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Las bacterias del género Bacillus son conocidas por sus beneficios en el campo de la acuicultura, ya que algunas cepas producen enzimas, antibióticos y compuestos bioactivos que promueven el control biológico, y un ecosistema equilibrado. En este estudio, se aislaron y caracterizaron morfológicamente cepas de Bacillus a partir de sedimentos del manglar de Puerto Hualtaco. Se recolectaron tres muestras de sedimento y se cultivaron en agar cromogénico durante 24 a 48 horas. Se realizaron pruebas bioquímicas, análisis de crecimiento a diferentes niveles de pH y salinidad, y se caracterizaron las bacterias según su morfología micro y macroscópica. Los resultados mostraron una gran diversidad en la forma y color de las colonias, una alta versatilidad metabólica y resistencia de las cepas a diferentes ambientes, lo que sugiere un gran potencial biotecnológico. Este estudio enriquece el conocimiento sobre la biodiversidad microbiana en los manglares y subraya la importancia de las bacterias Bacillus en estos ecosistemas.

The cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic spectrometer is a sensitive instrument developed originally for trace gas measurements and has lately been successfully applied for measuring light-absorbing particles, such as aerosols. The finite inertia of aerosol particles can cause the particles to be deposited on the walls in the spectrometer's flow channels, which creates a source of uncertainty for the measurement process. In this study, we characterized this inertial deposition in the spectrometer using finite element-based modeling. First, computational fluid dynamics was used to calculate the distribution of airflow within a 3D model of the spectrometer's flow channels. Then, the trajectories of aerosol particles were computed to evaluate the inertial deposition losses. The modeling method was validated by computing inertial deposition for two known cases of laminar flow, namely particles flowing through a pipe with a 90-degree bend and a pipe with an abrupt contraction. The particle transmission of the photoacoustic spectrometer was experimentally measured. Differences and similarities between measured and modeled results are discussed. The modeled inertial deposition losses ranged from approximately 5% to 70% for particle diameters between 50 and 500 nm. This modeling approach provides valuable insight into the influence of particle size and flow rate on the inertial deposition and also pinpoints the physical location of the loss within the spectrometer, which is valuable for improving the measurement process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dieback disease is caused by the phytopathogen Lasiodiplodia theobromae that affects farmer's production; it is characterized by its ability to survive through pycnidia and chlamydospores in soil and crop residues, it spreads to plant tissues to remain endophytic until the host crop becomes vulnerable by mechanical damage or nutrient deficiency leading to death of young branches, mummification and fruit rot. Due to the persistent mode of L. theobromae, the research focused on the simultaneous depuration of strains of the phytopathogen isolated from banana and raspberry with the objective of detecting the mycelial growth rate against fungicides of different mode of action, establishing by means of a toxicity scale at one of the concentrations 10; 1; 0,1; 0,01 and 0,001 µg mL-1 as efficient with propiconazole, mancozeb, iprodione, difenoconazole and cyproconazole, respectively in their order. There was 100% growth inhibition with propiconazole and difenoconazole at a concentration of 10 µg mL-1 that allows them to be effective fungicides in the control of the phytopathogen, while mancozeb, iprodione and cyproconazole were harmless to L. theobromae, because they allowed its mycelial growth in the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Actualmente, las enfermedades gastrointestinales están incluidas entre las principales enfermedades infecciosas de los porcinos, tanto por su frecuencia de aparición como por el costo económico que representan para los productores. En los últimos años, la presencia de diferentes virus entéricos, aunado a la ausencia de vacunas comerciales para su prevención de estos, ha dificultado el control de infecciones entéricas y aumentando el impacto de enteritis víricas en las explotaciones porcícolas. La Diarrea Epidémica Porcina (DEP) produce un cuadro clínico caracterizado por la rápida aparición de diarrea, que se acompaña de vómitos y deshidratación, y puede causar alta letalidad en los primeros días de vida de los lechones, así como retraso del crecimiento en los cerdos de mayor edad. La DEP es ocasionada por un alfa-coronavirus de ARN monocatenario que se replica en los enterocitos lisándolos y necrosándolos lo que conduce a la aparición de los signos clínicos dentro de los primeros 10 días posteriores al contagio. El diagnóstico molecular del virus de la DEP se considera la mejor opción debido a que es altamente sensible y específico ya que detecta la infección en las etapas iniciales y la excreción del virus durante el periodo de la infección y de seroconversión en comparación con técnicas inmunológicas.

