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The escalating impact of human activities has led to the accumulation of microplastics (MPs) and heavy metals in marine environments, posing serious threats to marine ecosystems. As essential components of oceanic ecosystems, large seaweeds such as Caulerpa lentillifera play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance. This study investigated the effects of MPs and cadmium (Cd) on the growth, physiology, biochemistry, and Cd accumulation in C. lentillifera while elucidating the underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms. The results demonstrated that exposure to MPs alone significantly promoted the growth. In contrast, exposure to Cd either alone or in combination with MPs significantly suppressed growth by reducing stem and stolon length, bud count, weight gain, and specific growth rates. Combined exposure to MPs and Cd exhibited the most pronounced inhibitory effect on growth. MPs had negligible impact while Cd exposure either alone or combined with MPs impaired antioxidant defenses and exacerbated oxidative damage; with combined exposure being the most detrimental. Analysis of Cd content revealed that MPs significantly increased Cd accumulation in algae intensifying its toxic effects. Gene expression analysis revealed that Cd exposure down-regulated key genes involved in photosynthesis, impairing both photosynthetic efficiency and energy conversion. The combined exposure of MPs and Cd further exacerbated these effects. In contrast, MPs alone activated the ribosome pathway, supporting ribosomal stability and protein synthesis. Additionally, both Cd exposure alone or in combination with MPs significantly reduced chlorophyll B and soluble sugar content, negatively impacting photosynthesis and nutrient accumulation. In summary, low concentrations of MPs promoted C. lentillifera growth, but the presence of Cd hindered it by disrupting photosynthesis and antioxidant mechanisms. Furthermore, the coexistence of MPs intensified the toxic effects of Cd. These findings enhance our understanding of how both MPs and Cd impact large seaweed ecosystems and provide crucial insights for assessing their ecological risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caulerpa lentillifera is a green alga that contains essential nutrients. This study investigated the effects of autoclave- and microwave-assisted C. lentillifera extracts (A-CLE and M-CLE) on the growth, reproduction, immunity, and oxidative stress in Daphnia magna. Both extracts were supplemented to D. magna at 1 to 5 g/L. The results showed that D. magna treated with 2 to 5 g/L of A-CLE produced juveniles faster than the control. Juveniles at 1 to 4 g/L A-CLE treatments increased. Moreover, juveniles in 1 g/L M-CLE treatment significantly increased, but the hatching time was not affected. A-CLE also stimulated the immunity of D. magna by increasing hemocytes in the 3 g/L treatment. Furthermore, both extracts did not affect the growth rate, phenoloxidase activity, malondialdehyde level, and catalase activity in D. magna. Therefore, our results indicated that both extracts could enhance the reproduction and immunity of D. magna. Our study is useful for the health improvement of D. magna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caulerpa lentillifera also known as sea grape, is a green seaweed in the Caulerpaceae family known for its nutritional benefits and medicinal properties. This study aimed to examine the phytochemical compounds, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant and anti-arthritis properties of sea grape decoction extract. The total phenolic content was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and the total flavonoid content was determined with the aluminum chloride colorimetric method. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using two methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothia-zoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS). The anti-arthritis activities were assessed using bovine-serum protein. The study identified that the extract contained flavonoids, saponin, terpenoids and coumarins, with the total phenolic content of 343.19 ± 9.86 μg gallic acid equivalents/mg dry extract and the total flavonoid content of 268.48 ± 16.57 μg quercetin equivalents/mg dry extract. The extract showed antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 309.05±5.91 μg/ml using the DPPH method and 572.33±3.47 μg/ml using the ABTS method, respectively. Additionally, it exhibited anti-arthritis properties with an IC50 value of 54.60±12.71 μg/ml, which was less than 1.69 times the IC50 value of diclofenac sodium. A strong positive correlation was found between the antioxidant and anti-arthritis activities measured by the ABTS method, with an R² value of 0.9476. Therefore, this study provides initial evidence supporting the antioxidant and anti-arthritis activities of sea grape decoction extract. The extract shows potential for further development as a product for treating arthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main cultivation commodities currently being developed by the government is seaweed. C. lentillifera has a profitable selling value on the market, while the highest demand comes from Japan. Therefore, in order to develop C. lentillifera cultivation optimally, a comprehensive study was needed. Seaweed growth is influenced by several factors including the physics and chemistry of the cultivation environment. In addition, choosing the right cultivation method is based on the characteristics of the cultivation location. This research aimed to determine the best cultivation method for the sake of growth, with a positive effect on the fiber and ash content of C. lentillifera sea grapes. The method used in this research was an experimental research method with a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments, bottom method, off-bottom method and surface method, as well as 3 replications. The parameters observed were growth, carotenoid content, fiber and ash. Analysis of variance was carried out using the SPSS version 16.0 program. The highest absolute growth of C. lentillifera seaweed (98.33± 5.69) was obtained using the off-bottom method. Meanwhile, the lowest absolute growth (11.00± 3.61) was obtained using the bottom method. The fiber and mineral content of C. lentillifera is quite high at all depths. In general, the carotenoid content is strongly influenced by the intensity of light reaching the seaweed thallus. The measured water quality parameters are sufficient to support the physiological process of seaweed growing and developing with high quality. Different cultivation methods have significant differences in the absolute growth and quality of cultivated C. lentillifera seaweed. The best method in this research is using the off-bottom method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Komposisi kimia dan asam amino C. lentillifera dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor eksternal, di antaranya suhu, nutrien, kualitas air, musim, geografi, cuaca, dan lingkungan atau tempat tumbuh. C. lentillifera seperti makroalga lainnya, memiliki kemampuan untuk mengakumulasi nutrien bahkan senyawa antropogenik dari lingkungan yang kemudian dimanfaatkan untuk aktivitas fisiologinya. Komposisi nutrisi rumput laut dari lingkungan yang berbeda menarik untuk dikaji. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk mengevaluasi komposisi kimia dan asam amino C. lentillifera dari hasil budidaya dan mengestimasi kualitas proteinnya kemudian dibandingkan dengan C. lentillifera hasil alam. Budidaya C. lentillifera dilakukan pada wadah terkontrol selama 40 hari. Parameter yang dianalisis meliputi identifikasi morfologi, proksimat, profil asam amino menggunakan HPLC dan kualitas protein menggunakan pendekatan indeks asam amino esensial (EAAI) dan rasio efisiensi protein (P-PER). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan C. lentillifera budidaya dalam wadah terkontrol memiliki komposisi mineral yang lebih tinggi daripada C. lentillifera hasil alam, sedangkan kandungan protein, lemak, air, dan karbohirat pada C. lentillifera hasil budidaya lebih kecil dibandingkan C. lentillifera hasil alam. C. lentillifera hasil budidaya memiliki total kandungan asam amino (esensial dan non esensial) yang rendah dibandingkan hasil alam. Berdasarkan evaluasi kualitas protein, C. lentillifera hasil budidaya dalam wadah terkontrol dan hasil alam menghasilkan protein berkualitas sangat baik. Asam amino pembatas untuk C. lentillifera hasil budidaya dalam wadah terkontrol adalah triptofan sedangkan asam amino pembatas untuk C. lentillifera hasil alam adalah metionin dan sistein. Abstract The chemical and amino acid composition of C. lentillifera is influenced by several external factors such as temperature, nutrients, water quality, season, geography, weather, and the environment or location where it grows. C. lentillifera, like other macroalgae, can accumulate nutrients and even anthropogenic compounds from environment and use them for their physiological activities. Therefore, the nutritional composition of seaweeds under different conditions is an interesting research topic. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical and amino acid composition of C. lentillifera from cultivated products, estimate the quality of the resulting protein, and compare it with that of C. lentillifera from wild-stock products. C. lentillifera was cultivated in controlled containers for 40 d. The parameters analyzed included identification of morphology, proximate amino acids using HPLC, and protein quality using the essential amino acid index (EAAI) and protein efficiency ratio (P-PER) approaches. The results of the research showed that cultivated C. lentillifera in controlled containers had a higher mineral composition than wild-stock C. lentillifera, while the protein, fat, water and carbohydrate content of cultivated C. lentillifera was lower than wild-stock C. lentillifera. C. lentillifera from cultivation has a lower total amino acid content (essential and non-essential) compared to wild-stock products. Based on protein quality evaluation, C. lentillifera cultivated in controlled containers and wild stock products produced very high-quality protein. The limiting amino acid for C. lentillifera cultivated in controlled containers is tryptophan, whereas the limiting amino acids for C. lentillifera from wild stock products are methionine and cysteine.

