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ABSTRACT Post-thoracotomy paraplegia after non-aortic surgery is an extremely uncommon complication. A 56-year-old woman presented with a 1-year history of progressive shortness of breath. Computed tomography revealed a locally advanced posterior mediastinal mass involving the ribs and the left neural foramina. Tumor excision with a left pneumonectomy was performed. Post-resection, bleeding was noted in the vicinity of the T4-T5 vertebral body, and the bleeding point was packed with oxidized cellulose gauze (Surgicel®). Postoperatively, the patient complained of bilateral leg numbness extending up to the T5 level, with bilateral paraplegia. An urgent laminectomy was performed, and we noted that the spinal cord was compressed by two masses of Surgicel® with blood clots measuring 1.5 × 1.5cm at T4 and T5 levels. The paraplegia did not improve despite the removal of the mass, sufficient decompression, and aggressive postoperative physiotherapy. Surgeons operating in fields close to the intervertebral foramen should be aware of the possible threat to the adjacent spinal canal as helpful hemostatic agents can become a preventable threat.

Introduction:  Data on the use of fibrin sealants to control intraoperative bleeding in children are scarce. Evicel Fibrin Sealant (Ethicon Inc., Raritan, New Jersey, United States) was found safe and effective in clinical trials of adults undergoing various surgery types. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of Evicel versus Surgicel Absorbable Hemostat (Ethicon Inc.) as adjunctive topical hemostats for mild/moderate raw-surface bleeding in pediatric surgery., Methods:  A phase III randomized clinical trial was designed as required by the European Medicines Agency's Evicel Pediatric Investigation Plan: 40 pediatric subjects undergoing abdominal, retroperitoneal, pelvic, or thoracic surgery were randomized to Evicel or Surgicel, to treat intraoperative mild-to-moderate bleeding. Descriptive analyses included time-to-hemostasis and rates of treatment success (4, 7, 10 minutes), intraoperative treatment failure, rebleeding, and thromboembolic events., Results:  Forty of 130 screened subjects aged 0.9 to 17 years were randomized 1:1 to Evicel or Surgicel. Surgeries were predominantly open abdominal procedures. The median bleeding area was 4.0 cm 2 for Evicel and 1.0 cm 2 for Surgicel. The median time-to-hemostasis was 4.0 minutes for both groups. The 4-, 7-, and 10-minute treatment success rates were 80.0% versus 65.0%, 100.0% versus 80.0%, and 95.0% versus 90.0%, whereas treatment failure rates were 5.0% versus 25.0%, for Evicel and Surgicel, respectively. No deaths or thrombotic events occurred. Re-bleeding occurred in 5.0% of Evicel and 10.0% of Surgicel subjects., Conclusions:  In accordance with adult clinical trials, this randomized study supports the safety and efficacy of Evicel for controlling mild-to-moderate surgical bleeding in a broad range of pediatric surgical procedures., Competing Interests: None declared., (The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).)

