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1. The potential effect of improved provision of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in Gavi-eligible countries: a modelling study

Author

Hampson, Katie, Ventura, Francesco, Steenson, Rachel, Mancy, Rebecca, Trotter, Caroline, Cooper, Laura, Abela-Ridder, Bernadette, Knopf, Lea, Ringenier, Moniek, Tenzin, Tenzin, Ly, Sowath, Tarantola, Arnaud, Moyengar, Ronelngar, Oussiguéré, Assandi, Bonfoh, Bassirou, Narayana, DH Ashwath, Sudarshan, Mysore Kalappa, Muturi, Matthew, Mwatondo, Athman, Wambura, Gati, Andriamandimby, Soa Fy, Baril, Laurence, Edosoa, Glenn, Traore, Abdallah, Jayme, Sarah, Kotzé, Johann, Gunesekera, Amila, Chitnis, Nakul, Hattendorf, Jan, Laager, Mirjam, Léchenne, Monique, ZINSSTAG, Jakob, Changalucha, Joel, Mtema, Zac, Lugelo, Ahmed, Lushasi, Kennedy, Yurachai, Onphirul, Metcalf, Charlotte Jessica E., Rajeev, Malavika, Blanton, Jesse, Costa, Galileu Barbosa, Sreenivasan, Nandini, Wallace, Ryan, Briggs, Deborah, Taylor, Louise, Thumbi, Samuel, Huong, Nguyen Thi Thanh, University of Glasgow, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Neglected Zoonotic Diseases (NZD), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), World Health Organisation (WHO), Unité d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique [Phnom Penh], Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Centre de Recherche Agronomique de la Savane Humide, Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Virologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Ministère de la Santé Publique [Antananarivo, Madagascar], Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire du Mali, Partenaires INRAE, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute [Basel], Princeton University, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Laboratório de Vírus, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais [Belo Horizonte] (UFMG)-Instituto de Ciências Biológicas [Goiânia, Brésil] (ICB), Global Alliance for Rabies Control [Manhattan, Kansas], Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), National Centre for Animal Health [Bhoutan] (NCAH), Centre de Support en Santé Internationale [N'Djamena, Tchad] (CSSI), Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Developpement [N'Djamena, Tchad] (IRED), Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Cote d'Ivoire [Abidjan] (CSRS-CI), Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire [Bamako, Mali], Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais [Belo Horizonte] (UFMG), Kansas State University, Washington State University (WSU), National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology [Hanoi, Vietnam] (NIHE), This work is supported by a grant from WHO to the Universities of Glasgow and Cambridge. KH and RMa were supported by the Wellcome Trust (207569/Z/17/Z), with additional funding for RMa from Stuart H Leckie. The Wellcome Trust through Afrique One ASPIRE also supported MLe and several unpublished studies and the UBS Optimus Foundation supported LT and SJ. The Gavi learning agenda on rabies supported many of the unpublished studies that contributed data. The Swiss National Science Foundation supported MLa. The Institut Pasteur financed studies in Cambodia., and WHO Rabies Modelling Consortium

Subjects
MESH: Rabies virus / isolation & purification, MESH: Rabies virus / immunology, MESH: Bites and Stings / virology, MESH: World Health Organization, MESH: Cost-Benefit Analysis / methods, MESH: Dogs, MESH: Rabies / prevention & control, MESH: Rabies / epidemiology, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, MESH: Post-Exposure Prophylaxis / economics, MESH: Rabies / virology, MESH: Animals, MESH: Incidence, MESH: Dog Diseases / prevention & control, MESH: Immunoglobulins / therapeutic use, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, MESH: Models, Economic, MESH: Humans, MESH: Rabies Vaccines / therapeutic use, MESH: Endemic Diseases / prevention & control, MESH: Child, Preschool, MESH: Post-Exposure Prophylaxis / methods, MESH: Rabies / mortality, MESH: Male, MESH: Quality-Adjusted Life Years, MESH: Rabies Vaccines / economics, MESH: Vaccination / economics, MESH: Female
Abstract

