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1. Establishing a Diagnosis: Inventorying, Monitoring and Assessing

Author

Vincent Colomb, Benoit Gabrielle, Jean-François Castell, Carole Bedos, Christian Bockstaller, Aurélien Gouzy, Sophie Genermont, Etienne Mathias, Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre interprofessionnel technique d'étude des pollutions atmosphériques (CITEPA), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie (ADEME), and Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS)

Subjects
Pollution, Monitoring, media_common.quotation_subject, Air pollution, Public policy, Observation, Network, 010501 environmental sciences, Assessment, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, 11. Sustainability, medicine, Air quality index, Environmental planning, Risk management, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Pollutant, Ecosystem health, business.industry, Inventory, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Indicator, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, Air quality, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, business
Abstract

International audience; Improving air quality is a major challenge for public health and the environment. Assessing the contribution of agricultural activity to air pollution and the resulting impacts is a prerequisite for recommending mitigation practices. More important, their long-term adoption can only be justified by performing a real-time assessment of their effectiveness. Since the 1990s, using emission indicators, air contamination levels and environmental impacts has indeed become a widespread means of supporting decision-making at different levels, risk management and public policy assessment. However, this assessment is made difficult owing to the complex network of processes involved and the variability in pollutant emission and deposition. This chapter first details the methodologies implemented for emission inventories, used to better target the largest contributing sources, to check whether national commitments have been met, and to assess the trends. It also presents observation networks established to monitor background air pollution, deposition as precipitation, gases and particles in rural and forest areas, and impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Finally, it outlines the indicators used to assess the impacts of agricultural practices on human and ecosystem health via the atmospheric compartment and it gives examples of their practical use to manage pollution risks, evaluate agricultural practices or compare agricultural products.

Published
2020
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2. Aldo, a simple tool providing default estimates of carbon sequestration in soils, vegetation and wood products for territorial climate policies

Author

Perez, L., Gourdon, André, Chenu, Claire, Cozzi, T., Duparque, A., Martin, Manuel, Pellerin, Sylvain, Robert, Cédric, Scheurer, O., Colin, A., Bispo, Antonio, Buitrago, M., Eglin, T., Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie (ADEME), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Agrotransfert, InfoSol (InfoSol), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Centre interprofessionnel technique d'étude des pollutions atmosphériques (CITEPA), Institut Polytechnique LaSalle Beauvais, and Institut géographique national [IGN] (IGN)

Subjects
[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2019

3. A new Tier 3 method to calculate methane emission inventory for ruminants

Author

E. Mathias, Maguy Eugène, Daniel Sauvant, Pierre Noziere, Khaled Oueslati, Michel Lherm, D. Viallard, Michel Doreau, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants (MoSAR), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre interprofessionnel technique d'étude des pollutions atmosphériques (CITEPA), French Ministry of Agriculture (MAAPRAT, Programme 154 Action 14. Sous Action 12), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)

Subjects
Environmental Engineering, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 0208 environmental biotechnology, Air pollution, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Methane, inventory method, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, medicine, Animals, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Emission inventory, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, business.industry, Environmental engineering, General Medicine, Manure, Diet, 020801 environmental engineering, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, ruminants, Greenhouse gas, Feedlot, Environmental science, Cattle, Female, Livestock, France, business, methane prediction
Abstract

International audience; Livestock is the main source of methane (CH4) emissions. It is important to accurately determine emissions from ruminants that meet standardized international guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. A new method to improve the accuracy of CH4 emissions that complies with IPCC rules for a Tier 3 method is described and evaluated. This method, developed by INRA (French Institute for Agricultural Research), was applied to the French inventory of CH4 emissions by ruminants and compared with the IPCC Tier 2 method. For enteric CH4, depending on the animal category, the INRA CH4 emission estimates lay between 88% and 114% of IPCC's. The INRA/IPCC ratio for enteric emission was close to unity and did not differ between methods (P = 0.43) for adult cows (i.e. most cattle). In France, feedlot manure is stored in aerobic conditions, and so the INRA/IPCC fit for manure emission was poorer (P