Post-thoracotomy paraplegia after non-aortic surgery is an extremely uncommon complication. A 56-year-old woman presented with a 1-year history of progressive shortness of breath. Computed tomography revealed a locally advanced posterior mediastinal mass involving the ribs and the left neural foramina. Tumor excision with a left pneumonectomy was performed. Post-resection, bleeding was noted in the vicinity of the T4-T5 vertebral body, and the bleeding point was packed with oxidized cellulose gauze (Surgicel®). Postoperatively, the patient complained of bilateral leg numbness extending up to the T5 level, with bilateral paraplegia. An urgent laminectomy was performed, and we noted that the spinal cord was compressed by two masses of Surgicel® with blood clots measuring 1.5 × 1.5cm at T4 and T5 levels. The paraplegia did not improve despite the removal of the mass, sufficient decompression, and aggressive postoperative physiotherapy. Surgeons operating in fields close to the intervertebral foramen should be aware of the possible threat to the adjacent spinal canal as helpful hemostatic agents can become a preventable threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: Neskeep ® , an absorbable polyglycolic acid spacer, has been developed as the optimal material for spacer placement surgery. However, preventing its severe adhesion is a crucial concern. Therefore, we aimed to identify an effective anti-adhesion agent for Neskeep ® using rat models., Materials and Methods: Animal experiments were performed using 60 rats, which underwent Neskeep ® placement on the abdominal wall. Three types of anti-adhesion agents were employed, establishing four subgroups: Seprafilm ® , INTERCEED ® , AdSpray ® , and only Neskeep ® (control) groups. Rats were sacrificed on postoperative days 7, 14, and 28 to assess adhesion levels around the Neskeep ® Macroscopic visual assessment with the Lauder score and histopathological evaluation were performed to assess the degree of adhesion., Results: There were no significant differences in the proportion of Lauder scores on days 7 and 14 between the four groups. Histological evaluation revealed no significant differences between groups at any observation time. However, the mean Lauder scores at day 28 were 5.0, 1.6, 4.0, and 4.8 in the Neskeep ® , Seprafilm ® , INTERCEED ® , and AdSpray ® groups, respectively. The proportion of milder Lauder score was significantly higher in the Seprafilm ® group on day 28., Conclusion: Seprafilm ® may exhibit an anti-adhesive effect when used with Neskeep ® ., (Copyright © 2024 International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)

Recently, attention has been paid to cellulose nanofibers, such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCN), as new bio-based materials. In addition, hydrophobized surface on TOCNs can be expected to provide new applications. Based on our previous finding that partially 2-deoxygenated (P2D)-amylose, which was synthesized by GP-catalyzed enzymatic copolymerization of D-glucal with α-d-glucose 1-phosphate (Glc-1-P) as comonomers, was hydrophobic, in this study, hydrophobization of surfaces on TOCNs was investigated by the GP-catalyzed enzymatic grafting of P2D-amylose chains on TOCNs. After maltooligosaccharide primers were modified on TOCNs, the GP-catalyzed enzymatic copolymerization of D-glucal with Glc-1-P was performed for grafting of P2D-amylose chains. 1 H NMR spectroscopic analysis confirmed the production of P2D-amylose-grafted TOCNs with different 2-deoxyglucose/Glc unit ratios. The powder X-ray diffraction profiles of the products indicated that the entire crystalline structures were strongly affected by the unit ratios and chain lengths of the grafted polysaccharides. The SEM images observed differences in nanofiber diameter in the reaction solutions and surface morphology after film formation, due to grafting of P2D-amylose chains from TOCNs. The water contact angle measurement of a cast film prepared from the product indicated its hydrophobicity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The rapid development of hydrogels has garnered significant attention in health monitoring and human motion sensing. However, the synthesis of multifunctional conductive hydrogels with excellent strain/pressure sensing and photoresponsiveness remains a challenge. Herein, the conductive hydrogels (BPTP) with excellent mechanical properties, fatigue resistance and photoresponsive behavior composed of polyacrylamide (PAM) matrix, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yloxy-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNs) reinforcement and polydopamine-modified black phosphorus (BP@PDA) photosensitizer are prepared through a facile free-radical polymerization approach. The PDA adhered to the BP surface by π-π stacking promotes the optical properties of BP while also preventing BP oxidation from water. Through hydrogen bonding interactions, TOCNs improve the homogeneous dispersion of BP@PDA nanosheets and the mechanical toughness of BPTP. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of PDA and TOCNs, the conductive BPTP integrates superior mechanical performances, excellent photoelectric response and photothermal conversion capability. The BPTP-based sensor with high cycling stability demonstrates superior strain sensitivity (GF = 6.0) and pressure sensing capability (S = 0.13 kPa -1 ) to monitor various human activities. Therefore, this work delivers an alternative construction strategy for generating high-performance conductive hydrogels as multifunctional wearable sensors., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Lumpectomy plus radiation is a treatment option offering better survival than conventional mastectomy for patients with early-stage breast cancer. However, successive radioactive therapy remains tedious and unsafe with severe adverse reactions and secondary injury. Herein, a composite hydrogel with pH- and photothermal double-sensitive activity is developed via physical crosslinking. The composite hydrogel incorporated with tempo-oxidized cellulose nanofiber (TOCN), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and a polydopamine (PDA) coating for photothermal therapy (PTT) triggered in situ release of doxorubicin (DOX) drug was utilized to optimize postoperative strategies of malignant tumors inhibition. The incorporation of TOCN significantly affects the performance of composite hydrogels. The best-performing TOCN/PVA7 was selected for drug loading and polydopamine coating by rational design. In vitro studies have demonstrated that the composite hydrogel exhibited high NIR photothermal conversion efficiency, benign cytotoxicity to L929 cells, pH-dependent release profiles, and strong MCF-7 cell inhibitory effects. Then the TOCN/PVA7-PDA@DOX hydrogel is implanted into the tumor resection cavity for local in vivo chemo-photothermal synergistical therapy to ablate residue tumor tissues. Overall, this work suggests that such a chemo-photothermal hydrogel delivery system has great potential as a promising tool for the postsurgical management of breast cancer., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Efficiently addressing the challenge of leakage is crucial in the advancement of solid-liquid phase change thermal storage composite materials; however, numerous existing preparation methods often entail complexity and high energy consumption. Herein, a straightforward blending approach was adopted to fabricate stable phase change nanocomposites capitalizing on the interaction between TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNF) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules. By adjusting the ratio of TOCNF to PEG and the molecular weights of PEG, TOCNF/PEG phase change composites (TPCC) with customizable phase transition temperature (40.3-59.1 °C) and high phase transition latent heat (126.3-172.1 J/g) were obtained. The TPCC of high-loaded PEG (80-95 wt%) ensured a leakage rate of less than 1.7 wt% after 100 heating-cooling cycles. Moreover, TPCC exhibits excellent optical properties with a transmittance of over 90 % at room temperature and up to 96 % after heating. The thermal response analysis of TPCC demonstrates exceptional thermal-induced flexibility and good thermal stability, as well as recyclability and reshaping ability. This study may inspire others to design bio-based phase change composites with potential applications in thermal energy storage and management of smart-energy buildings, photothermal response devices, and waste heat-generating electronics., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

UV protection has become crucial as increasing environmental pollution has led to the destruction of the ozone layer, which has a weakened ability to block UV rays. In this paper, we successfully prepared cellulose-based biomass films with high UV shielding effect, high transparency and high tensile strength by graft-modifying oxidized cellulose nanocellulose (TOCN) with folic acid (FA) and borrowing vacuum-assisted filtration. The films had tunable UV shielding properties depending on the amount of FA added. When the FA addition was 20 % (V/V), the film showed 0 % transmittance in the UV region (200-400 nm) and 90.61 % transmittance in the visible region (600 nm), while the tensile strength was up to 150.04 MPa. This study provides a new integrated process for the value-added utilization of nanocellulose and a new route for the production of functional biomass packaging materials. The film is expected to be applied in the field of food packaging with UV shielding., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of thyme essential oil (TEO) are useful for active food packaging, but its poor aqueous solubility restricts its applications. This work involves anionic cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) as the sole stabilizing agent for TEO-in-water emulsions, with oil concentrations ranging from 10 