El maíz morado originario de los Andes de América del Sur es una variedad amilácea que presenta demanda y consumo sostenido por los principios bioactivos que contiene. El objetivo fue determinar las características fisicoquímicas y mohos en las variedades de maíz morado. Las muestras M1 y M2 fueron colectadas en la región Huánuco-Perú. Se evaluaron las características morfológicas del maíz; color (CIE L*, a* y b*); análisis fisicoquímicos (actividad de agua, humedad, cenizas, grasas, fibra, proteína y carbohidratos); y antocianinas con el método de pH diferencial (cianidina-3-glucósido); asimismo se efectuó el recuento de mohos por unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC), aislamiento e identificación. Las evaluaciones determinaron que la humedad de la M1 fue mayor que la M2, por lo tanto, el contenido de materia seca fue inversamente proporcional. La actividad de agua más alta (0.71) fue de M1. Las antocianinas alcanzaron 17.92 (mg de cianidina-3-glucósido g-1 de muestra) en la coronta de la M1. La presencia de mohos fue evidente, sin embargo, se reportó mayor número de colonias en la M1 (1.43 x 107 UFC g-1), la misma que se relaciona con los géneros aislados, tales como Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Penicillium y Rhizopus. Las muestras evaluadas son una fuente importante de nutrientes y destaca el aporte de sustancias antioxidantes como las antocianinas siendo mayor el contenido a nivel de la coronta. La presencia de los mohos es influida por la humedad e inadecuado almacenamiento, considerando que entre los géneros aislados podría asociarse con la formación de micotoxinas. Los granos de maíz son susceptibles a los mohos y sus metabolitos secundarios, representando un problema para la seguridad alimentaria.

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Chicken meat is one of the most consumed proteins worldwide, however, it is one of the main reservoirs of Escherichia coli which is the main cause of multiple infections after consumption due to different factors such as inefficient handling at the time of slaughter, poor hygiene and inadequate refrigeration. The diseases it causes not only affect the health of consumers, but also the economy of traders. Therefore, this study aimed to identify by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene different strains that were isolated in chicken meat, for this 135 samples were taken and collected from formal and informal points of sale and from 9 slaughtering centers that supply Ambato. The samples were evaluated by means of microbiological and biochemical tests and then DNA was extracted from the 40 suspect samples, which were analyzed by PCR. The results were obtained through sequencing where a total of 33 different strains were identified, strains AF1 and ATCC 11775 were predominant in the chicken meat samples in the canton of Ambato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioremediation processes for the degradation of dyes from the textile industry have been of great interest, due to their capacity to decompose these contaminants without generating toxic products. Direct blue 71 contains three N=N azo groups and has an aromatic structure, making it a compound that is difficult to degrade. We evaluated the degradation potential of direct blue dye 71 by bacteria of the genus Bacillus. Bacteria isolated from sediments of hydrological basins were used, Gram staining and observation by scanning electron microscopy were performed. The kinetics of growth and biodegradation were performed in nutrient broth added with 100 mgL-1 of direct blue 71 incubating at 37°C and 200 rpm for 5 days, growth was determined by spectrophotometry at 600 nm and biodegradation at 575 nm. Phylogenetic analysis of the bacterial strains was carried out by amplifying the 16S rRNA gene. Two bacillary bacteria Gram positive were identified. Phylogenetic analysis identified strain ANCd110506 as Bacillus anthracis and strain ANHg310511 as Bacillus thuringensis, with a similarity index of 97.6 % and 100 %, respectively. Bacillus anthracis presented a biodegradation of 75.5 %, while the Bacillus thuringensis strain obtained a biodegradation of 67.9 % in 120 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of microorganisms isolated from Mexican lignocellulosic residues as novel sources of exopolysaccharides (EPS) was evaluated. Twenty strains were cultivated in five media to stimulate the production of these biopolymers. Ten strains exhibited characteristic shine, ropy and mucoid secretion phenotypes on solid media. Subsequently, a strain of Bacillus velezensis was selected for its ability to produce 0.38 ± 0.13 g/L of EPS and increase medium viscosity by 6.82 ± 0.40 cP in 48 hours of liquid media in flask-scale cultivation. These results suggest that Bacillus velezensis represents a promising EPS-producing strain with potential applications in the food industry. EPS produced by this strain of Bacillus velezensis have great potential to be used as thickening, stabilising, and gelling agents in various food products, offering a natural and sustainable alternative to synthetic additives, as well as an opportunity to valorize lignocellulosic residues using microorganisms capable of producing commercially valuable metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Food fermentation is one of the oldest conservation techniques and has evolved over the centuries. This study contributes to the understanding of the impact of fermentation and consequently of fermented products in the evolution of humanity and its influence on sustainability and food use. The production of fermented dairy products is the second industry after alcoholic beverages; thus, yogurt is one of the main fermented products consumed worldwide. Considering fermentation as a technology, this brings us different benefits such as sustainability, since in Spain each person wastes 77 kilos of food per year in their homes and we know that 9% of food waste in our country corresponds to dairy products. For this reason, we have worked with different ferments to select those that allow us to extend the useful life of the product, making it more flexible in its distribution and conservation. Also considering food safety due to the change in pH and the production of certain substances that will protect against pathogens and undesirable bacteria, guaranteeing the highest quality standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fue evaluado un estudio de métodos de plantación donde se compararon el sistema de siembra de base ancha (1.40 + 0.40) con el tradicional (1.50) en las cepas de caña planta y retoño con 11 meses de edad. El estudio se desarrolló en áreas del Banco de Semilla Básico de Cienfuegos sobre suelo Pardo sin carbonato, el cultivar utilizado fue la C86-12. En cada tratamiento se evaluaron cinco repeticiones, parcelas de 36 m2 (20 metros de longitud x 1.80 entre hileras) para el sistema de base ancha y de 30 m2 para el tradicional (20 metros de longitud x 1.50 de distancia entre hileras). Las variables analizadas fueron, diámetro del tallo, longitud del tallo, número de tallos por metro y t caña ha-1. Se realizaron análisis de varianza, simple y prueba de comparación de medias (Test de Tukey P