Caulerpa lentillifera has gained popularity among consumers and researchers in recent years due to its good nutritional profile. The objective of this study is to explore whether the incorporation of different levels of C. lentillifera powder (CLP) concentration in noodles could potentially improve the noodle nutrient profile. The sensory attributes and the nutrient content of the developed noodles were evaluated. Five formulations of noodles containing different percentages of CLP, 0% (F1), 2.5% (F2), 5.0% (F3), 7.5% (F4), and 9.0% (F5) were developed. A sensory evaluation based on a 9-point hedonic scale involving 50 untrained panellists was conducted to determine the best formulation of noodles incorporated with CLP. All formulations were subjected to proximate analyses. From the sensory evaluation, the noodle with the best formulation was F2 (2.5% CLP) as it has the highest score in all sensory attributes tested among all formulations with CLP. Nutrient comparisons between F1 (0% CLP, F2 (2.5% CLP) and a commercial noodle in Malaysia were also made based on its mandatory nutritional facts and mineral profile. The incorporation of 2.5% CLP increased the mineral and protein content of the noodles significantly at p < 0.05. In conclusion, CLP incorporation in noodles improves their nutrient profile, and the sensory attributes of noodles containing 2.5% CLP were found to be acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian pupuk urea dengan dosis berbeda terhadap pertumbuhan rumput laut (Caulerpa lentillifera). Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan empat perlakuan dan tiga ulangan yaitu perlakuan A (kontrol tanpa pemberian pupuk urea 0 mg/L), perlakuan B (pemberian pupuk urea 27 mg/L), perlakuan C (pemberian pupuk urea 47 mg/L), dan perlakuan D (pemberian pupuk 67 mg/L). Parameter yang diuji adalah tingkat pertumbuhan mutlak dan tingkat pertumbuhan spesifik. Analisis data menggunakan ANOVA. Biota rumput laut (Caulerpa lentillifera) dengan berat rata-rata 200 g (total 2.400 g), masing-masing 200 g rumput laut (Caulerpa lentillifera) dimasukkan ke dalam akuarium berukuran 40x40x35 cm dengan lama pemeliharaan 35 hari. Pertumbuhan mutlak diperoleh pada perlakuan A (tanpa pemberian pupuk) yaitu sebesar -111 g, kedua perlakuan D sebesar -115 g, ketiga perlakuan C sebesar -129,3 g, dan terendah pada perlakuan B sebesar -135,7 g. Pertumbuhan spesifik diperoleh pada perlakuan A (tanpa pemberian pupuk) yaitu sebesar -2,68 g, kedua perlakuan D sebesar -2,74 g, ketiga perlakuan C sebesar -3,00 g, dan terendah adalah perlakuan B sebesar -3,28 g. Berdasarkan hasil uji ANOVA dapat disimpulkan bahwa penelitian yang dilakukan dengan penambahan pupuk urea dengan dosis yang berbeda tidak memiliki efek yang nyata (P>0,05) terhadap pertumbuhan mutlak dan laju pertumbuhan spesifik rumput laut (Caulerpa lentillifera).

The escalating impact of human activities has led to the accumulation of microplastics (MPs) and heavy metals in marine environments, posing serious threats to marine ecosystems. As essential components of oceanic ecosystems, large seaweeds such as Caulerpa lentillifera play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance. This study investigated the effects of MPs and cadmium (Cd) on the growth, physiology, biochemistry, and Cd accumulation in C. lentillifera while elucidating the underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms. The results demonstrated that exposure to MPs alone significantly promoted the growth. In contrast, exposure to Cd either alone or in combination with MPs significantly suppressed growth by reducing stem and stolon length, bud count, weight gain, and specific growth rates. Combined exposure to MPs and Cd exhibited the most pronounced inhibitory effect on growth. MPs had negligible impact while Cd exposure either alone or combined with MPs impaired antioxidant defenses and exacerbated oxidative damage; with combined exposure being the most detrimental. Analysis of Cd content revealed that MPs significantly increased Cd accumulation in algae intensifying its toxic effects. Gene expression analysis revealed that Cd exposure down-regulated key genes involved in photosynthesis, impairing both photosynthetic efficiency and energy conversion. The combined exposure of MPs and Cd further exacerbated these effects. In contrast, MPs alone activated the ribosome pathway, supporting ribosomal stability and protein synthesis. Additionally, both Cd exposure alone or in combination with MPs significantly reduced chlorophyll B and soluble sugar content, negatively impacting photosynthesis and nutrient accumulation. In summary, low concentrations of MPs promoted C. lentillifera growth, but the presence of Cd hindered it by disrupting photosynthesis and antioxidant mechanisms. Furthermore, the coexistence of MPs intensified the toxic effects of Cd. These findings enhance our understanding of how both MPs and Cd impact large seaweed ecosystems and provide crucial insights for assessing their ecological risks.

This study screened several common economic algae to optimize the extraction process of β-1,3-xylan and analyze its monosaccharide composition. The extraction process of crude xylan was optimized by alkaline extraction method, and the monosaccharide composition of crude xylan was identified by a specific enzymatic method using Caulerpa lentillifera as the main raw material. The effect of extraction time, solid-liquid ratio and NaOH concentration on the yield of crude xylan was optimized with a single factor tests followed by three-three level orthogonal experiment to study the optimal extraction conditions of crude xylan. The results showed that the extraction rate of crude xylan was influenced by the following factors: Extraction time>material-to-liquid ratio>NaOH concentration. The optimum extraction process was: Extraction time of 3 h, NaOH concentration of 2.5 mol·L−1, feed-to-liquid ratio of 1:100 g·mL−1, and the yield of crude xylan was 28.1%±0.6%. The enzymatic products were determined by thin-layer chromatography, which showed that the crude xylan extracted from Caulerpa lentillifera was β-1,3-xylan and the monosaccharide fraction was β-1,3-xylose.

Seaweed has attracted attention as a bioactive source for preventing different chronic diseases, including liver injury and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the leading cause of liver-related mortality. Caulerpa lentillifera is characterized as tropical edible seaweed, currently being investigated for health benefits of its extracts and bioactive substances. This study examined the effects of C. lentillifera extract in ethyl acetate fraction (CLEA) on controlling lipid accumulation and lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells induced with oleic acid through the in vitro hepatic steatosis model. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis indicated that CLEA contained diverse organic compounds, including hydrocarbons, amino acids, and carboxylic acids. Docked conformation of dl-2-phenyltryptophane and benzoic acid, two major bioactive CLEA components, showed high affinity binding to SIRT1 and AMPK as target molecules of lipid metabolism. CLEA reduced lipid accumulation and intracellular triglyceride levels in HepG2 cells stimulated with oleic acid. The effect of CLEA on regulating expression of lipid metabolism-related molecules was investigated by qPCR and immunoblotting. CLEA promoted expression of the SIRT1 gene in oleic acid-treated HepG2 cells. CLEA also reduced expression levels of SREBF1, FAS, and ACC genes, which might be related to activation of AMPK signaling in lipid-accumulated HepG2 cells. These findings suggest that CLEA contains bioactive compounds potentially reducing triglyceride accumulation in lipid-accumulated HepG2 hepatocytes by controlling lipid metabolism molecules.