mL/L to 300 mL/L. A double mechanism was proposed: the adsorption of CNFs at oil/water interfaces restricted coalescence to a limited extent, while thickening (rheological stabilization) was required to avoid the buoyance of large droplets (>10 μm). Thickening effects comprised both higher viscosity (over 0.1 Pa·s at 10 s -1 ) and yield stress (approximately 0.9 Pa). Dilute emulsions had good film-forming capabilities, whereas concentrated emulsions were suitable for paper coating. Regarding antimicrobial activity, CNF-stabilized TEO-in-water emulsions successfully inhibited the growth of both Gram-negative (E. coli, S. typhimurium) and Gram-positive bacteria (L. monocytogenes). As for the antioxidant properties, approximately 50 mg of paper or 3-5 mg of film per mL of food simulant D1 were required to attain 50 % inhibition in radical scavenging tests. Nonetheless, despite the stability and the active properties of these bio-based hydrocolloids, providing this antioxidant and antimicrobial activity was incompatible with maintaining the organoleptic properties of the foodstuff unaltered., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The wound dressings' lack of antioxidant and antibacterial properties, and delayed wound healing limit their use in wound treatment and management. Recent advances in dressing materials are aimed at improving the limitations discussed above. Therefore, the aim of this study includes the preparation and characterization of oxidized hydroxyethyl cellulose (OHEC) and ferulic acid-grafted chitosan (CS-FA) hydrogel loaded with green synthesized selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) (OHEC-CS-FA-Se NPs named as nanohydrogel) for diabetic wound healing. The structure and properties of the hydrogel was characterized by FTIR, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, EDAX, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, XRD, DLS, zeta potential and rheological studies. The findings of these experiments demonstrate that nanohydrogel possesses a variety of outstanding qualities, including an optimal gel time, good swelling characteristics, a fair water retention rate, a good degradation rate, and strong mechanical stability. Nanohydrogel has been shown to have a synergistic impact by significantly increasing antioxidant activity by scavenging ABTS and DPPH radicals. The nanohydrogel's strong biocompatibility was confirmed by cytocompatibility testing using L929 mouse fibroblast cells. In addition, the wound healing potential of nanohydrogel was tested on L929 cells by an in vitro scratch assay and the nanohydrogel showed a wound closure rate of 100 % after 12 h. In addition to this study, nanohydrogel has demonstrated significant antimicrobial properties against human and wound infection causing pathogens such as Bacillus subtilis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the animal model, almost complete diabetic wound healing was achieved on day 14 after application of the nanohydrogel. The results obtained indicate that the multifunctional bioactive nature of OHEC-CS-FA-Se NPs showed exceptional antioxidant and antibacterial potential for the treatment of infected and chronic wounds., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Nanocatalysts tend to aggregate and are difficult to recycle, limiting their practical applications. In this study, an environmentally friendly method was developed to produce cellulose beads for use as supporting materials for Cu-based nanocatalysts. Cellulose beads were synthesized from a water-in-oil emulsion using cellulose dissolved in an LiBr solution as the water phase and vegetable oil as the oil phase. Upon cooling, the gelation of the cellulose solution produced spherical cellulose beads, which were then oxidized to introduce surface carboxyl groups. These beads (diameter: 95-105 μm; specific surface area: 165-225 m 2  g -1 ) have a three-dimensional network of nanofibers (width: 20-30 nm). Furthermore, the Cu 2 O nanoparticles were loaded onto oxidized cellulose beads before testing their catalytic activity in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol using NaBH 4 . The apparent reaction rate constant increased with increasing loading of Cu 2 O nanoparticles and the conversion efficiency was >90 %. The turnover frequency was 376.2 h -1 for the oxidized cellulose beads with the lowest Cu 2 O loading, indicating a higher catalytic activity compared to those of other Cu-based nanoparticle-loaded materials. In addition to their high catalytic activity, the cellulose beads are reusable and exhibit excellent stability., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Disease outbreaks are a major impediment to aquaculture production, and vaccines are integral for disease management. Vaccines can be expensive, vary in effectiveness, and come with adjuvant-induced adverse effects, causing fish welfare issues and negative economic impacts. Three-dimensional biopolymer hydrogels are an appealing new