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Health professionals have been one of the groups most affected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Currently, there is little scientific evidence on the similarities and differences between COVID-19 infection and the development of long COVID in primary care (PC) workers. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse their clinical and epidemiological profiles in depth. This study was observational and descriptive, including PC professionals who were divided into three comparison groups based on the diagnostic test for acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. The responses were analysed using descriptive and bivariate analysis to examinate the relationship between independent variables and the presence or not of long COVID. Binary logistic regression analysis was also conducted, with each symptom as the dependent variable and each group as the independent variable. The results describe the sociodemographic characteristics of these population groups, revealing that women in the health sector are the most affected by long COVID and that being in this group is associated with its development. Furthermore, individuals with long COVID exhibited the highest number of symptoms and pathologies. Certain symptoms were found to be associated with long COVID development in this population, including an altered sense of smell, pneumonia, fever, and sore throat, among others. Similarly, altered senses of smell and taste, chest tightness, and joint pain, among others, were found to be associated with acute COVID-19 infection. Additionally, patients with pre-existing overweight or obesity were more likely to experience acute COVID-19 and develop long COVID. The data obtained can be crucial for improving the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of long COVID patients, ultimately leading to an enhancement in their quality of life.

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar si los profesionales de atención primaria (AP) conocen el Código europeo contra el cáncer (CECC) y si ello se relaciona con que practiquen sus recomendaciones. Diseño: Observacional descriptivo. Emplazamiento: Centros de AP españoles. Participantes: Profesionales de AP. Intervenciones: Cuestionario autoadministrado. Mediciones principales: Factores de riesgo y protectores del cáncer, pruebas de cribado y conocimiento del CECC. Resultados: Respondieron 1.734 profesionales (10,5%), edad media de 48,5 años (DT: 9,2), el 71,5% mujeres. El 50,0% desconoce el CECC; los tutores (OR = 1,61), adscritos al PAPPS (OR = 1,51) y que llevan más tiempo trabajando en AP (OR = 2,62) son los que más lo conocen. El 7,2% fuma y el 79,1% bebe alcohol. El 64,1% presenta normopeso y el 19% realiza actividad física. Evita exponerse al sol el 52,7% y usa protectores el 53,8%. El 85,2% nunca se ha realizado un cribado colorrectal, el 11% nunca una citología y el 12% una mamografía. Existe relación entre conocer el CECC y el tabaquismo (p

Persistent COVID-19 condition includes a wide variety of symptoms and health problems of indeterminate duration. The present study examined the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the population with Long COVID seen in Primary Care using a questionnaire based on the existing scientific literature. It was an observational and descriptive study of the characteristics of the Spanish population with Long COVID over 14 years of age. The responses were analysed by means of a descriptive analysis of the variables recorded, in addition to a bivariate analysis to determine the existence of a relationship between persistent COVID-19 and variables such as gender, age, vaccination status or concomitant pathology. The results obtained clearly describe the sociodemographic characteristics of the population, highlighting the predominance of female gender and the prevalence of tiredness and fatigue. Furthermore, relevant information was obtained on the differences in symptomatology according to gender, age, previous pathologies and alterations derived from infection and/or vaccination. These data are important for better detection, diagnosis and treatment of Long COVID and the improvement of the quality of life of this population.

