many areas because of religious beliefs. Based on the male-specific SRY gene, X and Y chromosome specific amelogenin gene 2 pair of primers was designed and the system of PCR was optimized. Upon PCR amplification, male tissue showed 3 bands, while female tissue resulted in only 1 band. The accuracy and specificity of the primers were assessed using DNA template extracted from cattle meat of known sex. The protocol was subjected to a blind test and showed 100% concordance, proving its accuracy and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Yak meat is of good quality with fine texture, high protein and low fat content, and rich in amino acids compared with that of cattle, and it lacks anabolic steroids or other drugs. In general terms, however, the meat yield of yak is relatively low compared with that of the cattle. In order to prevent possible adulteration of yak meat with cattle meat, based on the sequence of mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene, a multiplex PCR-based approach was proposed for rapid identification of the meat from yak and cattle using three primers designed in this work. Through the combinatorial usage of three primers with a single reaction set, two fragments of 290 and 159bp were amplified from the cattle meat DNA, whereas only a fragment of 290bp was obtained from the yak meat DNA. Using the assay described, satisfactory amplification was accomplished in the analysis of raw and heat-treated binary meat mixtures of yak/cattle with a detection limit of 0.1% for cattle meat. The technique is fast and straightforward. It might be a useful tool in the quality control of yak meat and meat products. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Arcobacter spp colonize in human and animals intestine and cause food-associated infections. Hence, characterization of their virulence potential and health impacts is required. Our subject was isolation and characterization of Arcobacter spp, from meat marketplaces. A total of 1297 fresh raw cattle meat samples were purchased randomly from various marketplaces in Baghdad, Iraq. One-hundred and twenty isolates were identified, including Arcobacter butzleri (A. butzleri n = 100) and Arcobacter cryaerophilus (A. cryaerophilus n = 20). Susceptibility to antimicrobials was examined using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Molecular investigation of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors was also conducted using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Most of A. butzleri were resistant to tetracycline (72%), amoxicillin (69%), erythromycin (67%) and cefoxitin (66%), while 33% and 6% of them were resistant to ceftazidime and carbapenems, respectively. All were susceptible to gentamicin, colistin and fosfomycin. Fifty-five and nine isolates of A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus were respectively multidrug-resistant (MDR). The existence of tetA , tetB , dfrA , sul1 , bla CTX-M1 and bla IMP included 61%, 58%, 57%, 34%, 46% and 3%, respectively. The virulence genes cadF , irgA , tylA, cdtC and cdtA genes were detected in all the A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus isolates. While , ciaB mviN and pldA genes were respectively detected in 91%, 88% and 84% of A. butzleri and 97%, 93% and 87% of A. cryaerophilus isolates. There was a significant relation between MDR and existence of virulence genes. Existence of pathogenic and drug-resistant- Arcobacter spp in raw meat is a threat for human health, necessitating confirmation of quality and safety of meat products. • One-hundred and twenty isolates were identified, including Arcobacter butzleri (A. butzleri n = 100) and Arcobacter cryaerophilus (A. cryaerophilus n = 20). • Most of A. butzleri were multidrug-resistant (MDR) • All of them were susceptible to gentamicin, colistin and fosfomycin. • The tetA , tetB , dfrA , sul1 , bla CTX-M1 and bla IMP included 61%, 58%, 57%, 34%, 46% and 3%, respectively. • The - cadF , irgA , tylA, cdtC and cdtA genes were detected in all the A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus isolates. • There was a significant relation between MDR and existence of virulence genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide residues in meat is of growing concern due to possible adverse effects on humans. Pesticide levels were assessed in five edible cattle parts: muscle, liver, kidney and tongue tissues to determine human health risk associated with consumption of these tissues. Health risk estimates were analysed using estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) for two (2) age/weight categories: 1-11years/30 kg for children while 70 kg was used for adult. Risks were categorized for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health effects and measured at the average, maximum, 50th and 95th percentiles of the measured exposure concentrations (MEC). Total pesticide residues ranged from 2.38 to 3.86 μg/kg (muscle), 3.58 to 6.3 μg/kg (liver), 1.87 to 4.59 μg/kg (kidney) and 2.54 to 4.35 μg/kg (tongue). Residual pesticide concentrations in the tissues were in the order: Liver > Tongue > Muscle > Kidney. The concentrations of all the assessed pesticides observed in the tissues were however lower than the recommended maximum residual limits (MRLs). Human health risk estimations for the children showed EDI values for heptachlor epoxide, aldrin and dieldrin exceeding threshold values. Non-cancer risk posed to children on consumption of contaminated cattle parts showed HQ values for heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin and HI values for organochlorines exceeding 1, indicating the possibility of non-carcinogenic health risks to consumers especially children from consumption of cattle meat from the selected abattoirs.