technology for vaccine delivery in aquaculture, with the potential for controlled release of multiple immunomodulators and antigens simultaneously, action as local depots, and tunable surface properties. This research examined the intraperitoneal implantation of a cross-linked TEMPO cellulose nanofiber (TOCNF) hydrogel formulated with a Vibrio anguillarum bacterin in Atlantic salmon with macroscopic and microscopic monitoring to 600-degree days post-implantation. Results demonstrated a modified passive integrated transponder tagging (PITT) device allowed for implantation of the hydrogel. However, the Atlantic salmon implanted with TOCNF hydrogels exhibited a significant foreign body response (FBR) compared to sham-injected negative controls. The FBR was characterized by gross and microscopic external and visceral proliferative lesions, granulomas, adhesions, and fibrosis surrounding the hydrogel using Speilberg scoring of the peritoneum and histopathology of the body wall and coelom. Acutely, gross monitoring displayed rapid coagulation of blood in response to the implantation wound with development of fibrinous adhesions surrounding the hydrogel by 72 h post-implantation consistent with early stage FBR. While these results were undesirable for aquaculture vaccines, this work informs on the innate immune response to an implanted biopolymer hydrogel in Atlantic salmon and directs future research using cellulose nanomaterial formulations in Atlantic salmon for a new generation of aquaculture vaccine technology., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

In this research, we develop a method to create biodegradable food packaging films. Initially, TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber (TOCNF) undergoes sonication to produce well-dispersed single-strain nanofibers. These nanofibers are then blended with waterborne polyurethane (WPU) to enhance their extensibility. To further enhance compatibility between these two components, a non-ionic surfactant, Tween 80, is introduced into the TOCNF/WPU mixture to improve the dispersion of the WPU within the blend. The addition of Tween 80 significantly increases the transparency of the resulting film (Transmittance: 89.4 %, Haze: 2.2 %). Furthermore, the incorporation of the surfactant effectively reduces the formation of wrinkles and cracks during the film drying process, preventing adverse impacts on the film's barrier properties. The thin film further undergoes esterification crosslinking with citric acid to remove its hydrophilic groups for better water vapor barrier properties. The resulting bio-based packaging film exhibits remarkable transparency, strong biodegradability, and superior gas-barrier properties (water vapor and oxygen) compared to commonly used food packaging., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study used a unique approach by developing a bilayer system that can simultaneously accomplish non-adhesion, hemostatic, and tissue regenerative properties. In this system, agarose was used as a carrier material, with an agarose-TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber (TOCN), (AT) layer acting as a non-adhesion layer and an Agarose-Extracellular matrix, (AE) layer acting as a tissue regenerative layer. Thrombin was loaded on the AE layer as an initiator of the healing process, by hemostasis. AT 1:4 showed 79.3 % and AE 1:4 showed 84.66 % cell viability initially confirming the biocompatible nature of the layers. The AE layer showed cell attachment and proliferation on its surface whereas on the AT layer, cells are visible but no attachment was observed. Furthermore, in vivo analysis was conducted. The non-adhesive layer was grafted between the cecum and peritoneal wall which showed that (AT 1:4) displayed remarkable non-adhesion properties as compared to a commercial product and the non-treated group. Hemostasis and tissue regeneration ability were evaluated using rat liver models. The bleeding time of AE 1:4TH was recorded as 160 s and the blood loss was 5.6 g. The results showed that (AE 1:4) displayed effective regeneration ability in the liver model after two weeks., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Cellulose is the richest renewable polymer source on the earth. TEMPO-mediated oxidized cellulose nanofibers are deduced from enormously available wood biomass and functionalized with carboxyl groups. The preparation procedure of TOCNFs is more environmentally friendly compared to other cellulose, for example, MFC and CNCs. Due to the presence of functional carboxyl groups, TOCNF-based materials have been studied widely in different fields, including biomedicine, wastewater treatment, bioelectronics and others. In this review, the TEMPO oxidation mechanism, the properties and applications of TOCNFs are elaborated. Most importantly, the recent advanced applications and the beneficial role of TOCNFs in the various abovementioned fields are discussed. Furthermore, the performances and research