Health professionals and students in training are key for early diagnosis of cancer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the awareness of Family Medicine (FM) residents and Medicine and Nursing undergraduate students in Spain regarding the European Code Against Cancer (ECAC). This was a descriptive, cross-sectional, and multicenter study.Teaching Units of FM of Cordoba and Ceuta and Schools of Medicine and Nursing of the Universities of Cordoba and Francisco de Vitoria of Madrid (Spain).residents of FM and Medicine and Nursing undergraduate Spanish students.self-administered questionnaire to assess the awareness about the ECAC. A total of 651 subjects participated (52.4% [95% CI 48.5-56.2] Nursing students, 34% [95% CI 30.3-37.6] Medicine students, and 13.6% [95% CI 11.0-16.3] FM residents). Of the total subjects participated, 74.8% were women. Mean age: 22.34 years (standard deviation, 4.68; range, 18-52; 95% CI, 21.98-22.70). A total of 76.8% (95% CI 73.5-80.1) declared to be unaware of the ECAC. Those referring to be aware of the ECAC mainly knew it through degree subjects (7.5% [95% CI 5.5.5-9.6]). Residents of FM (p 0.001), older participants (p 0.001), and those belonging to the Teaching Units (p = 0.002) showed a better awareness of the ECAC. Our findings reveal the unawareness on the ECAC in three out of four participants. The access to the advice described in the ECAC through the Medicine and Nursing Schools and FM Teaching Units is poor. The awareness of the ECAC of postgraduate residents is higher than that the awareness of the undergraduate students.

Background: Despite the impact that the SARS-CoV-2 virus infection has presented in Spain, data on the diagnostic capacity of the symptoms associated with this infection are limited, especially among patients with mild symptoms and who are detected in the primary care field (PC). The objective of the present study was to know the associated symptoms and their predictive criterial validity in SARS-CoV-2 infection among professionals working in PC. Methods: A cross-sectional, multicenter study was carried out in the Spanish National Health System, through an epidemiological survey directed to patients who underwent the PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 in the PC setting. Results: A total of 1612 patients participated, of which 86.6% were PC healthcare professionals, and of these, 67.4% family doctors. Hyposmia, with a sensitivity of 42.69% (95% CI: 37.30–48.08) and a specificity of 95.91% (95% CI: 94.78–97.03), and ageusia with a sensitivity of 39.47% (34.15–44.80) and a specificity of 95.20% (93.98–96.41) were the symptoms with the highest criteria validity indexes. Conclusions: This study identifies the specific symptoms of loss of smell or taste as the most frequently associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, essential in the detection of COVID-19 given its high frequency and predictive capacity.

Resumen Fundamento y objetivo La litiasis renal es una de las enfermedades urologicas mas importantes. Parece estar relacionada con factores sociodemograficos y climaticos, estilos de vida y comorbilidad preexistente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue examinar la relacion entre variables sociodemograficas, ciertos factores de riesgo y enfermedades cronicas, y la litiasis renal. Pacientes y metodo Se realizo un estudio transversal, seleccionando a poblacion espanola de 40 a 65 anos, combinando 2 muestras aleatorias (PreLiRenA y PreLiRenE). Los datos fueron recogidos por encuestas telefonicas personales, recopilando informacion sobre variables sociodemograficas y la morbilidad percibida. Tambien se recogieron datos sobre las temperaturas medias anuales en cada region espanola. Se realizo un analisis bivariado y multivariado. Resultados Fueron encuestados 4.894 sujetos; el 51,3% eran mujeres; el 25% tenian entre 40 y 45 anos; el 36% tenian educacion primaria y el 31,4% eran de clase social baja. La prevalencia global de litiasis renal fue del 15,0% (intervalo de confianza al 95% [IC 95%] 14,5-15,5). Por medio del analisis multivariado, las variables que mostraron una fuerte relacion estadistica con la presencia de litiasis renal fueron: edad avanzada (61-65 anos, OR = 1,39; IC 95% 1,06-1,8), clase social alta (OR = 1,98; IC 95% 1,29-2,62), antecedentes familiares de litiasis renal (OR = 2,22; IC 95% 1,88-2,65), hipertension arterial (OR = 1,68; IC 95% 1,39-2,02) y sobrepeso/obesidad (OR = 1,31; IC 95% 1,12-1,54). Se observo una correlacion entre la litiasis renal y las temperaturas medias anuales en las regiones espanolas (r = 0,59; p = 0,013). Conclusiones Existe relacion entre litiasis renal y edad avanzada, pertenecer a clases sociales altas, existencia de antecedentes familiares de urolitiasis, y tener hipertension y sobrepeso/obesidad. La prevalencia de la litiasis renal es mayor en las zonas climaticas mas calidas.