The polysaccharides found in Caulerpa lentillifera (sea grape algae) are potentially an important bioactive resource. This study makes use of RSM (response surface methodology) to determine the optimal conditions for the extraction of valuable SGP (sea grape polysaccharides). The findings indicated that a water/raw material ratio of 10:1 mL/g, temperature of 90 °C, and extraction time of 45 min would maximize the yield, with experimentation achieving a yield of 21.576 %. After undergoing purification through DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephacryl S-100 column chromatography, three distinct fractions were obtained, namely SGP11, SGP21, and SGP31, each possessing average molecular weights of 38.24 kDa, 30.13 kDa, and 30.65 kDa, respectively. Following characterization, the fractions were shown to comprise glucose, galacturonic acid, xylose, and mannose, while the sulfate content was in the range of 12.2–21.8 %. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) it was possible to confirm with absolute certainty the sulfate polysaccharide attributes of SGP11, SGP21, and SGP31. NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) findings made it clear that SGP11 exhibited α-glycosidic configurations, while the configurations of SGP21 and SGP31 were instead β-glycosidic. The in vitro antioxidant assays which were conducted revealed that each of the fractions was able to demonstrate detectable scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cations. All fractions were also found to exhibit the capacity to scavenge NO radicals in a dose-dependent manner. SGP11, SGP21, and SGP31 were also able to display cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) against the human adenocarcinoma colon (Caco-2) cell line when oxidative damage was induced. The concentration levels were found to govern the extent of such activity. Moreover, purified SGP were found to exert strong inhibitory effects upon glycation, with the responses dependent upon dosage, thus confirming the potential for SGP to find a role as a natural resource for the production of polysaccharide-based antioxidant drugs, or products to promote improved health.

Obesity is a multifactorial disease characterized by an excessive accumulation of fat, which in turn poses a significant risk to health. Bioactive compounds obtained from macroalgae have demonstrated their efficacy in combating obesity in various animal models. The green macroalgae Caulerpa lentillifera (CL) contains numerous active constituents. Hence, in the present study, we aimed to elucidate the beneficial anti-obesity effects of extracts derived from C. lentillifera using a Caenorhabditis elegans obesity model. The ethanol (CLET) and ethyl acetate (CLEA) extracts caused a significant decrease in fat consumption, reaching up to approximately 50–60%. Triglyceride levels in 50 mM glucose-fed worms were significantly reduced by approximately 200%. The GFP-labeled dhs-3, a marker for lipid droplets, exhibited a significant reduction in its level to approximately 30%. Furthermore, the level of intracellular ROS displayed a significant decrease of 18.26 to 23.91% in high-glucose-fed worms treated with CL extracts, while their lifespan remained unchanged. Additionally, the mRNA expression of genes associated with lipogenesis, such as sbp-1, showed a significant down-regulation following treatment with CL extracts. This finding was supported by a significant decrease (at 16.22–18.29%) in GFP-labeled sbp-1 gene expression. These results suggest that C. lentillifera extracts may facilitate a reduction in total fat accumulation induced by glucose through sbp-1 pathways. In summary, this study highlights the anti-obesity potential of compounds derived from C. lentillifera extracts in a C. elegans model of obesity, mediated by the suppression of lipogenesis pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan ram kotak terhadap pertumbuhan rumput laut (Caulerpa lentillifera). Penelitian ini dilakukan di Perairan Dato Rangas, Majene. Penelitian ini terdiri atas 4 (empat) titik yakni 3 (tiga) titik menggunakan ram kotak dan 1 (satu) titik tidak menggunakan ram kotak yang dijadikan sebagai kontrol. Jumlah Caulerpa lentillifera yang ditebar pada saat penanaman untuk semua titik sebanyak 500 g. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan Caulerpa lentillifera selama penelitian tidak mengalami pertumbuhan dikarenakan cuaca ditempat penelitian cukup panas yakni berkisar antara 26,8-38,1°C sehingga kisaran tersebut kurang optimum dan dapat mempengaruhi suhu media budidaya dan mempengaruhi keseluruhan parameter kualitas air media pemeliharaan. Adapun kisaran parameter kualitas air selama penelitian yaitu suhu (26,8-38,1°C), pH (6,9-7,9), salinitas (31-35), nitrat (0,0110 ppm), fosfat (0,0163 ppm), dan amoniak (0,0021ppm).