progress on the fabrication of TOCNFs are summarized. It is expected that this timely review will help further research on the invention of novel material from TOCNFs and its applications in different advanced fields, including biomedicine, bioelectronics, wastewater treatment, and the energy sector., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The development of advanced nanofluidic membranes with better ion selectivity, efficient energy conversion and high output power density remains challenging. Herein, we prepared nanofluidic hybrid membranes based on TEMPO oxidized cellulose nanofibers (T-CNF) and manganese-based metal organic framework (MOF) using a simple in situ synthesis method. Incorporated T-CNF endows the MOF/T-CNF hybrid membrane with a high cation selectivity up to 0.93. Nanoporous MOF in three-dimensional interconnected nanochannels provides massive ion transport pathways. High transmembrane ion flux and low ion permeation energy barrier are correlated with a superior energy conversion efficiency (36 %) in MOF/T-CNF hybrid membrane. When operating under 50-fold salinity gradient by mixing simulated seawater and river water, the MOF/T-CNF hybrid membrane achieves a maximum power density value of 1.87 W m -2 . About 5-fold increase in output power density was achieved compared to pure T-CNF membrane. The integration of natural nanofibers with high charge density and nanoporous MOF materials is demonstrated an effective and novel strategy for the enhancement of output power density of nanofluidic membranes, showing the great potential of MOF/T-CNF hybrid membranes as efficient nanofluidic osmotic energy generators., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Petroleum-based plastics are useful but they pose a great threat to the environment and human health. It is highly desirable yet challenging to develop sustainable structural materials with excellent mechanical and optical properties for plastic replacement. Here, we report a simple and efficient method to manufacture high-performance all-biobased structural materials from cellulosic wood skeleton (WS) and gelatin via oxidation and densification. Specifically, gelatin was grafted to the oxidized cellulose wood skeletons (DAWS) and then physically crosslinked via Tannic acid (TA), resulting in a significant enhancement of the material properties. Notably, only a mild pressure was applied during the drying process to form a densified TA/Gelatin/transparent wood film(TWF). The developed TA/Gelatin/TWF (thickness:100 ± 12 μm) exhibited a desirable combination of high strength (∼154.59 MPa), light transmittance (86.2 % at 600 nm), low haze (16.7 %), high water stability (wet strength: ∼130.13 MPa) and ultraviolet blocking efficacy which surpass most of the petroleum-based plastics. In addition, due to the all bio-based origins (wood and gelatin), TA/Gelatin/TWF are easily biodegradable under natural conditions, leading to less impact on the environment. These findings would hold promises for exploring high-quality all bio-based wood composites as eco-friendly alternatives to substitute plastics with wide applications, e.g. anti-counterfeiting, UV protection, and flexible electricals., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this study, carboxymethylation and TEMPO-mediated oxidation were compared for their ability to introduce carboxyl groups to polysaccharides, using cellulose and chitin as model polysaccharides. The carboxyl group contents and changes in the molecular weight of carboxymethylated and TEMPO-oxidized cellulose/chitin were measured. The results revealed that carboxymethylation achieved higher carboxyl group contents, with values of 4.99 mmol/g for cellulose and 4.46 mmol/g for chitin, whereas for TEMPO-oxidized cellulose and chitin, the values were 1.64 mmol/g and 1.12 mmol/g, respectively. As a consequence of TEMPO-mediated oxidation, polysaccharides underwent degradation, leading to a decrease in the molecular weight of 42.46 % for oxidized cellulose and 64.5 % for oxidized chitin. Additionally, the crystallinity of carboxymethylated polysaccharides decreased with an increase in the carboxyl group contents, whereas that of TEMPO-oxidized polysaccharides remained unchanged. Furthermore, TEMPO-mediated oxidation selectively oxidized C6 primary hydroxyls, while carboxylmethylation converted all the hydroxyl groups on the polysaccharides., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The cationic methylene blue (MB) dye sequestration was studied by using oxidized carboxymethyl cellulose-chitosan (OCMC-CS) and its composite films with silicon carbide (OCMC-CS-SiC), and silica-coated SiC nanoparticles (OCMC-CS-SiC@SiO 2 ). The resulting composite films were characterized through various analytical techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The dye adsorption properties of the synthesized composite films were comprehensively investigated in batch experiments and the effect of parameters such as contact