Health professionals and students in training are key for early diagnosis of cancer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the awareness of Family Medicine (FM) residents and Medicine and Nursing undergraduate students in Spain regarding the European Code Against Cancer (ECAC). This was a descriptive, cross-sectional, and multicenter study. Location: Teaching Units of FM of Cordoba and Ceuta and Schools of Medicine and Nursing of the Universities of Cordoba and Francisco de Vitoria of Madrid (Spain). Participants: residents of FM and Medicine and Nursing undergraduate Spanish students. Intervention: self-administered questionnaire to assess the awareness about the ECAC. A total of 651 subjects participated (52.4% [95% CI 48.5–56.2] Nursing students, 34% [95% CI 30.3–37.6] Medicine students, and 13.6% [95% CI 11.0–16.3] FM residents). Of the total subjects participated, 74.8% were women. Mean age: 22.34 years (standard deviation, 4.68; range, 18–52; 95% CI, 21.98–22.70). A total of 76.8% (95% CI 73.5–80.1) declared to be unaware of the ECAC. Those referring to be aware of the ECAC mainly knew it through degree subjects (7.5% [95% CI 5.5.5–9.6]). Residents of FM (p

Family medicine (FM) residents and medical and nursing students play an important role in the development of preventive and health-promoting activities. The objective was to evaluate the health-related lifestyles and cancer-preventive behaviors of medical and nursing students and FM residents in relation to the European Code Against Cancer (ECAC). This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study performed in Spain. Medical and nursing students and FM residents completed a self-administered questionnaire focused on health-related habits and clinical behaviors related to the ECAC. A total of 740 participants completed the questionnaire. About 12.2% (95% CI [9.8-14.5]) were smokers, and 77.3% (95% CI [74.3-80.3]) sporadically consumed alcohol; 34.2% (95% CI [30.8-37.6]) practiced physical activity 2-3 times a week, and 12.1% (95% CI [9.8-14.5]) were overweight or obese. About 54.2% (95% CI [50.6-57.8]) regularly consumed vegetables. Differences were detected in the completion of screening tests for colorectal cancer (p 0.001), breast cancer (p = 0.023), cervical cancer (p = 0.006), and prostate-specific antigen determination (p 0.001) in relation to the participants' academic profiles. Our results reveal heterogeneous practices between the participants in terms of health-related habits. Awareness about the risks of smoking and being overweight were high; however, the perception of the risks associated with solar exposure and alcohol consumption was poor. There was general agreement upon the importance of performing screening tests for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer, but there were discrepancies related to the need to perform the prostate cancer screening test.

Resumen Fundamento y objetivo La urolitiasis constituye una afeccion frecuente, cuya prevalencia se ha incrementado a nivel mundial. En Andalucia (Espana) el estudio PreLiRenA mostro una elevada prevalencia (16,4%; intervalo de confianza al 95% [IC 95%] 14,8-17,8) en poblacion de 40 a 65 anos, lo cual nos hizo cuestionarnos cual seria la situacion a nivel nacional. El objetivo fue estimar la prevalencia de urolitiasis en la poblacion espanola de entre 40 y 65 anos. Pacientes y metodo Estudio observacional, transversal, mediante muestreo estratificado segun las regiones del pais, sexo y edad. Se realizaron un total de 2.444 entrevistas telefonicas mediante un cuestionario que incluia variables sociodemograficas y clinicas. Se realizo una estadistica descriptiva y bivariada, calculando las ratios de prevalencia (RP) con IC 95%. Resultados De los 2.444 sujetos entrevistados, el 51,2% (n = 1.251) eran mujeres. La prevalencia de urolitiasis fue del 14,6% (IC 95% 13,1-15,9), y la incidencia, del 2,9% (IC 95% 2,2-3,6). Se observaron diferencias significativas respecto a la edad, con una mayor prevalencia en pacientes de 46-50 anos (RP 1,58; IC 95% 1,12-2,21; p Conclusiones Se observa una elevada prevalencia de urolitiasis entre la poblacion espanola de 40 a 65 anos, sobre todo entre los sujetos de clase social superior y mediana edad, asi como una alta tasa de recurrencia.