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This study introduced a D-optimal design mixture to assess the physicochemical properties of a hydrocolloid-based functional food fortified with C. lentillifera. The combination incorporated vital jelly constituents, including extract (10–15%), sweeteners (20–29%), gelling agents (k-carrageenan and locust bean gum (LBG)), and preservatives (0–0.05%). The dependent variables were pH, Total Soluble Solid (TSS) value, and moisture content (MS). By employing the D-optimal design approach, a quadratic polynomial model was developed, demonstrating strong correlations with the experimental data with coefficient determinations (R2) of 0.9941, 0.9907, and 0.9989 for pH, TSS, and MS, respectively. Based on the D-optimal design, the study identified the optimum combination of significant factors with a desirability of 0.917, comprising 14.35% extract, 23.00% sucrose, 21.70% fructose, 26.00% k-carrageenan, 13.00% LBG, 1.95% CaCl2, and 0% methylparaben. The percentage of residual standard error (RSE) was less than 5%, indicating the reliability of the developed model. Furthermore, color analysis revealed significant differences among the jellies (p < 0.05). HPLC analysis demonstrated that the total sugar content in the fortified jellies was 28% lower compared to commercial jelly. Meanwhile, the bitterness level according to e-tongue showed a reduction of up to 90.5% when compared to the extract. These findings provide a valuable benchmark for the development of functional food products, ensuring their quality, safety, and extended shelf-life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Caulerpa lentillifera has received extensive attention regarding expansion of its farming and increasing consumption. In our previous study, the structure of C. lentillifera polysaccharide (CLP) was elucidated. However, little information is available about its health effects. In this study, the anti‐obesity effect of CLP was investigated by using a high‐fat diet‐induced obese mice model with two different supplementation methods. RESULTS: In vitro simulated digestion results showed that CLP significantly decreased the lipid digestibility and induced the lipid droplets aggregation in the intestinal stage to inhibit the absorption of lipids. As revealed by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and non‐targeted metabolomics, supplement of CLP by both pre‐prandial gavage and free feeding patterns effectively prevented mice obesity via ameliorating intestinal flora disturbance and regulating bile acids circulation metabolism. Of note was that CLP administration had no effect on short‐chain fatty acids production, suggesting the anti‐obesity effect was uncorrelated with their production. Moreover, pre‐prandial administration of CLP had a better anti‐obesity effect in lowering body weight and serum lipid levels, but the free feeding resulted in a higher α‐diversity of gut microbiota. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study indicate that CLP could be a potential anti‐obesity nutraceutical and that pre‐prandial supplement of CLP may be a better intake method to exhibit its hypolipidemic effect. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caulerpa lentillifera, one of the edible marine seaweeds, was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in this study. According to the results, optimum conditions such as initial biomass concentration, AgNO3 concentration, pH, temperature, agitation rate for the synthesis of AgNPs by using C. lentillifera were 0.01 g/mL, 8 mM AgNO3, pH 10, 85 °C and 0 rpm, respectively. The calculated particle sizes of the synthesized AgNPs were 22.3 nm. The characterizations of synthesized AgNPs were carried out through UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FT-IR and XRD. The development shoot and root of shallot (Allium ascalonicum) experiments were tested to evaluate the phytotoxicity of synthesized C. lentillifera-based AgNPs. The phytotoxic effect of C. lentillifera-based AgNPs was found to be dose dependent. Since the phytotoxicity of the AgNPs synthesized in the study is evaluated, its industrial applications in the food, medicine, pharmacy and agriculture industries can be further considered based on the usage doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The effects of Caulerpa lentillifera (CL) extract incorporation on antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, water stability, and physical properties of the chitosan/gelatin (CS/GEL) films were studied. The CL extract containing CS/GEL composite film was prepared by the casting method. The effect of CL content (1%, 3%, 5%) on the antioxidant properties, thermal property, mechanical properties, barrier properties, water stability and water contact angle of CS/GEL films was evaluated. With the increase of CL extract content, bumps and micro‐pores appeared on the surface and cross‐section of the composite films. The water contact angle, water solubility, and water absorption swelling rate of the composite films were improved with the addition of CL; therefore, the composite films exhibited better water stability. The TS of films were enhanced (from 12.57 to 23.66 MPa). Compared with the normal CS/GEL films, the CS/GEL‐CL films exhibited better antioxidant with DPPH scavenging capacity values of 72.6% and could effectively slow down the lipid oxidation of refrigerated pork samples during storage, such as lower accumulation of free fatty acid content and fluorescence compound formation. This suggested that CS/GEL‐CL film might be suitable as active films for food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine algae have excellent bioresource properties with potential nutritional and bioactive therapeutic benefits, but studies regarding Caulerpa lentillifera are limited. This study aims to explore the metabolites profile and the antioxidant, anticancer, anti-obesity, and in vitro cytotoxicity properties of fractionated ethanolic extract of C. lentillifera using two maceration and soxhlet extraction methods. Dried simplicia of C. lentillifera was mashed and extracted in ethanol solvent, concentrated and evaporated, then sequentially partitioned with equal volumes of ethyl acetate and n-Hexane. Six samples were used in this study, consisting of ME (Maceration—Ethanol), MEA (Maceration—Ethyl Acetate), MH (Maceration—n-Hexane), SE (Soxhletation—Ethanol), SEA (Soxhletation—Ethyl Acetate), and SH (Soxhletation—n-Hexane). Non-targeted metabolomic profiling was determined using LC-HRMS, while antioxidant, anti-obesity, and anticancer cytotoxicity were determined using DPPH and ABTS, lipase inhibition, and MTT assay, respectively. This study demonstrates that C. lentillifera has several functional metabolites, antioxidant capacity (EC50 MH is very close to EC50 of Trolox), as well as anti-obesity properties (EC50 MH < EC50 orlistat, an inhibitor of lipid hydrolyzing enzymes), which are useful as precursors for new therapeutic approaches in improving obesity-related diseases. More interestingly, ME, MH, and SE are novel bioresource agents for anticancer drugs, especially for hepatoma, breast, colorectal, and leukemia cancers. Finally, C. lentillifera can be a nutraceutical with great therapeutic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Algal sulfated polysaccharides are known to be effective hyaluronidase inhibitors. We evaluated hyaluronidase inhibitory activity of sulfated polysaccharide (SP) from Caulerpa lentillifera. Results showed that SP with IC50 of 163 pg/mL appears to allosterically inhibit the hyaluronidase activity. Main sugar composition and sulfate content of SP was estimated to be Gal, Glc, Xyl, Man, uronic acids, and sulfate in the weight percent of27.7:28.9:14.6:22.5:3.4:21.7. We modified the SPby desulfation and partial hydrolysis with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) to investigate the effect of sulfate content and molecular weight on inhibition. Hyaluronidase inhibitory activity of desulfated SP, 0.1 M TFA-hydrolyzed SP and 0.5 M TFA-hydrolyzed SP were significantly lower than that of native SP, revealing that sulfate content or molecular weight is important for hyaluronidase inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of science and technology and the depletion of land resources, marine resources have been paid more and more attention gradually. Caulerpa lentillifera has been paid attention with high protein and dietary fiber. Caulerpa lentillifera is rich in nutrient, contains a variety of active substances, and has a variety of biological functions, such as immune regulation, anti-inflammation, anti-microbial, reducing blood sugar and blood lipids. It has a great potential medicinal value. In this paper, the latest studies on the components and functional characteristics of Caulerpa lentillifera are summarized, and it is found that the existing studies are mainly focus on nutrition, artificial culture and environmental application, but the exploration of the active components of Caulerpa lentillifera is not comprehensive. At present, scholars' research on phenols and flavonoids in Caulerpa lentillifera is only in the preliminary stage of content determination, and the extraction methods and active functions of polysaccharides and Caulerpin need to be further optimized and explored. In the future, in order to explore the drug potential of Caulerpa lentillifera, the active components of Caulerpa lentillifera should be deeply developed, the relationship between its structure and active function should be clarified, and its specific active function mechanism should be explored.

Obesity is a multifactorial disease characterized by an excessive accumulation of fat, which in turn poses a significant risk to health. Bioactive compounds obtained from macroalgae have demonstrated their efficacy in combating obesity in various animal models. The green macroalgae Caulerpa lentillifera (CL) contains numerous active constituents. Hence, in the present study, we aimed to elucidate the beneficial anti-obesity effects of extracts derived from C. lentillifera using a Caenorhabditis elegans obesity model. The ethanol (CLET) and ethyl acetate (CLEA) extracts caused a significant decrease in fat consumption, reaching up to approximately 50–60%. Triglyceride levels in 50 mM glucose-fed worms were significantly reduced by approximately 200%. The GFP-labeled dhs-3, a marker for lipid droplets, exhibited a significant reduction in its level to approximately 30%. Furthermore, the level of intracellular ROS displayed a significant decrease of 18.26 to 23.91% in high-glucose-fed worms treated with CL extracts, while their lifespan remained unchanged. Additionally, the mRNA expression of genes associated with lipogenesis, such as sbp-1, showed a significant down-regulation following treatment with CL extracts. This finding was supported by a significant decrease (at 16.22–18.29%) in GFP-labeled sbp-1 gene expression. These results suggest that C. lentillifera extracts may facilitate a reduction in total fat accumulation induced by glucose through sbp-1 pathways. In summary, this study highlights the anti-obesity potential of compounds derived from C. lentillifera extracts in a C. elegans model of obesity, mediated by the suppression of lipogenesis pathways.

An increasing number of microorganisms are being identified as pathogens for diseases in macroalgae, but the species composition of bacteria related to Caulerpa lentillifera, fresh edible green macroalgae worldwide, remains largely unclear. The bacterial communities associated with C. lentillifera were investigated by high-throughput 16S rDNA sequencing, and the bacterial diversities in washed and control groups were compared in this study. A total of 4,388 operational taxonomic units were obtained from all the samples, and the predominant prokaryotic phyla were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Chloroflexi, and Acidobacteria in C. lentillifera. The bacterial diversity changed with seasons and showed an increasing trend of diversity with the rising temperature in C. lentillifera. There were slight reductions in the abundance and diversity of bacteria after washing with tap water for 2 h, indicating that only parts of the bacterial groups could be washed out, and hidden dangers in C. lentillifera still exist. Although the reduction in the abundance of some bacteria revealed a positive significance of washing C. lentillifera with tap water on food safety, more effective cleaning methods still need to be explored.

