Search

Urban social discomfort and economic activities: coexistence and conflict. The case of Pescara The traditional idea of urban suburbs gives a vision of housing degradation, economic marginalization and social discomfort in the collective imaginary. These spaces, often considered anonymous places, tend to reject economic activities outside their perimeter, except those of mere subsistence for the residents. However, a new vision of the suburbs is being consolidated, able, through targeted renewal policies and projects, to boost a work of recovery and transformation of these spaces into real places, promoting social inclusion and urban redevelopment of residents. The Italian Council of Ministers of 15/10/2015 launched the program «Interventions for the social and cultural redevelopment of degraded urban areas», highlighting the condition of marginal peripheral areas through the social discomfort (IDS) and building disadvantages (IDE) indexes. In this contribution we observed the areas of social discomfort in Pescara, an average city, after having calculated the IDS and IDE indexes with the appropriate corrections. The idea was to apply, in this first experimental phase based on 2011 census data, the layer of the distribution of productive activities to that deriving from the data on IDS and IDE to identify the places of coexistence or vice versa divergence between the location of production activities and peripheral areas. The analysis carried out, in the specific case study, allowed to observe how in Pescara the social discomfort is above all evident in the peripheral areas, while the building discomfort, following different urban dynamics encountered within a few decades, is also found in the central areas. Détresse sociale urbaine et activités économiques: coexistence et conflit. Le cas de Pescara L'idée traditionnelle de banlieue urbaine donne une vision de la dégradation du logement, de la marginalisation économique et de détresse social dans l'imaginaire collectif. Ces espaces, souvent considérés comme des lieux anonymes, ont tendance à rejeter les activités économiques en dehors de leur périmètre, sauf celles de simple subsistance pour les résidents. Mais une nouvelle vision de la banlieue est en train d'être consolidée, capable de stimuler, par le biais de politiques et de projets de rénovation ciblés, un travail de restauration et de transformation de ces espaces en espaces réels, favorisant l'inclusion sociale et le réaménagement urbain des habitants. Le Conseil des ministres italien du 15/10/2015 a lancé le programme «Interventions en faveur du réaménagement social et culturel des zones urbaines dégradées», soulignant la situation des zones périphériques marginales à travers les indices de détresse social (IDS) et de désavantages liés à la construction (IDE). Dans cette contribution, nous avons observé les zones de détresse social à Pescara, une ville moyenne, après avoir calculé les indices IDS et IDE avec les corrections appropriées. L'idée était d'appliquer, dans cette première phase expérimentale basée sur les données du recensement de 2011, la couche de répartition des activités productives à celle dérivée à partir des données sur IDS et IDE pour identifier les lieux de coexistence ou vice versa divergence entre activités de production et zones périphériques. L’analyse réalisée, dans l’étude de cas spécifique, a permis d’observer qu’à Pescara la détresse sociale se manifestait surtout dans les zones périphériques, tandis que l’inconfort du bâtiment, consécutif aux différentes dynamiques urbaines rencontrées en quelques décennies, se retrouvait également dans le centre., Semestrale di studi e ricerche di geografia, N. 2 (2019)

International audience; The parks are moving increasingly to become instruments for land management and allow the control of human interventions on the territory, both in conservative terms and through the promotion of activities that can lead to development processes in marginal areas. Among the main reasons that lead to the establishment of a Park lies – in the first place – the presence of externalities about the conservation of natural resources and thus the need to safeguard the public goods which costs should not be counted against its citizens while – secondly – the non-repeatability of natural resources needs the right compromise with the increasing of technological progress, this is the reason why the parks should regulate the equilibrium between the transformation and conservation processes. Anyway, the establishment of a park and its transformations can give rise to problems of distribution: the higher is the spreading of the benefits, the greater will be the costs to be endured by the national collectivity. For these reasons, in favor of local populations that fall in the park area should be identified development forms compatible with the environment, or should be provided with a compensation measures in terms of payment for any missed revenues deriving from structural constraints that implies a protected area.