Background: Family medicine (FM) residents and medical and nursing students play an important role in the development of preventive and health-promoting activities. Objective: To evaluate the health-related lifestyles and cancer-preventive behaviors of medical and nursing students and FM residents in relation to the European Code Against Cancer (ECAC). Methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study performed in Spain. Medical and nursing students, and FM residents completed a self-administered questionnaire focused on health-related habits and clinical behaviors related to the ECAC. Results: A total of 740 participants completed the questionnaire. 12.2% (95% CI [9.8–14.5]) were smokers and 77.3% (95% CI [74.3–80.3]) sporadically consumed alcohol; 34.2% (95% CI [30.8–37.6]) practiced physical activity 2–3 times a week, and 12.1% (95% CI [9.8–14.5]) were overweight or obese. 54.2% (95% CI [50.6–57.8]) regularly consumed vegetables. Differences were detected in the completion of screening tests for colorectal cancer (p < 0.001), breast cancer (p = 0.023), cervical cancer (p = 0.006), and prostate-specific antigen determination (p < 0.001) in relation to the participants’ academic profiles. Conclusion: Our results reveal heterogeneous practices between the participants in terms of health-related habits. Awareness about the risks of smoking and being overweight were high, however, the perception of the risks associated with solar exposure and alcohol consumption was poor. There was general agreement upon the importance of performing screening tests for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer, but there were discrepancies related to the need to perform the prostate cancer screening test. pre-print 322 KB

Renal lithiasis is one of the most important urological diseases. It seems to be related to different socio-demographic and climatic factors, lifestyle and pre-existing comorbidity. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between socio-demographic variables, certain risk factors and chronic diseases and the renal lithiasis.A cross-sectional population-based study was carried out, selecting the Spanish population aged from 40 to 65 years, combining 2 random samples (PreLiRenA and PreLiRenE studies). Data were collected by personal telephone surveys, gathering information on socio-demographic variables and perceived morbidity. Data on annual average temperatures in each Spanish region were also collected. A bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed.A total of 4,894 subjects were surveyed; 51.3% were women; 25% were aged 40-45 years, 36% had primary school education and 31.4% were of low social class. The overall prevalence of renal lithiasis was 15.0% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 14.5-15.5). By means of multivariate analysis, the variables that showed a strong statistical relationship with the presence of renal lithiasis were: older age (61-65 years; OR=1.39; 95% CI 1.06-1.80), high social class (OR=1.98; 95% CI 1.29-2.62), family history of renal lithiasis (OR=2.22; 95% CI 1.88-2.65), high blood pressure (OR=1.68; 95% CI 1.39-2.02) and overweight/obesity (OR=1.31; 95% CI 1.12-1.54). A correlation was observed between renal lithiasis and average annual temperatures in the Spanish regions (r=0.59; P=.013).A relationship was observed between renal lithiasis and older age, belonging to higher social classes, the existence of a family history of urolithiasis, and hypertension and overweight or obesity. The prevalence of renal lithiasis is greater in warmer climate zones.

Objetivos Valorar las preferencias, la satisfaccion y el grado de participacion de los pacientes en el proceso de toma de decisiones con las enfermeras de los centros de salud. Metodo Se diseno un estudio observacional descriptivo con un enfoque metodologico mixto cualicuantitativo, realizado con pacientes que utilizaron los servicios de enfermeria de nueve centros de salud de Andalucia. Tras ser atendidos, los pacientes fueron entrevistados, recogiendose sus opiniones y satisfaccion con el proceso de implicacion en la toma de decisiones. Se llevo a cabo un analisis estadistico descriptivo, y para comprobar la existencia de diferencias entre las respuestas a las preguntas cerradas y las abiertas agrupadas del cuestionario, se utilizo el test de la ?2 (p