In the gastric mucosa, chronic inflammation due to Helicobacter pylori infection promotes gastrocarcinogenesis. Polysaccharides of Caulerpa lentillifera are well-characterized by broad antimicrobial activity and anti-inflammatory potentials. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether the low molecular sulfate polysaccharides of C. lentillifera (CLCP) exhibit any anti-adhesive activity against H. pylori. After a hot water extraction and purification process, two purified polysaccharide fractions (CLCP-1 and CLCP2) were studied based on structural characterization and bioactivity determination. The results implied that except for the molar ratio, CLCP-1 and CLCP-2 contain high sulfate, mannose, galactose, xylose, glucose levels, and low protein levels. The molecular weight and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) assays confirmed that CLCP-1 and CLCP-2 are sulfate polysaccharides with an average molecular weight (Mw) of 963.15 and 648.42 kDa, respectively. In addition, CLCP-1 and CLCP-2 exhibited stronger antibacterial activity against H. pylori. CLCP-1 and CLCP-2 could significantly promote macrophage proliferation and decrease the production of nitric oxide (NO) through downregulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Meanwhile, CLCP-1 and CLCP-2 in this study showed efficiently protected gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells against H. pylori with the inhibition of the IL-8/NF-κB axis. These findings suggested the effect of Caulerpa lentillifera polysaccharides on H. pylori adhesion, a potential supply of nutrients for eradication therapy through the reduction of cell count and inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently published preliminary data proposed alternating current electric field (ACEF) as a promising technique for the postharvest storage of seagrape (Caulerpa lentillifera). The current study suggested a combination of storage light irradiance (SLI) and ACEF (intensity and time) to enhance seagrape physicochemical quality (PQ). It utilized Taguchi orthogonal array design (OAD) to optimize the processing conditions. Results showed all the processing parameters had significant (p < 0.05) effects on seagrape PQ. This study found that 50 kV/m for 60 min (ACEF) and 9 mol photons m−2 s−1 performed the best inhibition on seagrape PQ deterioration. It revealed that adjusting the processing parameters in the range explored in this study (50, 125, 200 kV/m of ACEF intensity; 30, 60, 90 min of ACEF treatment time; 2, 9, 16 mol photons m−2 s−1 of SLI) can reduce up to 60% of total voltage usage compared to the previous study. With a sufficient SLI and an intermediate treatment time, the finest seagrape PQ can be sustained with a lower electric strength. Therefore, this method can benefit seagrape industries and contribute to realizing sustainable development goals by strengthening resource efficiency and lowering energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caulerpa lentillifera is a type of green seaweed widely consumed as a fresh vegetable, specifically in Southeast Asia. Interestingly, this green seaweed has recently gained popularity in the food sector. Over the last two decades, many studies have reported that C. lentillifera is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, and bioactive compounds that contribute many health benefits. On the other hand, there is currently hardly any article dedicated specifically to C. lentillifera regarding nutritional composition and recent advancements in its potential health benefits. Hence, this study will summarise the findings on the nutritional content of C. lentillifera and compile recently discovered beneficial properties throughout the past decade. From the data compiled in this review paper, it can be concluded that the nutrient and phytochemical profile of C. lentillifera differs from one region to another depending on various external factors. As a result, this paper will offer researchers the groundwork to develop food products based on C. lentillifera. The authors of this paper are hopeful that a more systematic review could be done in the future as currently, existing data is still scarce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary modification, including functional foods, could reduce comorbidities due to obesity. An increase in serum glucose and lipids is often seen in obesity. Furthermore, obesity is also characterized by a decrease in antioxidant capacity (i.e., decrease in superoxide dismutase/SOD) and downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). It has been well established that PGC-1α is important to regulate mitochondrial biogenesis. Sea grapes (Caulerpa lentillifera) are known as a traditional food in many Asia-Pacific countries. Recent evidence suggests that sea grapes have many beneficial properties as functional foods and may have potential therapeutic functions. We investigated the effect of sea grapes (C. lentillifera) on serum glucose, lipids, PGC-1α, and protein levels of SOD in the liver of Rattus norvegicus, which is induced with a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet. A total of four groups were made, each containing ten male Rattus norvegicus; group A received a standard dry pellet diet as control, group B received cholesterol- and fat-enriched diets (CFED), groups C and D received CFED and 150 and 450 mg/kg body weight (BW) of sea grape extract, respectively, for 4 weeks. Serum glucose and cholesterol were assessed using a blood auto-analyzer. Serum PGC-1α was measured using ELISA. SOD levels were calculated using the superoxide dismutase assay kit by Sigma-Aldrich with blood taken from liver tissue. In this study, sea grape extracts improved total cholesterol levels better than the CFED and normal groups. The efficacy of total cholesterol improvement was similar between the two doses of sea grape extract. Furthermore, sea grape extract increased PCG-1α levels, especially with the dose of 150 mg/kg BW. Blood glucose was also lower in the groups of sea grape extract. Interestingly, the groups treated with sea grapes extract exhibited higher levels of liver SOD compared to the normal and CFED groups. To conclude, sea grapes (C. lentillifera) have promising potential for anti-hyperglycemia and anti-hypercholesterolemia, and for reducing oxidative stress, and providing various health benefits for metabolic disorders.

This study introduced a D-optimal design mixture to assess the physicochemical properties of a hydrocolloid-based functional food fortified with C. lentillifera. The combination incorporated vital jelly constituents, including extract (10–15%), sweeteners (20–29%), gelling agents (k-carrageenan and locust bean gum (LBG)), and preservatives (0–0.05%). The dependent variables were pH, Total Soluble Solid (TSS) value, and moisture content (MS). By employing the D-optimal design approach, a quadratic polynomial model was developed, demonstrating strong correlations with the experimental data with coefficient determinations (R2) of 0.9941, 0.9907, and 0.9989 for pH, TSS, and MS, respectively. Based on the D-optimal design, the study identified the optimum combination of significant factors with a desirability of 0.917, comprising 14.35% extract, 23.00% sucrose, 21.70% fructose, 26.00% k-carrageenan, 13.00% LBG, 1.95% CaCl2, and 0% methylparaben. The percentage of residual standard error (RSE) was less than 5%, indicating the reliability of the developed model. Furthermore, color analysis revealed significant differences among the jellies (p < 0.05). HPLC analysis demonstrated that the total sugar content in the fortified jellies was 28% lower compared to commercial jelly. Meanwhile, the bitterness level according to e-tongue showed a reduction of up to 90.5% when compared to the extract. These findings provide a valuable benchmark for the development of functional food products, ensuring their quality, safety, and extended shelf-life.