El escrito muestra evidencias del uso de Azospirillum spp. en la producción de grano de maíz, sorgo y trigo en México. Los ensayos en campo se desarrollaron en dos sitios geográfica y tecnológicamente distintos con semillas inoculadas y sembradas con cepas de A. lipoferum o A. brasilense. Los resultados permiten apreciar una respuesta benéfica de la inoculación sólo para sorgo con cepas de A. brasilense VS-7 o VS-9, debido a que el rendimiento de grano fue significativamente mayor (55 y 49%), que el testigo fertilizado. Este resultado prueba la afinidad existente entre sorgo y A. lipoferum VS-7 ó VS-9 y el uso potencial de la biofertilización en una región con nivel tecnológico-productivo medio.

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is a climacteric fruit whit a high commercial value, but susceptible to decay. The most important pathogens for jackfruit R. stolonifer and C. gloeosporioides may interact in different ways. The objectives of this study were to examine the interaction between three fungal species isolated from jackfruit and describe their behavior and interactions as a function of temperature. Three pathogen isolates from jackfruit rots, cultivated individually or paired at 4 cm in a natural medium were used. The growth rate was evaluated at 13, 25, and 35 °C. The Baranyi-Roberts model was used to obtain the radial growth rate. Differences between the growth rate of each fungus are the reference to determine the type of interaction. The effect of temperature of the unpaired isolates was studied by Rosso- Robinson's model. The experiment was validated by infecting fresh jackfruit whit a mix of spores of all isolates. Rhizopus stolonifer is capable of rapidly colonizing the Petri dish thus reducing the space for the other fungi. The growth rates of unpaired and paired fungal isolates were statistically different showing that interactions between them exist. Rhizopus intermingling the others at 13 and 25 °C whereas, at the same temperatures, Colletotrichum AhCx-02 dominates AhCx-03. In contrast, dominance patterns of the Colletotrichum AhCx-03 strain were higher at 35 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: Algunos hongos entomopatógenos actúan como endófitos y son promotores del crecimiento. Estos beneficios pueden ser explicados por mejoras en procesos fisiológicos. En esta investigación se evaluó el efecto de cepas comerciales de hongos endófitos entomopatógenos y de aislados de suelos agrícolas del estado de San Luis Potosí (HEE) sobre el crecimiento, fotosíntesis, intercambio de gases y producción en plantas de chile poblano, considerando el efecto del método de inoculación usado. Metodología: Se usó como modelo al chile poblano (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivado bajo condiciones de laboratorio y en invernadero. Se evaluaron siete cepas de HEE: tres aislados de suelo agrícola de San Luis Potosí, pertenecientes a los géneros Metarhizium. (aislado RV01), Paecilomyces. (RV05) y Penicillium (aislado SL14); dos cepas de los hongos entomopatógenos Beauveria bassiana [(Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. 1992] (aislado BB42) y Metarhizium anisopliae [(Metschn.) Sorokin 1883)] (aislado MA25) aisladas de insectos y dos cepas comerciales de B. bassiana (aislado BB09) y M. anisopliae (aislado MA28). Se preparó una solución de conidios y se probaron dos métodos: 1) inoculación en semilla; y 2) aspersión del sustrato y una segunda aplicación cuando emergió la primera hoja verdadera. Se incluyeron testigos en cada experimento (se inoculo agua y un agente surfactante). Se evaluaron parámetros fotosintéticos (eficiencia máxima y efectiva de PSII, disipación fotoquímica y no fotoquímica, tasa de transporte de electrones), intercambio de gases (tasa de asimilación neta, conductancia estomática y transpiración) y el porcentaje de colonización en hoja, tallo y raíces. Al final del experimento se midió la longitud de la raíz, biomasa seca total, de la parte aérea de la planta y de la raíz. Resultados: A los 33 días después de la inoculación se observó como la inoculación con RV01, MA25, BB09 y SL14 aumentaron la asimilación neta de CO2 y la conductancia estomática, respecto a