International audience; Background: Tens of thousands of people die from dog-mediated rabies annually. Deaths can be prevented through post-exposure prophylaxis for people who have been bitten, and the disease eliminated through dog vaccination. Current post-exposure prophylaxis use saves many lives, but availability remains poor in many rabies-endemic countries due to high costs, poor access, and supply.Methods: We developed epidemiological and economic models to investigate the effect of an investment in post-exposure prophylaxis by Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. We modelled post-exposure prophylaxis use according to the status quo, with improved access using WHO-recommended intradermal vaccination, with and without rabies immunoglobulin, and with and without dog vaccination. We took the health provider perspective, including only direct costs.Findings: We predict more than 1 million deaths will occur in the 67 rabies-endemic countries considered from 2020 to 2035, under the status quo. Current post-exposure prophylaxis use prevents approximately 56 000 deaths annually. Expanded access to, and free provision of, post-exposure prophylaxis would prevent an additional 489 000 deaths between 2020 and 2035. Under this switch to efficient intradermal post-exposure prophylaxis regimens, total projected vaccine needs remain similar (about 73 million vials) yet 17·4 million more people are vaccinated, making this an extremely cost-effective method, with costs of US$635 per death averted and $33 per disability-adjusted life-years averted. Scaling up dog vaccination programmes could eliminate dog-mediated rabies over this time period; improved post-exposure prophylaxis access remains cost-effective under this scenario, especially in combination with patient risk assessments to reduce unnecessary post-exposure prophylaxis use.Interpretation: Investing in post-exposure vaccines would be an extremely cost-effective intervention that could substantially reduce disease burden and catalyse dog vaccination efforts to eliminate dog-mediated rabies.Funding: World Health Organization.

Published
2019

2. Long-term mineral fertiliser use and maize residue incorporation do not compensate for carbon and nutrient losses from a Ferralsol under continuous maize–cotton cropping

Author

Jean Mianikpo Sogbedji, Hervé Guibert, Kokou Kintché, Pablo Tittonell, Bassirou Bonfoh, Jean Lévêque, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture ( IITA ), Centre de Recherche Agronomique de la Savane Humide, Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique, Systèmes de cultures annuelles ( SCA ), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement ( CIRAD ), ESA, Université de Lomé, Biogéosciences [Dijon] ( BGS ), AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Farming System Ecology, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] ( WUR ), Financing from the Service de Coopération des Affaires Culturels of the French Embassy at Togo., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA-DRC), International Institute of Tropical Agriculture [Nigeria] (IITA), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Agroécologie et Intensification Durables des cultures annuelles (UPR AIDA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Université de Lomé [Togo], Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, and Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Résidu de récolte, Crop residue, Rotation culturale, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, Soil fertility management, 01 natural sciences, Soil management, Crop rotation, F01 - Culture des plantes, Soil pH, 2. Zero hunger, Sub-Saharan Africa, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, PE&RC, Tillage, Rendement des cultures, P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, Carbone, [ SDV.SA.SDS ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Soil Science, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Zea mays, Fertilisation, Matière organique du sol, [ SDV.SA.AGRO ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, Fertilité du sol, Propriété physicochimique du sol, Gossypium, P35 - Fertilité du sol, Sowing, Farm Systems Ecology Group, 15. Life on land, Agronomy, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Engrais minéral, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Soil fertility, Agronomy and Crop Science, F04 - Fertilisation, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

9 pages; International audience; It has been repeatedly argued that mineral fertiliser application combined with in situ retention of crop residue biomass can sustain long-term productivity of West African soils. Using 20-year experimental data from southern Togo, a biannual rainfall area, we analysed the effect of two rates of mineral NPK fertiliser application to maize–cotton rotation on the long-term dynamics of soil C and nutrient contents, as compared with two control treatments. Mineral fertiliser treatments consisted of application to both maize (first season) and cotton (second season) the research-recommended NPK rates (Fertiliser-RR) and 1.5 times these rates (Fertiliser-1.5 RR). Control treatments consisted of cropping maize and cotton without fertiliser use (No-Fertiliser) and of double annual soil tillage (as done for planted treatments) without planting a crop (Tillage-NoCrop). Maize residue biomass was every year returned to the soil of crops planted treatments, whereas cotton stems were uprooted, piled and burnt on the experimental plots as done locally for phyto-sanitary reasons. Treatment effects were analysed through a long-term change in crop productivity, in soil C and nutrient contents. Our results indicate that productivity of maize and notably of cotton cannot be sustained in this Ferralsol without nutrient inputs. On average, maize yields without fertilisers decreased from 2 t ha−1 after woodland clearing to 0.5 t ha−1 after 10 years of cultivation, while cotton yields decreased from 1.5 to 0.5 t ha−1 only after 5 years. In spite of the need of mineral fertiliser use to sustain productivity of this soil, there was little justification to increase inputs of mineral fertiliser over the research recommended rate. Over 20-year experiment, both maize and cotton while received N, P and K inputs at the research-recommended rates produced virtually the same yields as when these rates were increased by 50%. Although C inputs to soil under RR and 1.5 RR were greater than in the No-Fertiliser control (nil for Tillage-NoCrop), and the N input was more favourable for 1.5RR, the rates in which contents of soil C and N decreased over time did not differ substantially between treatments. Soil available P decreased for all treatments, while exchangeable K concentration increased under RR and 1.5 RR and decreased in unfertilised treatments (No-Fertiliser and Tillage-NoCrop). In fertilised plots and in tillage no-planted plots, soil pH decreased more than in No-Fertiliser plots. A decline of soil pH was associated with a decline of exchangeable Ca and Mg, which were on average 20 and 40% higher in fertilised plots than in No-Fertiliser plots. We conclude that soil C and N decline in this Ferralsol was more determined by a change in soil conditions due to woodland clearance and continuous tillage than by the quantities of C or N inputs added annually.