time, initial dye concentration, catalyst dosages, temperature, and pH were systematically evaluated. The results indicated that the film's adsorption efficiency was increased by increasing the contact time, catalyst amount, and temperature, and with a decreased initial concentration of dye solution. The adsorption efficiency was highest at neutral pH. The experimental results demonstrated that OCMC-CS films have high dye adsorption capabilities as compared to OCMC-CS-SiC, and OCMC-CS-SiC@SiO 2 . Additionally, the desorption investigation suggested that the adsorbents are successfully regenerated. Overall, this study contributes to the development of sustainable and effective adsorbent materials for dye removal applications. These films present a promising and environmentally friendly approach to mitigate dye pollution from aqueous systems., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Bioelectronics based on high-performance conductive ionic hydrogels, which can create novel technological interfaces with the human body, have attracted significant interest from both academia and industry. However, it is still a challenge to fabricate hydrogel sensor with integration of good mechanical properties, fast self-healing ability and flexible strain sensitivity below 0 °C. In this paper, we present a moldable, self-healing and adhesive cellulose-based ionic conductive hydrogel with strain-sensitivity, which was prepared by forming dual-crosslinked networks using poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with borax, calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ), zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ) and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl oxidized cellulose nanofibril (TCNF). The hydrogel exhibited fast self-healing within 10 s, moderate modulus of 5.13 kPa, high elongation rate of 1500 % and excellent adhesion behavior on various substrates. Due to multiple hydrogen bonding and the presence of CaCl 2 and ZnCl 2 , the hydrogel presented a reduced freezing point as low as -41.1 °C, which enabled its application as a low-temperature strain sensor. The proposed hydrogel provides a simple and facile method for fabricating multi-functional hydrogels that can be used as suitable strain sensors for applications such as wearable electronic sensor, soft robotics and electronic skins in a wide temperature range., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Recently, using oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC) to build a hydrogel system on promoting healing in wounds has a fast-growing market. However, it remains a challenge to improve the degree of oxidation of regenerated cellulose (RC) and to prepare matrices that are uniquely responsive to the wound environment. Herein, highly oxidized aldehyde-based cellulose from porous RC was prepared by NaBH 4 -HCl swelling and then NaIO 4 oxidation pathway. Chitosan (CS), ethylenediamine-cyclodextrin (EDA-CD) along with ORC have been used to construct hydrogel matrices that are pH-responsive and capable of controlled drug release for use as future wound dressings. And zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with antimicrobial effect and ibuprofen (IBU) with analgesic effect were piggybacked into the hydrogel system. XRD was used to study the presence of ZnO. SEM was used to observe the surface structure of the prepared hydrogel. TEM was used to observe the particle size of the ZnO NPs. Meanwhile, the oxidation conditions of the ORC were explored. Furthermore, the mechanical, swelling, water retention, cytotoxicity, bacterial inhibition properties and treatment effect, which are closely related to the application of wound dressing, were carefully researched. The unique characteristics of prepared hydrogel, including pH-responsive degradability and sustained release properties of IBU, were also investigated., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Anti-ultraviolet material with cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and multifunction is urgently needed to address the serious problem of ultraviolet radiation. However, traditional anti-ultraviolet products based on plastics are unsustainable and harmful to the environment. Herein, the cellulose films with a sandwich structure using a surface assembly technique were reported. Natural L-phenylalanine was grafted onto cellulose nanofibrils via amidation to enhance their UV-shielding property. To address the hydrophilic nature and limited mechanical strength of cellulose films, we employed octadecyltrichlorosilane and 4ARM-PEG-NH 2 for hydrophobic coating and mechanical reinforcement, respectively. In addition to providing complete UV resistance in the wavelength range of 200-320 nm, sample OPT5 exhibited significantly improved tensile stress, Young's modulus, and toughness, measuring 174.09 MPa, 71.11 MPa, and 295.33 MJ/m 3 , respectively. Furthermore, due to the presence of antibacterial amine groups, the modified