los testigos, al ser inoculados por semilla o por aspersión. Inocular directamente las semillas con HEE mejoró significativamente la asimilación de CO2, la disipación fotoquímica y la eficiencia efectiva de PSII en comparación con plantas inoculadas por aspersión. El aislado RV05 sobresalió por los resultados observados en el invernadero, con mayor producción de biomasa total. Las plantas inoculadas por semilla mostraron un aumento en la producción de biomasa total, y en el peso seco de la parte aérea y de raíces con respecto a las plantas inoculadas por aspersión. Un mayor crecimiento en las plantas se asoció con la colonización endófita. Conclusiones: Los HEE aislados a partir de suelos agrícolas de San Luis Potosí pueden competir con cepas comerciales en la promoción del crecimiento de plantas de chile poblano en invernadero. La inoculación directa de HEE sobre la semilla genera mejores resultados, aunque con variaciones en función de la cepa.

Introduction: Due to the development of resistance of microorganisms to multiple drugs, exhaustive investigations of therapeutic agents derived from natural sources, such as curcumin, have been carried out. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is a phenolic compound, the main curcuminoid present in the species Curcuma longa L. By virtue of its multiple pharmacological properties (antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory) it has been of great interest to scientists in recent years. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of curcumin through the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) on strains of Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Method: The in vitro antibacterial activity of curcumin against E. faecalis (ATCC 51299), E. coli (ATCC 25922) and S. aureus (ATCC 25923) was evaluated, following the protocol according to the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) in the document M-07-A8. The in vitro antifungal activity of curcumin against C. albicans (ATCC 26790) was evaluated following the protocol according to the CLSI recommendations in the documents M27- A. Results: The MIC values of curcumin were 125 μg/ml, 31.2 μg/ml, 31.2 μg/ml and 125 μg/ml for E. faecalis, E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study reveal that curcumin in low concentrations has an antibacterial and antifungal effect on strains of E. faecalis, E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nova Scientia is the property of Nova Scientia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Se evaluaron las características probióticas de cepas nativas aisladas de ganado cebú y se realizó identificación molecular de una de estas cepas, para considerar su posterior aplicación como aditivos microbianos en la alimentación bovina. Se usaron muestras de estiércol de terneros de levante, se aislaron bacterias y levaduras, determinándose la capacidad probiótica de estas cepas mediante pruebas como; resistencia a sales biliares (0.05, 0.1, 0.15 y 0.3 %), resistencia a pH ácido (pH 3, 4, 5.6, 7), tolerancia a NaCl (2, 4, 6, 8,10 %), actividad antagónica (Salmonella spp., y Escherichia coli), producción de gas a partir de la glucosa, y crecimiento a diferentes temperaturas (37 y 40 °C). La identificación preliminar de las cepas se realizó mediante: tinción de Gram, tinción de endosporas (método de Wirtz), prueba de la catalasa, prueba de oxidasa. Se seleccionó una de las cepas que superó las pruebas probióticas para su identificación mediante métodos moleculares y se realizó el análisis filogenético de la misma utilizando la base de datos NCBI Reference Sequence (RefSeq). Los ensayos se organizaron en un diseño completamente al azar, los resultados obtenidos por triplicado se sistematizaron en el software Statgraphics Centurion XVI y el efecto de los diferentes tratamientos se analizó estadísticamente mediante análisis de varianza. Se aislaron 10 cepas nativas, identificándose molecularmente a Bacillus toyonensis. Esta investigación representa el primer reporte molecular de B. toyonensis en estiércol de terneros de levante cebú en el Departamento de Sucre, el cual ha sido ampliamente utilizado como probiótico en la nutrición animal.