Urolithiasis is a common urologic condition with increasing incidence in the population worldwide. In Andalusia (Spain), the PreLiRenA study showed a high prevalence (16.4%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 14.8-17.8) of this condition in population aged between 40 and 65 years. The interesting results reported in that study encouraged us to further investigate the magnitude of this condition at a national level. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of urolithiasis in the Spanish population aged between 40 and 65 years.This is an observational, cross-sectional, prevalence, stratified sampling study by Spanish region, sex and age. A total of 2,444 telephone interviews were conducted using a questionnaire that covered several sociodemographic and clinical variables. Bivariate, descriptive statistical study was performed. The prevalence ratio (PR) with the 95% CI was calculated.Of the 2,444 subjects interviewed, 51.2% (n=1,251) were women. The prevalence and incidence of urolithiasis were 14.6% (95% CI 13.1-15.9) and 2.9% (95% CI 2.2-3.6), respectively. Significant differences were found by age, with a higher prevalence in 46-50 years (PR 1.58; 95% CI 1.12-2.21; P.001) and 61-65 years (PR 1.47; 95% CI 1.02-2.13), and upper-class subjects (PR 1.75; 95% CI 1.07-2.86; P.024). Of respondents, 52.8% had experienced more than one episode of urolithiasis. A total of 46.9% passed the calculus spontaneously, and 51.1% were diagnosed in the Emergency Unit.The prevalence of urolithiasis in the Spanish population aged between 40 and 65 years is high; especially among upper-class subjects and in middle-aged. A high recurrence rate is also observed.

Background Preventive strategies are the most effective approach for dealing with issues of substance abuse, particularly in teenagers. Such strategies adapt well to this target population. Our objective was to reveal the opinions and beliefs held by teenagers about tobacco and alcohol as types of drugs, and their effects on health. Methods In this cross-sectional study, participants completed a self-administered questionnaire based on the World Health Organization “Health Behaviour of School-aged Children” study. Our sample included 1,005 schoolchildren aged between 11 and 13 years, resident in the province of Córdoba in Spain. Descriptive and univariate analyses were performed using a chi-squared test. Results Of respondents, 25% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 22.2–27.6%) and 61% (95% CI: 58.0–64.1%), respectively, did not consider tobacco or alcohol to be drugs. No relationship was found between tobacco and alcohol use, and the belief that these are drugs (p = 0.477 and p = 0.217, respectively). A total 98.2% of adolescents surveyed (95% CI: 97.3–99.1%) believed that tobacco causes physical damage, mainly to the lungs, heart, and to the developing fetus. Additionally, 92.4% (95% CI: 90.6–94.0%) believed that alcohol is detrimental to health and identified the liver as the organ most frequently damaged by alcohol consumption. The media was identified as the main source of information about these substances by 78.0% of respondents (95% CI: 75.4–80.6%). Conclusions Teenagers possess an acceptable level of knowledge and information about the negative effects of tobacco and alcohol on health; however, many of them do not consider these substances to be drugs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1417-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Objetivos: Medir la satisfacción relacionada con aspectos técnicos y comunicativos de los usuarios de consulta de Enfermería en Atención Primaria. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo realizado con pacientes usuarios del Servicio de Enfermería de los Centros de Salud (CCSS) de Córdoba y provincia. Los pacientes fueron entrevistados utilizando dos tipos de preguntas, cerradas y abiertas que recogían sus opiniones y satisfacción en dominios comunicacionales como la relación enfermera-paciente, la información recibida o el tiempo empleado; así como los procedimientos utilizados. Análisis descriptivo e inferencial (Test de Ji-cuadrado; p

A case of pneumonia due to Mycoplasma hominis in a healthy adult is presented. The bacterium was diagnosed by a quantitative culture method and identification to the species level by sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene. The objective of this presentation is to bring to attention the need to search for this opportunistic pathogen. Mycoplasma may be an important cause of bacterial pneumonia without microbiological diagnosis and its incidence may be underestimated.