Arsenic (As) is a hazardous pollutant that negatively impacts the physiological functions of alga. So far, a detailed understanding of algal response to As stress is still lacking. In this study, a transcriptome analysis was performed to illustrate the toxicity response of Caulerpa lentillifera J. Agardh, an edible algae with rich nutrition, to arsenite [As(III)], a toxic form of As. Totally, 1913 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened, of which 642 were up- and 1271 were downregulated in C. lentillifera under As(III) stress (30 mg·L–1) compared with control. As(III) stress promoted the growth of C. lentillifera at low concentration (0.1 mg·L–1) and inhibited the growth at high concentration (≥ 0.5 mg·L–1). Multiple DEGs involved in oxidoreductase activities were significantly affected by As(III), and several DEGs related to antioxidant enzyme activity were downregulated, resulting in suffering from oxidative stress in C. lentillifera. Results also showed that As(III) stress inhibited chlorophyll and carotenoid synthesis, destroyed the integrity of chloroplasts, and interfered with the absorption of light energy, thereby inhibiting photosynthesis in C. lentillifera. The highly enriched ABC transporter-related genes involved in the detoxification process were upregulated under As(III) stress, indicating their critical role in the resistance to As stress in C. lentillifera. The gene expressions for 10 selected DEGs were confirmed by qRT-PCR, showing the reliability of the data revealed by RNA sequencing. Our novel work illustrated the toxicity of C. lentillifera under As(III) stress at the molecular level, serving as a basis for future investigations on the prevention and treatment of such pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The removal of steroid hormones from the mariculture system using seaweeds (Caulerpa lentillifera, Ulva pertusa, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, and Codium fragile) was investigated. The results illustrated that both 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) could be removed by the seaweeds at different levels, and the Caulerpa lentillifera was the most efficient one. More than 90% of E2 or EE2 at concentration of 10 µg/L was removed by Caulerpa lentillifera within 12 h. Processes including initial quick biosorption, the following slow accumulation, and biodegradation might explain the removal mechanisms of E2/EE2 by Caulerpa lentillifera. E2/EE2 removal was positively related to the nutrient level and the initial concentration of steroid hormone. A significant linear relationship for E2 and EE2 existed between the initial pollutant concentration and the average removal rate. The highest removal kinetic constant (k) value was obtained at 30°C as 0.34 /h for E2 and at 20°C as 0.28 /h for EE2, demonstrating the promising application potential of Caulerpa lentillifera in the water purification of the industrialized mariculture system with relatively high water temperature. Simultaneous and efficient removal of E2 and EE2 by Caulerpa lentillifera was still achieved after 3 cycles in the pilot-scale experiment. The steroid hormones and nutrients in mariculture wastewater could also be simultaneously removed using Caulerpa lentillifera. These findings demonstrated that Caulerpa lentillifera was the promising seaweed for the removal of steroid hormones in mariculture systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine algae have excellent bioresource properties with potential nutritional and bioactive therapeutic benefits, but studies regarding Caulerpa lentillifera are limited. This study aims to explore the metabolites profile and the antioxidant, anticancer, anti-obesity, and in vitro cytotoxicity properties of fractionated ethanolic extract of C. lentillifera using two maceration and soxhlet extraction methods. Dried simplicia of C. lentillifera was mashed and extracted in ethanol solvent, concentrated and evaporated, then sequentially partitioned with equal volumes of ethyl acetate and n-Hexane. Six samples were used in this study, consisting of ME (Maceration—Ethanol), MEA (Maceration—Ethyl Acetate), MH (Maceration—n-Hexane), SE (Soxhletation—Ethanol), SEA (Soxhletation—Ethyl Acetate), and SH (Soxhletation—n-Hexane). Non-targeted metabolomic profiling was determined using LC-HRMS, while antioxidant, anti-obesity, and anticancer cytotoxicity were determined using DPPH and ABTS, lipase inhibition, and MTT assay, respectively. This study demonstrates that C. lentillifera has several functional metabolites, antioxidant capacity (EC50 MH is very close to EC50 of Trolox), as well as anti-obesity properties (EC50 MH < EC50 orlistat, an inhibitor of lipid hydrolyzing enzymes), which are useful as precursors for new therapeutic approaches in improving obesity-related diseases. More interestingly, ME, MH, and SE are novel bioresource agents for anticancer drugs, especially for hepatoma, breast, colorectal, and leukemia cancers. Finally, C. lentillifera can be a nutraceutical with great therapeutic benefits.

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Ultrasonic-assisted extraction based on Response Surface Methodology was applied to isolate a polysaccharide (CLP) from Caulerpa lentillifera obtained in the South China Sea and the highest yield of the crude polysaccharide was 11.8%. CLP consisted of xylose, galactose, glucose and glucuronic acid in a molar ratio of 2.00: 1.00: 0.26: 0.04, with a molecular weight of 115 kDa. The content of uronic acids and sulfate groups in CLP was 14.10% and 27.40%, respectively. CLP presented good radical scavenging activities against O2·-, DPPH radical, while the scavenging activities against OH· and ABTS radical were not so satisfying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caulerpa lentillifera is a type of green seaweed that is cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas. The objectives of this study were to determine the characteristics of the sulfated polysaccharides from C. lentillifera and evaluate its antidiabetic activity. In the initial process of this study, samples were macerated with ethanol (1:10). Then, the maceration residue was extracted with an accumulator at 75 °C for three hours. The crude extract yield was 4.16% based on weight seaweed. Ion chromatography purification with DEAE-Sepharose resin provided a yield of 14.8% of crude extract. The monomer analysis of C. lentillifera from the crude extract and purified extract revealed that galactose monomers were dominant and glucose was a minor component. The total carbohydrate and sulfate contents of purified C. lentillifera were higher than those of crude C. lentillifera. Bioactivity tests revealed that purified polysaccharides had higher antidiabetic activity against α-glucosidase enzyme than crude ones with IC50 values of 134.81± 2.0 µg/mL. Purified sulfated polysaccharides of C. lentillifera could potentially be used as an antidiabetic medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging is a natural process that will cause physiological changes in organs. The effects of djulis and green caviar in skincare are currently unclear. This study combined hydrolyzed collagen with djulis and green caviar to develop new functional formulas that improve skin parameters. Fifty subjects were randomly assigned and divided into a placebo group (n=25) and a collagen drink group (n=25), and gave 50 ml of collagen of a collagen drink or placebo drink daily for 28 days, and we examined skin moisture, elasticity, gloss, spot, wrinkle, roughness, smoothness, pore, collagen and erythema. We find that intake