Published
2019
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4. Impact of Physics Parameterizations on High-Resolution Air Quality Simulations over the Paris Region

Author

Bertrand Bessagnet, Frédéric Tognet, Lei jiang, Frédérik Meleux, Florian Couvidat, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), and Centre interprofessionnel technique d'étude des pollutions atmosphériques (CITEPA)

Subjects
Pollution, Canopy, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Planetary boundary layer, media_common.quotation_subject, lcsh:QC851-999, 010501 environmental sciences, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Wind speed, URBAN CANOPY, HIGH RESOLUTION, MODELING, 11. Sustainability, Air quality index, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Physics, SURFACE LAYER, Chemistry, AIR QUALITY, Particulates, Lidar, 13. Climate action, Weather Research and Forecasting Model, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, lcsh:Meteorology. Climatology
Abstract

The accurate simulation of meteorological conditions, especially within the planetary boundary layer (PBL), is of major importance for air quality modeling. In the present work, we have used the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model coupled with the chemistry transport model (CTM) CHIMERE to understand the impact of physics parameterizations on air quality simulation during a short-term pollution episode on the Paris region. A lower first model layer with a 4 m surface layer could better reproduce the transport and diffusion of pollutants in a real urban environment. Three canopy models could better reproduce a 2 m temperature (T2) in the daytime but present a positive bias from 1 to 5 &deg, C during the nighttime, the multi-urban canopy scheme &ldquo, building effect parameterization&rdquo, (BEP) underestimates the 10 m windspeed (W10) around 1.2 m s&minus, 1 for the whole episode, indicating the city cluster plays an important role in the diffusion rate in urban areas. For the simulation of pollutant concentrations, large differences were found between three canopy schemes, but with an overall overestimation during the pollution episode, especially for NO2 simulation, the average mean biases of NO2 prediction during the pollution episode were 40.9, 62.2, and 29.7 &micro, g m&minus, 3 for the Bulk, urban canopy model (UCM), and BEP schemes, respectively. Meanwhile, the vertical profile of the diffusion coefficients and pollutants indicated an important impact of the canopy model on the vertical diffusion. The PBL scheme sensitivity tests displayed an underestimation of the height of the PBL when compared with observations issued from the Lidar. The YonSei University scheme YSU and Boulac PBL schemes improved the PBL prediction compared with the Mellor&ndash, Yamada&ndash, Janjic (MYJ) scheme. All the sensitivity tests, except the Boulac&ndash, BEP, could not fairly reproduce the PBL height during the pollution episode. The Boulac&ndash, BEP scheme had significantly better performances than the other schemes for the simulation of both the PBL height and pollutants, especially for the NO2 and PM2.5 (particulate matter 2.5 micrometers or less in diameter) simulations. The mean bias of the NO2, PM2.5, and PM10 (particulate matter 10 micrometers or less in diameter) prediction were &minus, 5.1, 1.2, and &minus, 8.6 &micro, 3, respectively, indicating that both the canopy schemes and PBL schemes have a critical effect on air quality prediction in the urban region.

Published
2020
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5. Towards a Tier 3 methodology to calculate methane emission inventory for ruminants (cattle)

Author

Eugène, Maguy, Sauvant, Daniel, Noziere, Pierre, Viallard, Damien, Oueslati, Khaled, Lherm, Michel, Mathias, Etienne, Doreau, Michel, ProdInra, Migration, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants (MoSAR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Centre interprofessionnel technique d'étude des pollutions atmosphériques (CITEPA), Ministère Français de l'Agriculture, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, and AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)

Subjects
[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [INFO]Computer Science [cs], [SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, [INFO] Computer Science [cs], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract

National audience

Published
2018

6. Trendsetter for companies and industrial sites: the EU Emissions Trading Scheme

Author

Guillaume Jacquier, Valentin Bellassen, ProdInra, Archive Ouverte, Unité Procédés Industriels Energétiques, Centre interprofessionnel technique d'étude des pollutions atmosphériques (CITEPA), Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux (CESAER), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Bellassen, V., and Stephan, N.