Published
2015

3. Cause-specific childhood mortality in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH health and demographic surveillance system sites

Author

P. Kim Streatfield, Wasif A. Khan, Abbas Bhuiya, Syed M.A. Hanifi, Nurul Alam, Mamadou Ouattara, Aboubakary Sanou, Ali Sié, Bruno Lankoandé, Abdramane B. Soura, Bassirou Bonfoh, Fabienne Jaeger, Eliezer K. Ngoran, Juerg Utzinger, Loko Abreha, Yohannes A. Melaku, Berhe Weldearegawi, Akosua Ansah, Abraham Hodgson, Abraham Oduro, Paul Welaga, Margaret Gyapong, Clement T. Narh, Solomon A. Narh-Bana, Shashi Kant, Puneet Misra, Sanjay K. Rai, Evasius Bauni, George Mochamah, Carolyne Ndila, Thomas N. Williams, Mary J. Hamel, Emmanuel Ngulukyo, Frank O. Odhiambo, Maquins Sewe, Donatien Beguy, Alex Ezeh, Samuel Oti, Aldiouma Diallo, Laetitia Douillot, Cheikh Sokhna, Valérie Delaunay, Mark A. Collinson, Chodziwadziwa W. Kabudula, Kathleen Kahn, Kobus Herbst, Joël Mossong, Nguyen T.K. Chuc, Martin Bangha, Osman A. Sankoh, Peter Byass, Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre (VUMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Centre d'études et de recherche en informatique et communications (CEDRIC), Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Informatique pour l'Industrie et l'Entreprise (ENSIIE)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme [Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso] (CNRFP), Centre de Recherche Agronomique de la Savane Humide, Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique (ITRA), Institut d'Informatique et de Mathématiques Appliquées de Grenoble (IMAG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Mechanical, Material and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK (UON), Department of Geography [Chandigarh], Panjab University [Chandigarh], Faculty of Education and Allied Sciences, M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Programme franco-indien, Fondation Maison des sciences de l'homme (FMSH), School of Information Technology, Murdoch University, Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Population-Environnement-Développement (LPED), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, Hewlett-Packard Laboratories [Bristol], Hewlett-Packard, London Knowledge Lab (LKL), Institute of Education - London, National Health Laboratory, Delaunay, Valerie, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), INSB-INSB-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INSB-INSB-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique, and Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST)

Subjects
Male, Databases, Factual, verbal autopsy, global health, DISEASE, RA405, 0302 clinical medicine, Cause of Death, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Public, Environmental & Occupational Health, [SHS.DEMO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Demography, Data Collection, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Health Policy, DEATH, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Childhood, Africa, Asia, mortality, INDEPTH Network, InterVA, 3. Good health, infant mortality, Child, Preschool, Population Surveillance, Female, Autopsy, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Adolescent, 030231 tropical medicine, [SHS.DEMO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Demography, PROFILE, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 03 medical and health sciences, Humans, Indepth Network Cause-Specific Mortality, Demography, Science & Technology, Infant, Newborn, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, NATIONAL CAUSES, lcsh:RA1-1270, GLOBAL BURDEN, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi
Abstract