of collagen drinks group improved skin parameters at 14 days and 28 days compared with baseline (0 day). The collagen drinks group improved skin parameters at 28 days compared with the placebo group. This clinical study proved the combination of collagen with djulis and green caviar for the substantial improvements in moisture, elasticity, gloss, spot, wrinkle, roughness, smoothness, pore, collagen, and erythema in the skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Caulerpa lentillifera is rich in polysaccharides, and its polysaccharides show a significant effect in different biological activities including anti-cancer activity. As an edible algae-derived polysaccharide, exploring the role of colon cancer can better develop the application from a dietary therapy perspective. However, more in-depth studies of C. lentillifera polysaccharide on anti-colon cancer activity and mechanism are needed. In this study, we found that Caulerpa lentillifera polysaccharides (CLP) showed potential anti-colon cancer effect on human colon cancer cell HT29 in monolayer (IC 50 = 1.954 mg/mL) and spheroid (IC 50 = 0.402 mg/mL). Transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses revealed that CLP had an inhibitory effect on HT29 3D spheroid cells by activating aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis as well as arginine and proline metabolism pathways. Furthermore, the anti-colon cancer effects of CLP were confirmed through other human colon cancer cell HCT116 and LoVo in monolayer cells (IC 50 = 1.890 mg/mL and 1.437 mg/mL, respectively) and 3D spheroid cells (IC 50 = 0.344 mg/mL and 0.975 mg/mL, respectively), and three patient-derived organoids with IC 50 values of 6.333–8.780 mg/mL. This study provided basic data for the potential application of CLP in adjuvant therapeutic food for colon cancer on multiple levels, while further investigation of detailed mechanism in vivo was still required. • CLP with potential anti-colon cancer effect on 2D and 3D models. • CLP activating aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and arginine. • CLP was involved in proline metabolism pathways. • CLP showed anti-colon cancer effect on PDOs. • CLP plays an anti-colon activity on multiple levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive reactive oxygen species can induce aquatic animals under oxidative stress, which is implicated in various types of liver problems. Caulerpa lentillifera , a tropical macroalga, has good antioxidant property, and it might exert mitigating benefits on oxidative damage in fish liver. This study assessed the protective role of C. lentillifera supplementation against oxidative toxicity in liver of zebrafish induced by diquat and analyzed the potential physiological mechanisms. Fish (N = 400) were divided into four groups for 56 days. The normal control and diquat-exposed groups were both fed on a basal diet. The two other treatment groups had dietary supplementation with 20 and 50 g·kg−1 C. lentillifera while exposed to diquat, respectively. Growth performances, biochemical parameters, histopathology, liver metabolomics alterations, and the mRNA expression of related genes were assessed. The outcomes revealed that diquat exposure inhibited weight gain; reduced superoxide dismutase activity; and induced noticeable augmented levels of liver malondialdehyde, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, triglycerides, and blood glucose. Furthermore, marked histopathological lesions in zebrafish liver were detected. A metabolomics analysis based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that exposure to diquat caused metabolite changes compared with the normal control fish. The down-regulated target of rapamycin (tor), protein kinase B (akt) and glucose transporter 2 (glut2) mRNAs were expressed in the liver injured by diquat. The dietary intervention with C. lentillifera restored the reduction in the growth, revealed a noticeable modulation in biochemical parameters, and recovered the histopathology. The group treated with 50 g·kg−1 C. lentillifera distinguished metabolic profile from the diquat-exposed group and approached the normal control one. C. lentillifera reversed the changes in diquat exposure on 14 metabolites, which were probably related to tryptophan metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism. The downregulated genes produced by diquat were recovered by adding C.lentilifera to the diet. In summary, supplementation with C. lentillifera can help reduce the negative effects of oxidative stress on zebrafish liver. The current study provides clues to facilitate the understanding of oxidative damage in fish liver and suggest that C. lentillifera has promising implications as a functional ingredient in aquaculture. • Diquat exposure motivates growth retardation and liver oxidative toxicity. • Dietary Caulerpa lentillifera improves growth and mitigates liver oxidative damage. • Dietary C. lentillifera attenuates oxidative toxicity by reversing abnormal metabolic profile. • C. lentillifera is a natural promising candidate for sustaining aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Caulerpa lentillifera is one of the most important economic green macroalgae in the world. Increasing demand for consumption has led to the commercial cultivation of C. lentillifera in Japan and Vietnam in recent decades. Concomitant with the increase of C. lentillifera cultivation is a rise in disease. We hypothesise that epiphytes or other microorganisms outbreak at the C. lentillifera farm may be an important factor contributing to disease in C. lentillifera. The main aims are obtaining differences in the microbial community structure and diversity between healthy and diseased C. lentillifera and key epiphytes and other microorganisms affecting the differences through the results of high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis in the present study. Results A total of 14,050, 2479, and 941 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained from all samples using 16S rDNA, 18S rDNA, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) high-throughput sequencing, respectively. 16S rDNA sequencing and 18S rDNA sequencing showed that microbial community diversity was higher in diseased C. lentillifera than in healthy C. lentillifera. Both PCoA results and UPGMA results indicated that the healthy and diseased algae samples have characteristically different microbial communities. The predominant prokaryotic phyla were Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Acidobacteria, Acidobacteria and Parcubacteria in all sequences. Chlorophyta was the most abundant eukaryotic phylum followed by Bacillariophyta based on 18S rDNA sequencing. Ascomycota was the dominant fungal phylum detected in healthy C. lentillifera based on ITS sequencing, whereas fungi was rare in diseased C. lentillifera, suggesting that Ascomycota was probably fungal endosymbiont in healthy C. lentillifera. There was a significantly higher abundance of Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Bacillariophyta, Ulvales and Tetraselmis in diseased C. lentillifera than in healthy C. lentillifera. Disease outbreaks significantly change carbohydrate metabolism, environmental information processing and genetic information processing of prokaryotic communities in C. lentillifera through predicted functional analyses using the Tax4Fun tool. Conclusions Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Bacillariophyta, Ulvales and Tetraselmis outbreak at the C. lentillifera farm sites was an important factor contributing to disease in C. lentillifera.

