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Ketogenic diet composed of high fat and low carbonhydrate was introduced as a therapeutic alternative for epilepsy in early 20's. As new antiepileptic agents such as phenytoin were discovered, popularity of the diet was waned until 90's. Studies on efficacy of diet in refractory epilepsy reported that approximately half of the children had a significant reduction, 15% of whom were seizure free. With growing body of evidence and introduction of diet modifications, ketogenic diet was promoted as a first line treatment for epileptic encephalopathies such as myoclonic-astatic epilepsy , Dravet syndrome and infantile spasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ketogenic diet composed of high fat and low carbonhydrate was introduced as a therapeutic alternative for epilepsy in early 20's. As new antiepileptic agents such as phenytoin were discovered, popularity of the diet was waned until 90's. Studies on efficacy of diet in refractory epilepsy reported that approximately half of the children had a significant reduction, 15% of whom were seizure free. With growing body of evidence and introduction of diet modifications, ketogenic diet was promoted as a first line treatment for epileptic encephalopathies such as myoclonic-astatic epilepsy , Dravet syndrome and infantile spasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cabergoline is a long-acting dopamine receptor agonist used for treatment of patients with uncured Cushing's disease (CD) and, as a first-line treatment, was used in only limited numbers of patients. This report presents two adolescent boys with CD who were treated with cabergoline. Two adolescent boys with clinical and laboratory findings of CD are presented. No pituitary adenoma was detected by radiological investigation in either patient. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) hypersecretion and lateralization was found by inferior petrosal sinus sampling in both patients. The initial cabergoline dose was 1mg/week and was adjusted up to 1.5 mg/week in the second patient, based on his urinary free cortisol (UFC) level. The patients responded to cabergoline treatment with normal UFC levels on the 4th and 6th months of treatment. The boys reached complete remission at the end of the 17th and 24th months, respectively. Cabergoline is effective in the control of cortisol secretion and can be considered as a first-line treatment in cases of CD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muscle involvement in several forms can be the first manifestation of untreated hypothyroidism.[1] Although 75% of patients with acquired hypothyroidism have muscle complaints such as weakness, cramps, and myalgias; muscle hypertrophy is an extremely rare finding.[2] This condition is named as Hoffmann's syndrome and is usually reported in young adults.[3,4] Here, we report distinctive hyperkeratosis and muscle hypertrophy in an adolescent secondary to untreated autoimmune hypothyroidism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Developmental defects of the thyroid gland are the most frequent causes of permanent congenital hypothyroidism. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological features of patients with thyroid dysgenesis (TD)., Methods: Medical records of 234 patients with TD followed between the years 2008 and 2010 were evaluated retrospectively. Diagnosis was made by ultrasonography., Results: Of 234 patients, 120 (51.3%) were male and 114 (48.7%) were female. Male to female ratio was 1.08 and there were no significant differences in epidemiologic and clinical findings between girls and boys. One hundred eighty-three patients (78.2%) were diagnosed as hypoplasia, 35 (14.9%) as thyroid agenesis, 4 as ectopic thyroid gland and 12 as hemiagenesis. The mean maternal age of the group was 28.9 ± 0.4 years (range 18 to 45 years), which is significantly higher than the recently reported mean maternal ages for Turkish women., Conclusions: Advanced maternal age was more prevalent in patients with TD. Our clinical and epidemiologic findings suggested no evidence of sexual dimorphism.