Environmental deterioration can be defined as “the loss of capital- nature”. “Environment accounting” becomes the paradigm of the conservation and preservation of such capital by the same standards of an enterprise patrimony. Environmental goods valuation can be a prerequisite in order to control and contain the damages caused by man to the environment (Bishop and Woodward, 1995). From the cowboy economy attitude, according to which the natural environment had to be conquered and civilized in conformity with the idea of the open system and that of continuing economic growth (abundance of resources, expensive use of energy),we have passed to a different perception of the environmental problem, the spaceman economy. The Earth- Spaceship metaphorie the consideration of a circular economic system, has given prominence to the typical limited aspect of environmental resources. Environmental deterioration main artificer is the industrial and commercial “criminal development”, permitted by the incessant technical and scientific acceleration. Nevertheless the deterioration accomplice is often “the missing awareness and determination of the total economic value of resource and natural functions” (Barbier 1989). The environmental conceptual apparatus is that of the Economy of Wealth. In contrast with some of these theoretic presuppositions, a second discipline has been delineated: the ecological economy, whose epistemological principles are different (Stellin and Rosato, 1998). The ideological visions concerning environmental problems can be summarily assembled into two general categories: “technocentrism” and “ecocentrism”. The former category includes the positions considering, on different levels, the natural patrimony whose aim is the satisfaction of human needs; the category of ecocentrism enlarges the ethic reasoning and arrives at ascribing rights, moral interests to non-human species, even to environmental a biotic components. The environmental patrimony protection is by now a prerogative of developed countries. But its effective accomplishment is hampered by a conjunction of factors deriving from the difficulties in valuating the shocks undergone by the system; from the rapid and sufficient realization of their presence, so to prearrange appropriate countermeasures; from the achievement of a difficult balance between misuses containment and pollution from one side, and stimulation of the industrial production from the other. According to the contemporary economic perspective, environmental goods such as air, water, fauna are valuable goods, since the offer a flow of services to the individuals. In the service economic value the measuring process of services, supplied by natural resources , is a part of the benefit/cost approach. In conformity with this statement an enlarged point of view should be adopted, so to make the services real flow supplied to society and economy in natural resource readable: before all as an input source (fossil fuels, lumber, minerals, etc.), secondly as an indispensable element for human life (breathable air, livable climatic condition, etc.), then as a supplier of a series of reconstructive and landscape opportunities and finally as a system capable to receive and waste the surplus coming from the human activity. Consequently, the environmental economic value can be defined as the sum of flows discounted net values deriving from all the offered services: the benefits of an increasing support of any environmental service flow are given by the increase of the service discounted value. Likewise pollution damages correspond to the reduction in the service flow. The used value concept is founded on the economy of wealth: the individual wealth/utility dose not depend only on consumed - public or private- but even on the quantity and the quality of nonmarket goods and services supplied by natural/environmental resources system (e.g. health, recreative opportunities, landscape services, etc.). It follows that the reference for the economic value derivation measures of changements in the resources/environment system is the effect on human wealth. If society wishes exploiting the equipment of natural resources in the most efficient way, the values of goods/services flows coming from the resources use itself (i.e. the benefits)and 282 enjoyed by every member, should be compared to the values they renounce deterring environmental goods/services from other employments (i.e. the costs). Since the benefits and the costs are valuated according to their effect on the individual wealth, the “economic value” and “economic value” concepts correspond. The economic theory maintains that the individuals have proper preferences among goods/services alternative bundles - of market or not- and that preferences enjoy the replace ability property among such goods/services. Some observers are critical towards the attempt of expanding the economic measure process to elements such as health, human security, environmental features, landscape values and synthesizing its value in a monetary measure. Substantially the economic approach to the environment, whose quantification is presumed and its specify dispersed in the homogeneous measure of currency, has been under discussion.