Caulerpa lentillifera is a type of green seaweed widely consumed as a fresh vegetable, specifically in Southeast Asia. Interestingly, this green seaweed has recently gained popularity in the food sector. Over the last two decades, many studies have reported that C. lentillifera is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, and bioactive compounds that contribute many health benefits. On the other hand, there is currently hardly any article dedicated specifically to C. lentillifera regarding nutritional composition and recent advancements in its potential health benefits. Hence, this study will summarise the findings on the nutritional content of C. lentillifera and compile recently discovered beneficial properties throughout the past decade. From the data compiled in this review paper, it can be concluded that the nutrient and phytochemical profile of C. lentillifera differs from one region to another depending on various external factors. As a result, this paper will offer researchers the groundwork to develop food products based on C. lentillifera. The authors of this paper are hopeful that a more systematic review could be done in the future as currently, existing data is still scarce.

The integrated aquaculture-seaweed system has been identified as a bio-mitigation strategy to overcome environmental damage, improve the efficiency of nutrient use, maintain good water quality, and ensure the system's sustainability. This study was conducted to determine the appropriate density of sea grape (Caulerpa lentillifera) in polyculture with whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in the same culture tank. Five treatments were randomly designed in triplicate tanks where shrimp was monocultured (without sea grape) as a control treatment and four polyculture treatments with different seaweed density levels (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 kg m-3) for 56 days. The results showed that polyculture of shrimp and sea grape significantly reduced the concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite (NO2 -), nitrate (NO3 -), and phosphate (PO4 3-) in the rearing tanks and significantly improved (p < 0.05) the growth rate (6.67-6.76% day-1), survival (73.3-78.5%), and production of shrimp (3.44-3.87 kg m-3) compared to monoculture (6.24% day-1, 54.8%, and 2.02 kg m-3, respectively). Applying shrimp and sea grape polyculture at a density of 1 kg m-3 provided a relatively better shrimp performance and feed conversion ratio than other seaweed densities, although not significantly different among polyculture treatments. The findings suggested that sea grape could be used at densities of 0.5-2 kg m-3 in polyculture with whiteleg shrimp, of which 1 kg m-3 resulted in higher production and feed efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both temperature and nutrient nitrogen are rising in worldwide aquatic ecosystems. To explore their interactive impacts on algal physiology, we measured the growth, cell components, photosynthesis, and dark respiration of a farmed green alga, Caulerpa lentillifera, under a matrix of temperatures (low, 22 °C; high, 27 °C) and nitrogen concentrations (low, 47 μmol L−1; medium, 188 μmol L−1; high, 750 μmol L−1). The relative growth rate (RGR) was less than 1.0% day−1 at low temperature, which was ~ eightfold higher at high temperature, with no significant effect of nitrogen. Pigment contents of chlorophyll a (Chl a) and carotenoids (Car) and soluble protein content increased with increasing nitrogen levels. High temperature reduced Chl a content under lower nitrogen and enhanced Car contents under higher nitrogen, but had a limited effect on proteins. Photosynthetic parameters, i.e., light-utilized efficiency (α) and maximum photosynthetic rate (Pmax), and dark respiration rate (Rd) increased with increasing nitrogen levels at low temperature. High temperature enhanced the α, Pmax, and Rd under low nitrogen, but reduced them under high nitrogen. Moreover, high temperature lowered both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) contents, indicating the beneficial effects on metabolism of C. lentillifera and thus the growth. In addition, our results indicate that the temperature-caused effects on photosynthesis and respiration of C. lentillifera are reversed by increased nitrogen levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three species of Malaysian edible seaweed (Eucheuma denticulatum, Sargassum polycystum and Caulerpa lentillifera) were analyzed for their carotenoid composition using a combination of high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS), while the antioxidant capacities were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. The HPTLC analysis exhibited a distinct carotenoid pattern among the three seaweed groups. The UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis showed fucoxanthin as the major carotenoid present in S. polycystum while lutein and zeaxanthin in E. denticulatum. For C. lentillifera, β-carotene and canthaxanthin were the major carotenoids. Some of the carotenoids, such as rubixanthin, dinoxanthin, diatoxanthin and antheraxanthin, were also tentatively detected in E. denticulatum and S. polycystum. For antioxidant activity, S. polycystum (20 %) and E. denticulatum (1128 μmol TE/g) showed the highest activity in the DPPH and ORAC assays, respectively. The findings suggest the three edible varieties of seaweeds may provide a good dietary source with a potential to reduce antioxidative stress.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease that is positively correlated with reproductive dysfunction. Caulerpa lentillifera is an edible green alga with antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties. This study aims to evaluate the ameliorative effects of a polysaccharides-rich extract from C. lentillifera on the reproductive dysfunctions of diabetic male BALB/c mice induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) supplemented with intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin (STZ). C. lentillifera was obtained from hot water and converted into a powder form (C. lentillifera extract (CLE)) by freeze drying. Mice were fed an HFD for 4 weeks before supplementing with STZ (30 mg/kg). The diabetic mice were divided into five groups, including a control group, a diabetic (DM) group, a DM with administration of a low-dose CLE treatment (DM+CLE1, 600 mg/kg), a DM with administration of a high-dose of CLE (DM+CLE2, 1000 mg/kg) and a DM with metformin treatment as a positive control (DM+Met, 200 mg/kg) for 6 weeks. The results showed that the CLE administration improved hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α were found to decrease in the CLE-treated groups. Additionally, CLE was shown to improve sperm motility and testis morphology. Based on the results, it was confirmed that the polysaccharides-rich extract from C. lentillifera extract was able to prevent diabetes-induced male reproductive dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caulerpa is a marine macroalgae and is rich in polysaccharides, which have the potential for immunostimulatory and anticoagulant activity. The objective of this work was to increase the value of C. lentillifera waste by polysaccharide extraction. A polysaccharide yield of about 25% of dry weight was obtained under the following optimized conditions: two-stage extraction (60 min/stage) using a ratio of 1:15 (w/v) at 90 °C, and 2× precipitation by the final concentration of 75% ethanol. The polysaccharide extracts contained a non-reducing sugar that accounted for 44% of weight extracts as a major sugar and consisted of four neutral sugars: mannose (33.3%), galactose (31.9%,), glucose (27.0%) and xylose (7.6%). In addition, it contained sulfate, which is approximately 8.37% of weight extracts and had a phenolic content of around 1.27 mg GAE/g sample. Moreover, it demonstrated α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC 50 value of 13.59 mg/mL. This result suggests that the polysaccharide extracts could potentially be used for preventing diabetes disease. The economic analysis also showed an economic feasibility for producing polysaccharide extracts from C. lentillifera waste. This is an alternative for farmers in order to increase the value of C. lentillifera waste. • Novel polysaccharides from Caulerpa or sea grapes or green caviar. • The potential of polysaccharides from Caulerpa waste for anti-diabetic. • Techno-economic assessment for producing polysaccharides from Caulerpa waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Caulerpa lentillifera is edible macroalgae which has several biological properties. This marine plant also contains beneficial secondary metabolites that can be used for treatment and prevent several deficiencies. Objectives: This research was conducted to evaluate immunomodulatory effect on nitric oxide production and phagocytosis of RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells from edible green seaweed of C. lentillifera extract. Methods: Extraction was applied to obtained ethanol extract, water extract and insoluble fraction. Alamar blue inclusion method was used to determine cytotoxicity and proliferation of RAW 264.7 after treated with sample. Griess assay using colourimetric commercial kits was selected to evaluate NO production and phagocytosis effect of samples was determined using phagocytic kit. Results: C. lentillifera extracts did not show any cytotoxic effect against RAW 264.7 macrophage. One hundred µg/mL of water extract increased the production of nitrite oxide. This extract revealed suspected-giant cells formation as a results of phagocytosis activity. The extract of C. lentillifera also enhanced phagocytosis activity of murine macrophage against E. coli. C. lentillifera extract enhanced activity of RAW 264.7 murine macrophage by increasing NO production and phagocytosis activity. This extract also caused suspected-giants' cells as indicator of phagocytosis effect. Conclusion: This result provides an insight that the potency of C. lentillifera extract as immunostimulant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been developed as light sources for indoor algae cultivation. In this study, we determined the effects of blue and red light ratios on weight gain, pigment content, antioxidant activity, and phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene expression in Caulerpa lentillifera. Caulerpa lentillifera was grown under six LED light treatments: white (W), red (R, 660 nm, 100%), blue (B, 447 nm, 100%), 1B1R (50% blue + 50% red), 1B2R (33.3% blue + 66.7% red), and 1B5R (16.7% blue + 83.3% red). Our results showed that red light improved the weight gain percentage of C. lentillifera, whereas red light with a low proportion of blue light (1B5R, 16.7%; blue + 83.3% red) led to a significantly higher weight gain percentage and photosynthetic pigment (Chl a + Chl b) content than the other LED light treatments. Increasing the proportion of blue light negatively affected weight gain and the photosynthetic pigment contents. However, blue LED light induced significantly higher transcription of the PDS gene, which coincided with increased β-carotene accumulation and antioxidant activity in C. lentillifera. These results indicated that the ratio of blue to red light is important for the indoor cultivation of C. lentillifera, and 100 μmol photons m−2 s−1 of 1B5R LED light with a 12/12 h light-dark photoperiod resulted in good growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the difference of nutrient composition in Caulerpa lentillifera collected from different regions. The nutrient compositions of C. lentillifera from China's Hainan and Shandong provinces were determined and compared with those from Semporna (Malaysia), Sabah (Malaysia), Petchburi (Thailand), and two other species of seaweeds (Malaysia). The results showed that the polysaccharide and protein contents of C. lentillifera from Hainan (44.82%±0.98% and 12.5% ±0.70%), Shandong (43.22% ±1.42% and 14.7% ±0.72%), Petchburi (59.27%±2.31% and 12.49%±0.30%), and Sabah (44.02%±2.01% and 19.38%± 1.48%) were higher than those of Eucheuma cottonii (26.49%±3.01% and 9.76%±1.33%) and Sargassum polycystum (33.49%± 1.70% and 5.40% ± 0.07%), respectively. The polyunsaturated fatty acid contents in C. lentillifera from Hainan (29.98%) and Shandong (22.11%) were higher than that in Semporna (16.76% ± 0.27%), Sabah (9.49%), and S. polycystum (20.34% ±0.43%), but lower than that in E. cottonii (51.55% ± 0.57%). In Caulerpa lentillifera of Hainan and Shandong provinces, the essential amino acid (EAA)/total amino acid (TAA) ratios were 35.22% and 38.78%, respectively; and the EAA/ETAA ratios were 54.36% and 63.35%, respectively. The EAA composition of C. lentillifera was close to the ideal model of Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization. C. lentillifera was rich in mineral elements, including calcium ((3315.85 ±127.55) mg (100 g)−1 and (3728.35 ±92.38) mg (100 g)−1), magnesium ((6715.74 ± 82.58) mg (100 g)−1 and (8128.59 ± 242.72) mg (100 g)−1), and trace elements, including iron ((510.65 ±5.47) mg (100 g)−1 and (1972.97 ±183.35) mg (100 g)−1), selenium ((1.04 ±0.08) mg (100 g)−1 and (0.83 ±0.15) mg (100 g)−1), and zinc ((33.90 ±0.13) mg (100 g)−1 and (11.75 ±2.05) mg (100 g)−1). These results showed that C. lentillifera was more nutritious than S. polycystum or E. cottonii in terms of polysaccharide, protein, and fatty acid contents. Furthermore, both C. lentillifera species collected from Hainan and Shandong provinces show more basic nutrients. Therefore, C. lentillifera has important development and application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]