Different aspects of the doctor-patient relationship were associated with satisfaction and other outcomes of the consultation. However, measurements of the perception of communication quality are often limited by the "ceiling effect". To evaluate the relationship and differences between three ways to obtain information regarding patient satisfaction and perception of unmet needs in communication aspects with your doctor.An observational descriptive study was design. Patient perception regarding four communicational domains when attending family doctors measured by means of three different type of questions.658 (91%) patients attending the consultation of 97 physicians in 58 Health Centres. 401 (62%) of them were females. Average age 52 years (TD:17,4; CI95%: 50,6-53,3 years), 401 females (62%: CI95%: 58,7-66,4%). In close ended questions, patients declared high rates of satisfaction for all the communicative domains studied: relationship 99,7% (CI95%: 98,8-99,9%), explaining reasons for consultation (CI95%: 94,4-97,7%), information regarding causes 96,2% (CI95%: 89,9- 94,3%), and therapeutic plan 97,9% (CI95%:96,7-99,1%). Patients declared as insatisfied gave high number of suggestions or showed more discrepancy of frequency (p0.05); nevertheless, up to 28,9% of satisfied patients made suggestions for improving communication (p0,001).[corrected] Designing open-ended questions where patient can make suggestions, seems to be a good method for detecting unmet needs in doctor patient communication that close-ended question about satisfaction or those exploring possible discrepancy on the frequency of some behaviours.

Fundamento: Diferentes aspectos de la relación medico-paciente se han asociado con la satisfacción y otros resultados de la consulta, pero el "efecto techo" suele limitar estas mediciones. El objetivo del trabajo es evaluar la relación y las diferencias entre tres modos de obtención de información referentes a la satisfacción del paciente y la percepción de necesidades no cubiertas en aspectos comunicativos con el médico. Métodos: Estudio observacional-descriptivo. Muestreo sistemático: 658 usuarios que acudieron a 97 médicos de familia en 58 centros de salud en 4 provincias. Por entrevista se indagó la percepción de los usuarios sobre cuatro facetas comunicativas (aspectos formales de la relación, facilidad para exponer motivo de consulta, información recibida sobre causas y acciones), mediante tres tipos diferentes de preguntas. Análisis descriptivo e inferencial (test de Fisher). Resultados: Respondieron 658 pacientes. Edad media: 52 años (DT:17,4; IC95%: 50,6-53,3 años), 401 (62%) mujeres (IC95%: 58,7-66,4%). Los sujetos dicen sentirse satisfechos con: relación con su médico: 99,7% (IC95%: 98,8-99,9%), posibilidad exponer motivo de consulta: 96,0% (IC95%: 94,4-97,7%), información recibida sobre causas: 96,2% (IC95%: 89,9- 94,3%), y sobre acción terapéutica: 97,9% (IC95%:96,7-99,1%). Las personas insatisfechas o muy insatisfechas responden a más preguntas adicionales (p

To assess patient preferences their satisfaction level and their participation in decision making with nurses.Cross-sectional and mixed quantitative-qualitative study carried out in people attending the nursing services of 9 Health Centres in Andalusia. Patients were interviewed immediately after receiving nursing treatment using two different questionnaires for assessing their opinions, satisfaction and perception of involvement in the decisional process. A descriptive analysis using the χ(2) test (P.05) was performed to assess the differences among close-ended and open-ended questions. Qualitative analysis: Open-ended questions were grouped into categories by a process involving three researchers independently.A total of 235 patients took part, of whom 59% (138) preferred a collaborative role with the nurse when making decisions. In the closed questions, 96.2% (228) of the surveyed patients declared to be satisfied or very satisfied with the decision making process; nevertheless 17.4% (41) made specific suggestions for improving this process. For them the main improvement areas were related to: general communication skills or a more specific one such as: strategies for helping them make decisions, reaching common ground or giving advice.Nurses should be aware that most patients wish to be involved in decision making and in clinical practice this participation can be improved by obtaining specific communicational skills. Surveys that include open-ended questions are more useful to assess the quality of care.