Theoutermembrane of Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, plays a central role in controlling the interaction of the bacteria with the external environment, serving as a barrier, controlling the absorption of ions and nutrients and transmitting signals to the inside of the cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: Influenza is an infectious disease which affects the respiratory tract and is characterized by the occurrence of annual (seasonal) epidemics, especially during winter seasons. Vaccination is a critical and highly effective intervention during pandemics, although is useful as a preventive method previous winter seasons too. OBJECTIVE: To show the behavior of the different kinds of influenza, from 2009 to 2015, along each year in Regional Hospital Lic. Adolfo López Mateos, ISSSTE, focusing on influenza type B. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective study was done in which all the cases treated on Regional Hospital Lic. Adolfo López Mateos along seven years were collected, the population age was from less than one year to more than 65 years old. RESULTS: There was a predominance of women respect to men in relation 2:1. Strains AH1N1 were the dominant serovariety during the first five years of the study, although serovariety AH3N2, in the same period, maintained a constant behavior. These data resulted important because more tan 90% of the cases of influenza were caused by AH1N1 strain; in the cases of our institution 67 cases of influenza B were highlighted in the period 2014-2015, followed by influenza AH1N1 and in the third place, AH3N2. CONCLUSIONS: Because of the fact that in the previous year the influenza B cases showed a rise on the incidence, we suggest the use of tetravalent vaccine against influenza in order to reduce influenza B cases in general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxoplasmosis is one of the biggest wild world zoonosis and it can attack blood warmed animals from many species. Outbreaks of toxoplasmosis in humans and animals are not related frequently and it could be due to either weak or asymptomatic characteristics. So, there are difficulties in the clinical characterization of this pathology with laboratorial confirmation and posterior notification. This review emphasizes the informed outbreaks in humans and animals, its sources of infection and ways of transmission that vary in accordance with local habits and sanitary conditions. It still approaches the genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii strains and prevention methods.A toxoplasmose é uma zoonoses de distribuição mundial e acomete animais de sangue quente das mais variadas espécies. Os surtos de toxoplasmose em seres humanos e animais freqüentemente não são relatados. Isto ocorre, possivelmente, em função desta infecção caracterizar-se por sintomas ausentes ou brandos tanto em humanos quanto em animais. Desta maneira, existem dificuldades na caracterização clínica desta patologia com confirmação laboratorial e posterior notificação. Esta revisão enfatiza os surtos de toxoplasmose notificados em humanos e animais, suas fontes de infecção e vias de transmissão que variam de acordo com os hábitos locais e as condições sanitárias de cada região. Aborda ainda a caracterização genética de cepas de Toxoplasma gondii e métodos de prevenção.