Subjects
Monitoring, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], carbon market, Context (language use), International trade, 010501 environmental sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, EU ETS, 12. Responsible consumption, Politics, Order (exchange), 11. Sustainability, media_common.cataloged_instance, European union, Greenhouse effect, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, business.industry, Environmental resource management, Verification, climate economics, Costs, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Reporting, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Kyoto Protocol, GHG reporting rule, Emissions trading, business
Abstract

Context Lineage and birth of the EU ETS Almost like a living organism, the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) is one of the final lines of an elaborate and complex process. This process began years ago with the formal acknowledgment at international level “that change in the Earth's climate and its adverse effects are a common concern of humankind” (United Nations, 1992) and the recognition “that human activities have been substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, that these increases enhance the natural greenhouse effect, and that this will result on average in an additional warming of the Earth's surface and atmosphere and may adversely affect natural ecosystems and humankind” (United Nations, 1992). This recognition led to setting a goal, namely the “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system” (United Nations, 1992). From this awareness and with this general objective in mind, a first operational step was taken with the highly publicized Kyoto Protocol (United Nations, 1997) which sets quantified emission reduction targets for each developed country. In order to fulfill these commitments while taking into account the technical, political and economic constraints, several tools were created including MRV procedures, flexibility mechanisms and a compliance committee. The role of the MRV procedures is to ensure that the developed Parties to the UNFCCC monitor and submit their annual emissions in a way which assures comparability and consistency with the rules of the Protocol (see Chapter 2 on national GHG inventories under the UNFCCC). The market-based mechanisms intend to provide Parties with the possibility to abate emissions where it is cheapest. The compliance committee ultimately judges whether Parties complied with the rules and mechanisms. In particular, it solves disputes between Parties, or between a Party and an expert review team (see Chapter 2 on national GHG inventories under the UNFCCC).

Published
2015
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7. Synthesis

Author

Bellassen, Valentin, Stephan, Nicolas, Afriat, Marion, Alberola, Emilie, Barker, Alexandra, Chang, Jean-Pierre, Chiquet, Caspar, Cochran, Ian, Deheza, Mariana, Dimopoulos, Christopher, Foucherot, Claudine, Jacquier, Guillaume, Morel, Romain, Robinson, Roderick, Shishlov, Igor, Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux (CESAER), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Investissement, CDC Climat Recherche, Recherche, National Physical Laboratory [Teddington] (NPL), Centre interprofessionnel technique d'étude des pollutions atmosphériques (CITEPA), South Pole Carbon, CDC Climat, Bellassen, Valentin, and Stephan, Nicolas

Subjects
monitoring, reporting, carbon, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], verification (MRV), climate, carbon pricing
Abstract

absent

Published
2015

8. Trendsetter for territorial schemes: national GHG inventories under the UNFCCC

Author

Jean-Pierre Chang, Valentin Bellassen, DépartementsTransports, Agriculture, Forêts, Centre interprofessionnel technique d'étude des pollutions atmosphériques (CITEPA), Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux (CESAER), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Bellassen, V., Stephan, N., and ProdInra, Archive Ouverte

Subjects
Monitoring, Verification (MRV), media_common.quotation_subject, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Climate change, carbon market, International trade, 12. Responsible consumption, Convention, national greenhouse gas inventories, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 11. Sustainability, Montreal Protocol, Economics, Earth Summit, Environmental planning, media_common, business.industry, climate economics, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], UNFCCC, Negotiation, Reporting, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Kyoto Protocol, business
Abstract

Context The MRV of territorial/jurisdictional emissions, especially in the frame of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol, is the longest-lasting implementation of monitoring, reporting and verifying of GHG emissions. The concept of MRV was developed progressively in the frame of the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol through negotiation and scientific inputs from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The UNFCCC created an actual dynamic in this field, bringing together scientists, politicians, technicians and economists to build international consensus on how to track GHG emissions and their trends, in order to demonstrate compliance with emissions reduction targets. This MRV process has been applied for several years on a national scale the related experience and feedback are also useful for application to other scales. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted at the “Rio Earth Summit” in 1992. Initially signed by 154 nations, it has 195 parties to date (end of 2014). The ultimate objective of this Convention is “to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system” (Article 2 of the Convention). The scope of this Convention was to monitor all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. The countries which signed the Convention (so-called Parties) meet annually to assess progress in combating climate change and possible changes in the framework of the Convention. This is called the Conferences of the Parties (COP). Thus, common rules on MRV, among other topics, have been decided at the COPs. In particular, the 9th COP in 2003 decided that Parties have to use the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines as a reference of good practice for the national GHG emissions inventories. The Convention divides countries into two sets of Parties. Annex I Parties are the industrialized countries which were members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1992 as well as countries with Economies In Transition (EITs), i.e., the former communist bloc.