Background: Childhood mortality, particularly in the first 5 years of life, is a major global concern and the target of Millennium Development Goal 4. Although the majority of childhood deaths occur in Africa and Asia, these are also the regions where such deaths are least likely to be registered. The INDEPTH Network works to alleviate this problem by collating detailed individual data from defined Health and Demographic Surveillance sites. By registering deaths and carrying out verbal autopsies to determine cause of death across many such sites, using standardised methods, the Network seeks to generate population-based mortality statistics that are not otherwise available.Objective: To present a description of cause-specific mortality rates and fractions over the first 15 years of life as documented by INDEPTH Network sites in sub-Saharan Africa and south-east Asia.Design: All childhood deaths at INDEPTH sites are routinely registered and followed up with verbal autopsy (VA) interviews. For this study, VA archives were transformed into the WHO 2012 VA standard format and processed using the InterVA-4 model to assign cause of death. Routine surveillance data also provided person-time denominators for mortality rates. Cause-specific mortality rates and cause-specific mortality fractions are presented according to WHO 2012 VA cause groups for neonatal, infant, 1–4 year and 5–14 year age groups.Results: A total of 28,751 childhood deaths were documented during 4,387,824 person-years over 18 sites. Infant mortality ranged from 11 to 78 per 1,000 live births, with under-5 mortality from 15 to 152 per 1,000 live births. Sites in Vietnam and Kenya accounted for the lowest and highest mortality rates reported.Conclusions: Many children continue to die from relatively preventable causes, particularly in areas with high rates of malaria and HIV/AIDS. Neonatal mortality persists at relatively high, and perhaps sometimes under-documented, rates. External causes of death are a significant childhood problem in some settings.Keywords: Childhood; Africa; Asia; mortality; INDEPTH Network; verbal autopsy; InterVA(Published: 29 October 2014)Citation: Glob Health Action 2014, 7: 25363 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/gha.v7.25363SPECIAL ISSUE: This paper is part of the Special Issue: INDEPTH Network Cause-Specific Mortality. More papers from this issue can be found at http://www.globalhealthaction.net

Published
2014

4. Carbon losses and primary productivity decline in savannah soils under cotton-cereal rotations in semiarid Togo

Author

Hervé Guibert, Jean Mianikpo Sogbedji, Pablo Tittonell, Jean Lévêque, Kokou Kintché, Centre de Recherche Agronomique de la Savane Humide, Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique, Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), CRA-CF, INRAB, ESA, Université de Lomé [Togo], Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Funding from the Service de Coopération des Affaires Culturels of the French Embassy at Togo., CIRAD-PERSYST/DIR, Université de Lomé, Biogéosciences [Dijon] ( BGS ), and Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS )

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Carbone, Crop residue, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [ SDV.SA.SDS ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Residue management, Soil Science, Plant Science, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Soil fertility, 01 natural sciences, No-till farming, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Soil retrogression and degradation, Savane, P36 - Érosion, conservation et récupération des sols, 2. Zero hunger, Gossypium, Plante céréalière, Sub-Saharan Africa, Agroforestry, Crop yield, food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Crop rotation, [ SDU.STU.GC ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Soil quality, Carbon, [ SDE.MCG ] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, SOM modelling, Agronomy, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Zone aride, Fertilisers, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

16 pages; International audience; Soil degradation in the savannah-derived agroecosystems of West Africa is often associated with rapid depletion of organic carbon stocks in soils of coarse texture. Field experiments were conducted over a period of more than 30 years at two sites in semiarid Togo to test the impact of agricultural management practices on soil C stocks and crop productivity. The resulting datasets were analysed using dynamic simulation models of varying complexity, to study the impact of crop rotation, fertiliser use and crop residue management on soil C dynamics. The models were then used to calculate the size of the annual C inputs necessary to restore C stocks to thresholds that would allow positive crop responses to fertilisers under continuous cultivation. Yields of all crops declined over the 30 years irrespective of crop rotation, fertiliser use or crop residue management. Both seed-cotton and cereal grain yields with fertiliser fluctuated around 1 t ha−1 after 20 years. Rotations that included early maturing sorghum varieties provided larger C inputs to the soil through residue biomass; around 2.5 t C ha−1year−1. Soil C stocks, originally of 15 t ha−1 after woodland clearance, decreased by around 3 t ha−1 at both sites and for virtually all treatments, reaching lower equilibrium levels after 5–10 years of cultivation. Soil C dynamics were well described with a two-pool SOM model running on an annual time step, with parameter values of 0.25 for the fraction of resistant plant material (K1), 0.15–0.20 for the decomposition rate of labile soil C (K2) and 8–10 t C ha−1 for the fraction of stable C in the soil. Simulated addition of organic matter to the soil 30 years after woodland clearance indicated that additions of 3 t C ha−1year−1 for 15–20 years would be necessary to build ‘threshold' soil C stocks of around 13 t ha−1, compatible with positive crop response to fertiliser. The simulated soil C increases of 0.5 to 1.6% per year are comparable with results from long-term experiments in the region. However, the amounts of organic matter necessary to build these soil C stocks are not readily available to resourcepoor farmers. These experimental results question the assumption that crop residue removal and lack of fertiliser input are responsible for soil C decline in these soils. Even when residues were incorporated and fertilisers used at high rates, crop C inputs were insufficient to compensate for C losses from these sandy soils under continuous cultivation.

Published
2010

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