A fim de verificar diferenças biológicas e morfológicas entre cepas brasileiras (CMO, CM e BE) de Schistosoma mansoni foram estudados os seguintes parâmetros: período pré-patente, cinética de eliminação de ovos nas fezes, contagem de ovos no intestino, infectividade e as características fenotípicas dos vermes adultos. O período pré-patente foi de 42 a 44 dias. A recuperação de vermes adultos variou de 26% a 29%, sem diferenças significativas (p>0,05) nestes parâmetros. Todas as cepas apresentaram maior quantidade de ovos no intestino delgado do que no grosso (p

Pleurotus eryngii is a fungus of great interest for its nutritional properties and its biotechnological potential; it is used for its bioactive agents as immunomodulators. Mycelial growth of three strains of P. eryngii (HEMIM-130, HEMIM-139 and HEMIM-169) was evaluated on three mixtures of lignocellulosic substrates: I) 40% corn cob (OM), 25% coconut fiber (FC), 25% corn stubble (RM) and 10% wheat bran (ST); II) 40% rice straw, 25% OM, 25% FC and 10% ST; and III) 40% FC, 25% rice husk, 25% peanut husk and 10% ST. The mixtures were hydrated for 30 minutes, drained at 70% humidity, placed in petri boxes, and sterilized at 121°C for two hours; finally, they were inoculated with the three strains. In mixture III the fastest growth was obtained: 0.01414 millimeters per hour (mm/h), 0.01577 mm/h, 0.0135 mm/h for HEMIM-130, HEMIM-139 and HEMIM-169, respectively. Mixtures I and II favored mycelial density in all three strains while mycelium was cottony in all mixtures. Creeping and white mycelium was observed in mixtures without difference between strains. It was shown that the mixtures are favorable for the growth of P. eryngii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se infectaron experimentalmente 9 lotes de 32 caracoles B. glabrata (de 5 a 7mm de diámetro) con miracidios de la cepa C5 de Schistosoma mansoni a razón de 5 miracidios por caracol, pertenecientes a las siguientes cepas: En el área endémica de transmisión de Esquistosomiasis mansoni a) Sector Puerta Negra, Lago Valencia, b) Cagua c) Ingenio Bolívar (Estado Aragua) d) Mariara e) Caserío El 25 f) Güigüe (Estado Carabobo). Fuera del área endémica de transmisión g) Anzoátegui (Estado Lara), h) Chabasquén (Estado Portuguesa), i) Sector La Elvira, Caripe (Estado Monagas). El período prepatente intramolusco, osciló entre 23 y 25 días, para las 9 cepas evaluadas. La duración total de la infección fue muy variable desde 20 días para la cepa Chabasquén, hasta 93 días para la de Güigüe.La producción total promedio de cercarias al tercer día de iniciada la emisión varió desde X = 74,4 para la cepa de Mariara, hasta X = 591,7 para la cepa de Chabasquén. Se evidenció la existencia de diferencias estadísticamente significativas (H = 97,4, P < 0,05) en la producción total de cercarias al tercer día de iniciada la emisión, detectándose diferencias estadísticamente significativas para casi todas las 36 combinaciones, excepto para las cuatro siguientes: Mariara/Ingenio Bolívar, Cagua/Caserío El 25, Lago de Valencia/Güigüe y Güigüe/Caripe.En lo que respecta al porcentaje de caracoles que presentaron cura espontánea, los valores mas elevados se obtuvieron en las cepas del Lago de Valencia (88,8%), Cagua (85,2%), Chabasquén (82,6%), Caripe (82,6%) y Anzoátegui (80%). Mientras que el porcentaje mas bajo se obtuvo para la cepa de Güigüe (21,4%).

Foram estudados dez isolados de Schistosoma mansoni provenientes de pacientes residentes em Itaquara, Bahia, Brasil, tratados com oxamniquine eposteriormente com praziquantel, e ainda assim não curados. Caramujos (Biomphalaria glabrataj foram expostos a miracídios provenientes das fezes dos pacientes. Cercãrías eliminadas por estes caramujos e por moluscos coletados no peridomicílio dos pacientes foram utilizadas para infecção experimental de camundongos albinos. Os animais infectados foram tratados em dose única, via oral, com oxamniquine (25, 50 e 100 mg/kg) ou praziquantel (100, 200 e 400mg/kg). Foram realizados estudos de análise e comparação de DNA de cercãrías de S. mansoni eliminadas pelos caramujos e de vermes adultos recolhidos de camundongos infectados experimentalmente com os isolados dos 10 pacientes e ainda de cercãrías de S. mansoni eliminadas por moluscos naturalmente infectados coletados em Itaquara. A cepa LE (mantida rotineiramente no laboratório) foi usada como padrão de comparação da resposta aos agentes esquistossomicidas administrados. As respostas terapêuticas foram significativamente diferentes entre alguns dos isolados embora não fosse possível caracterizar nenhum como resistente. A análise dos perfis de amplificação de DNA nas cercãrías e nos vermes adultos dos isolados de S. mansoni demonstrou baixo grau de variabilidade indicando que estes são geneticamente próximos e revelando a ausência de rearranjos globais dentro dos genomas.Ten inhabitants of Itaquara, Bahia, Brazil treated with oxamniquine and subsequently praziquantel were not cured. Schistosoma mansoni isolates derived from these patients were studied. Snails were infected with miracidia derivedfrom the feces of these patients and the cercariae produced used to infect albino mice. The animals were then treated with a single oral dose of oxamniquine (25, 50 and 100mg/kg) or praziquantel (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg). Tloe response to chemotherapy was significantly different in some of the isolates although it was not possible to characterize any of them as resistant, hi addition, DNA analysis of the isolates by means of "Random Amplified Polymorfhic DNA ''indicated a low degree of variability as compared with a laboratory strain, LE. Thus, it was not possible to characterize these organisms at a genetic level as a distinct strain.