film demonstrated a satisfactory inhibitory effect on the growth of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Compared to natural cellulose films, the hydrophobically modified material achieved a contact angle of up to 121.1°, which enabled efficient separation of oil-water mixtures with a maximum separation efficiency of 93.87 %. In summary, the proposed TOCNF-based UV-shielding film with multifunctionality holds great potential for replacing petrochemical-derived plastics and serving as an applicable and sustainable membrane material., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A versatile foam based on Schiff base crosslinking of oxidized nanofibrillated cellulose (ONFC) with amino modified graphene oxide (NGO) and chitosan (CS) was prepared for the efficacious selective removal of anionic dyes. (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) was employed as a surface modifier to yield an amino modified graphene oxide (NGO). Meanwhile, ONFC was obtained via a periodate oxidation process to produce dialdehyde groups. Thus, the Schiff base crosslinking of ONFC with NGO and CS enabled to be readily accomplished, producing a versatile NGO/ONFC/CS foam. Systematical characterizations confirmed the successful covalent crosslinking and formation of NGO/ONFC/CS foams. Selective adsorption of Allura Red (AR) and orange G (OG) over cationic dye methylene blue (MB) by NGO/ONFC/CS was confirmed. It was found the maximum adsorption capacities of AR and OG at 303 K were 416.7 and 300.5 mg g -1 , while it was 14.60 mg g -1 for MB. Thus, the new Schiff base crosslinked NGO/ONFC/CS paves the way for developing versatile graphene based foams in the applications of water treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: Merocel is a commonly used material for nasal packing; nevertheless, the majority of patients experience pain when the nasal packing is removed. Aims/Objectives:  This study aims to introduce a novel technique for nasal packing using Surgicel-wrapped Merocel., Material and Methods: Patients who underwent septoplasty received either Merocel or Surgicel-wrapped Merocel as nasal packing. Clinical complications related to bleeding and subjective symptoms associated with the packing materials were assessed., Results: Between 2018 and 2021, a total of thirty-three patients with a deviated nasal septum underwent septoplasty. Among them, eight patients received Merocel nasal packing, while twenty-five patients were treated with the new nasal packing technique involving Surgicel-wrapped Merocel. We observed a significant reduction in pain during removal in the Surgicel-wrapped Merocel group compared to the Merocel group ( p  = .008). However, no significant differences were noted in other discomforts related to packing or bleeding after removal between these two groups. Conclusions and Significance: Using Surgicel-wrapped Merocel as nasal packing following septoplasty is an effective method to alleviate pain during removal.

Present study describes about hybrid hemostat developed with alginate (Alg), chitosan (Chito) and TEMPO-oxidized nanofibrillar cellulose (TOCNF) via lyophilization. All samples were analyzed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine their microstructure, size, and distribution of pores. Cell viability and proliferation of the scaffolds tested using fibroblast type L929 cells, showed it to be an excellent medium for cell generation. Blood coagulation started in ∼7.5 min, and most of the fibrin network formation took place in the Alg-Chito-TOCNF sponge, making it a suitable hemostatic material.

Surgical threads are of great importance to prevent wound infection and accelerate tissue healing in surgical treatment. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and chitosan (CS) are attracting increasing attention to be employed as biomedicine materials due to their nontoxicity, cytocompatibility, and biodegradability. However, a robust and absorbable cellulose-based surgical thread has not been explored. Therefore, in this work, a bioinspired CNF/CS composite thread containing 5% cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) by the mass of CS was prepared, and the obtained CNF/CS-5C thread exhibited excellent mechanical properties and low swelling ratio in water due to the high cross-link degree. Especially, the tensile strength (1877 ± 107 MPa) of this thread was much higher than that of most reported CNF-based threads. Meanwhile, compared with commercial silk and Vicryl surgical threads, the CNF/CS-5C thread exhibited better in vitro cytocompatibility toward endothelial and fibroblast cells and lower inflammatory response in vivo to subcutaneous tissues of rats. In addition, the obtained thread could be regarded as a promising absorbable suture, which exhibited excellent wound healing performances in vivo . Therefore, the prepared absorbable thread will open a new window to prepare novel and advanced cellulose-based threads for medical applications.