Published
2015

9. Synthesis

Author

Bellassen, Valentin, Stephan, Nicolas, Afriat, Marion, Alberola, Emilie, Barker, Alexandra, Chang, Jean-Pierre, Chiquet, Caspar, Cochran, Ian, Deheza, Mariana, Dimopoulos, Christopher, Foucherot, Claudine, Jacquier, Guillaume, Morel, Romain, Robinson, Roderick, Shishlov, Igor, Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux (CESAER), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Investissement, CDC Climat Recherche, Recherche, National Physical Laboratory [Teddington] (NPL), Centre interprofessionnel technique d'étude des pollutions atmosphériques (CITEPA), South Pole Carbon, CDC Climat, Bellassen, Valentin, and Stephan, Nicolas

Subjects
monitoring, reporting, carbon, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], verification (MRV), climate, carbon pricing
Abstract

absent

Published
2015

10. Synthesis

Author

Bellassen, Valentin, Stephan, Nicolas, Afriat, Marion, Alberola, Emilie, Barker, Alexandra, Chang, Jean-Pierre, Chiquet, Caspar, Cochran, Ian, Deheza, Mariana, Dimopoulos, Christopher, Foucherot, Claudine, Jacquier, Guillaume, Morel, Romain, Robinson, Roderick, Shishlov, Igor, Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux (CESAER), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Investissement, CDC Climat Recherche, Recherche, National Physical Laboratory [Teddington] (NPL), Centre interprofessionnel technique d'étude des pollutions atmosphériques (CITEPA), South Pole Carbon, CDC Climat, Bellassen, Valentin, and Stephan, Nicolas

Subjects
monitoring, reporting, carbon, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], verification (MRV), climate, carbon pricing
Abstract

absent

Published
2015

11. Synthesis

Author

Bellassen, Valentin, Stephan, Nicolas, Afriat, Marion, Alberola, Emilie, Barker, Alexandra, Chang, Jean-Pierre, Chiquet, Caspar, Cochran, Ian, Deheza, Mariana, Dimopoulos, Christopher, Foucherot, Claudine, Jacquier, Guillaume, Morel, Romain, Robinson, Roderick, Shishlov, Igor, Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux (CESAER), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Investissement, CDC Climat Recherche, Recherche, National Physical Laboratory [Teddington] (NPL), Centre interprofessionnel technique d'étude des pollutions atmosphériques (CITEPA), South Pole Carbon, CDC Climat, Bellassen, Valentin, and Stephan, Nicolas

Subjects
monitoring, reporting, carbon, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], verification (MRV), climate, carbon pricing
Abstract

absent

Published
2015

12. Synthesis

Author

Bellassen, Valentin, Stephan, Nicolas, Afriat, Marion, Alberola, Emilie, Barker, Alexandra, Chang, Jean-Pierre, Chiquet, Caspar, Cochran, Ian, Deheza, Mariana, Dimopoulos, Christopher, Foucherot, Claudine, Jacquier, Guillaume, Morel, Romain, Robinson, Roderick, Shishlov, Igor, Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux (CESAER), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Investissement, CDC Climat Recherche, Recherche, National Physical Laboratory [Teddington] (NPL), Centre interprofessionnel technique d'étude des pollutions atmosphériques (CITEPA), South Pole Carbon, CDC Climat, Bellassen, Valentin, and Stephan, Nicolas

Subjects
monitoring, reporting, carbon, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], verification (MRV), climate, carbon pricing
Abstract

absent

Published
2015

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