This manuscript argues about the Azospirillum spp. biofertilization profit, through grain yield of corn, sorghum and wheat tilled in Mexico. The assays were development in two different places. The seeds were inoculated with A. lipoferum or A. brasilense strains and later sowed. The results demonstrated a beneficial response to inoculation only for sorghum because of A. lipoferum VS-7 or VS-9 strains effect: the grain yield was significantly greater (55% and 49%) than nitrogen fertilizer effect. This result shown the affinity between sorghum plants and A. lipoferum VS-7 or VS-9 strains and the biofertilization potential use in a Mexico region where the agriculture production development a middle technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camundongos foram infectados com cercárias, de um único sexo, de cepas simpátricas do Schistosoma mansoni. Nos vermes adultos, foram encontradas diferenças significativas (pMice were infected with only one sex cercaria derived from sympatric strains of Schistosoma mansoni. Adult worms presented significative differences (p

Fueron estudiadas en forma comparativa 6 cepas de P. brasiliensis con el propósito de determinar su patogenicidad para la rata y su antigenicidad. Las mismas fueron aisladas de : 1) biopsia de cuello uterino en 1989 (U), 2) biopsia de mucosa bucal en 1988 (V), 3) aspiración ósea en 1991 (63265), 4) testículo de cobayo 1984(C24), 5) punción-aspiración ganglionaren 1986 (G) y 6) cepa proveniente de la Escola Paulista de Medicina (339). Se prepararon antigenos citoplasmáticos liofilizados de cada una de ellas, en la concentración final de 100 mg/ml y se realizaron pruebas de inmunodifusión frente a 6 sueros patrones positivos de ratas. En este ensayo todos los antígenos presentaron dos ó tres bandas de precipitación. Para estudiar el poder patógeno se inocularon, en total, 120 ratas Wistar, de ambos sexos de 200 g de peso, por via intracardíaca con suspensiones de la fase levaduriforme del P. brasiliensis, en concentraciones de 3x10(7) y 5x10(7) células/ml de cada cepa. Los animales que no murieron espontáneamente fueron sacrificados a los 14,28,42, 56 y 70 dias post-infección y se evaluaron los siguientes parámetros: A) exámenes macro y microscópicos de pulmones, hígado, bazo y riñones; B) cultivos de un pulmón y C) prueba de inmunodifusión con antígeno homólogo. Se consideró además, el porcentaje de muertes espontáneas por cada cepa. Los resultados de estos estudios fueron los siguientes:No se observó relación entre la patogenicidad y la antigenicidad. La cepa más virulenta correspondió a un aislamiento reciente a partir de una forma juvenil grave y la más antigénica fue una cepa, morfológicamente atípica, que no provocó lesiones macroscópicas ni microscópicas en los órganos de las ratas.A comparative study of antigenicity and patho-genicity for rats of six Paracoccidioides brasiliensis strains was carried out. The antigenic capacity "in vitro" of cytoplasmic extract from each strain was determined by immuno-diffusion test against 6 serum samples obtained from rats experimentally infected with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, that had presented positive reactions with a metabolic control antigen. The cytoplasmic extracts were used at final concentration of 100 mg/ml. All of them showed 2 or 3 precipitation bands in this assay. One hundred twenty Wistar rats both sexes weighing approximately 200 g, were inoculated intracardiacally with suspensions of the yeast phase of different P. brasiliensis strains. Two concentrations containing 3x10(7) and 5x10(7) cells/ml of each isolate were prepared. The inoculated animals were divided in two groups, one was left to its spontaneous outcome and the percentages of deaths were registered and the other rats were sacrificed at 14, 28, 56 and 70 days post-infection. The following parameters were taken into account for evaluation: A) presence of macroscopic granulomas in lung, liver, spleen and kidney; B) presence of P. brasiliensis in microscopic exams of the same organs, in wet preparations and in hystologic sections stained by H&E; C) culture of lung and D) immunodiffusion test using pre-mortem serum samples and the homologous antigen. The correlation between the most important parameters studied in each strain are summarized as follow:As no significant differences between the two inocula employed for each strain was observed, the before-mention results are the average of those obtained with each inoculation doses. The most virulent strain was a recent isolate from an acute disseminated form of the juvenil type. A morphological atypic isolate, which produced a very mild experimental infection with viable P. brasiliensis determined 100% of positive immunodifussion tests. The strain 339 did not produce infection in the rats, and the animals inoculated did not presented antibodies. Nevertheless this strain is useful to prepare antigens for Serologic reactions. No correlation between antigenicity or pathogenicity and the time during which these strains were mantained "in vitro" could be established.

Se creó y aplicó un modelo económico-matemático de programación entera binaria y un sistema informático, con el objetivo de encontrar la estructura óptima de variedades y cepas en empresas azucareras del territorio oriental, lo cual constituye una novedad científica respecto a estudios precedentes. El diseño, creación y aplicación de un sistema informático soportado en los modelos matemáticos antes mencionados ha permitido un incremento en la producción de caña de 18 024,04 t, que representa un ingreso bruto adicional para las entidades productoras de $ 917 423,56.

A toxoplasmose é uma zoonoses de distribuição mundial e acomete animais de sangue quente das mais variadas espécies. Os surtos de toxoplasmose em seres humanos e animais freqüentemente não são relatados. Isto ocorre, possivelmente, em função desta infecção caracterizar-se por sintomas ausentes ou brandos tanto em humanos quanto em animais. Desta maneira, existem dificuldades na caracterização clínica desta patologia com confirmação laboratorial e posterior notificação. Esta revisão enfatiza os surtos de toxoplasmose notificados em humanos e animais, suas fontes de infecção e vias de transmissão que variam de acordo com os hábitos locais e as condições sanitárias de cada região. Aborda ainda a caracterização genética de cepas de Toxoplasma gondii e métodos de prevenção.

The yeast strains original used in Cuban breweries: Saccharomyces uvarum U-57, Saccharomyces uvarum Budvar and Saccharomyces cerevisiae F-26, were proven in columns EBC at 10°C during 7 days in order to analyse their fundamental technological properties: growth, flocculation, sedimentation, attenuation, alcohol production and fermentative efficiency. Yeast strain flocculation's was studied through cellular isolations and morphological assessment. The original and isolated yeast were evaluated comparatively in relation to its flocculating capacity, concentration of cells in suspension and other properties in the fermentation. The brewer yeast strains, original and isolated, S. uvarum U-57 and S. uvarum Budvar and S. cerevisiae F-26 showed similar technological properties. Flocculation improvement of yeast strains original was able to regenerate, in the isolated strain U-57, the concentration of cells in suspension at the established levels for the end main fermentation. In this aspect the strain Budvar maintained its unalterable intrinsic characteristic and the strain F-26 recovered the flocculating capacity. A procedure for the improvement and control of flocculating characteristics of these strains was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Were used four strains of Penicillium camemberti, named as R1, R2, R3 and R4, previously obtained and screening. Spore suspension were prepared with each one, evaluated in the laboratory for viability, bacterial contamination, total coliform, proteolytic and lipolytic capacity. Spore suspension from the different strains presented good viability, proteolytic and lipolytic activity. Gorgonzola cheese were manufactured in industry scal with the suspensions and evaluated for fat content in dry basis, moisture and sensory evaluation. In all cases were covered the quality requirements for the product. Sensory evaluation of cheese manufactured with strains R1 y R2 show excellent qualification. In the case of strains R3 y R4 the cheese were classified as aceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]