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This experiment was carried out on native grassland in Rio Grande do Sul. The purpose was to compare the vigor of the regrowth of Baccharis trimera after cutting at different heights (7 and 15cm) and phenological stages (V= vegetative; beginning of spring; FE= end of flowering; end of summer). The design was ompletely randomized with ten replications, composed by plants. The cuts were on 09/26/02 (V) and 03/14/03 (FE); the regrowth evaluation was made after the plants had achieved thermal sums of 1,525 degree-days (12/12/02) and 1,749 degree-days (06/26/03) for V-stage and FE-stage cuts respectively, by harvesting the plant shoots. The lowest regrowth was observed in the plants cut in the V-stage (22.9g DM/plant), in which the cutting height had no effect. In the FE-stage there was a significant effect of the cutting height: 21.7g DM/plant was obtained under 7cm and 75.6g DM/plant was obtained under 15cm. It was concluded that it is better to cut B. trimera in the vegetative stage (beginning of spring) at a height of 15cm to minimize possible damage to valuable forage plants. Mowing realized at the end of the summer, when the plants are in the flowering stage, needs to be severe (7cm) in order to reduce the basal stem growth. The horizontal underground system of B. trimera is formed by budding roots, and new shoots can be produced from the activation of their dormant buds.

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical and anatomical attributes of leaves of giant missionary grass to application of 0, 62, 124, 186, 248 and 310m³ ha-1 of pig slurry. At 83 days after the last application of fertilizer, the leaf blades were collected, fixed in FAA 70%, sectioned, stained, photographed and digitalized. The transversal section of leaf blades were evaluated for proportion of epidermis, lignified vascular tissue + sclerenchyma, non-lignified vascular tissue and parenchyma with an image-processing system calibrated to 1mm pixel-1. Leaf samples were analyzed for crude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and hemicellulose content by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. The pig slurry application up to 310m³ ha-1 significantly increased the percentage of crude protein, parenchyma, epidermis, non-lignified vascular tissue and hemicellulose, while decreasing the percentage of acid detergent fiber and lignified vascular tissue + sclerenchyma. The Pearson's correlation was positive between crude protein and non-lignified vascular tissue, and between acid detergent fiber and lignified vascular tissue + sclerenchyma. The percentage of hemicellulose was positively correlated with epidermis, parenchyma and non-lignified vascular tissue. A negative correlation between acid detergent fiber and epidermis, parenchyma and non-lignified vascular tissue was observed.

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical and anatomical attributes of leaves of giant missionary grass to application of 0, 62, 124, 186, 248 and 310m³ ha-1 of pig slurry. At 83 days after the last application of fertilizer, the leaf blades were collected, fixed in FAA 70%, sectioned, stained, photographed and digitalized. The transversal section of leaf blades were evaluated for proportion of epidermis, lignified vascular tissue + sclerenchyma, non-lignified vascular tissue and parenchyma with an image-processing system calibrated to 1mm pixel-1. Leaf samples were analyzed for crude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and hemicellulose content by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. The pig slurry application up to 310m³ ha-1 significantly increased the percentage of crude protein, parenchyma, epidermis, non-lignified vascular tissue and hemicellulose, while decreasing the percentage of acid detergent fiber and lignified vascular tissue + sclerenchyma. The Pearson's correlation was positive between crude protein and non-lignified vascular tissue, and between acid detergent fiber and lignified vascular tissue + sclerenchyma. The percentage of hemicellulose was positively correlated with epidermis, parenchyma and non-lignified vascular tissue. A negative correlation between acid detergent fiber and epidermis, parenchyma and non-lignified vascular tissue was observed.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of extracts of leaf and roots of tough lovegrass (Eragrostis plana) on seedling growth of white clover (Trifolium repens), in two experiments. The first experiment was conducted as a pilot test, in which two concentrations (30 and 60%) of leaf aqueous extract were tested. In Experiment II, source (leaf/root) and concentration (5 and 10%) of the extracts were combined. Distilled water was used as control in both trials. Fifty seedlings at 7 days of age were placed in gerbox containers on filter paper moistened with extracts and incubated at 25°C for 14 days. In the first experiment, percentage of normal seedlings decreased by 82.5% and 100% at the concentrations of 30% and 60%, respectively, which indicated the need to increase the dilution of the extracts. In the subsequent experiment, the extracts from the two sources, at 10% of concentration, reduced by 78% the percentage of normal seedling and increased the percentage of abnormal seedlings, which reached 27%. At 5% concentration, the leaf extract was the most deleterious treatment, resulting in greater mortality (M=27.6%) and abnormality (A=19.5%) of seedlings, compared to the root extract (M=4.8%; A=9.5%) and the control (M=2.4%; A=0.25%). The morphological changes caused by the extracts were radicle necrosis, retention of cotyledons and absence of secondary roots. The results suggest that allelopathic compounds from leaves and roots of tough lovegrass differ in chemical nature and/or concentration.Este estudo foi realizado para investigar o efeito do extrato de folhas e raízes de capim-annoni-2 (Eragrostis plana) no crescimento de plântulas de trevo-branco (Trifolium repens), em dois experimentos. O primeiro experimento foi conduzido como teste-piloto, no qual foram testadas duas concentrações (30% e 60%) de extrato aquoso de folhas. No experimento II houve uma combinação de fonte (folhas e raízes) e concentração (5% e 10%) dos extratos. Água destilada foi utilizada como testemunha em ambos os ensaios. Cinqüenta plântulas com sete dias de idade foram colocadas em caixas gerbox, sobre papel-filtro umedecido com os extratos, e incubadas a 25ºC durante 14 dias. No primeiro experimento, o percentual de plântulas normais decresceu em 82,5% e 100% nas concentrações de 30% e 60%, respectivamente, o que indicou a necessidade de se aumentar a diluição dos extratos. No experimento subseqüente, os extratos das duas origens, a 10% de concentração, reduziram em 78% o percentual de plântulas normais e aumentaram o percentual de plântulas anormais, que atingiu 27%. A 5% o extrato de folha foi o tratamento mais deletério, resultando em maior mortalidade (M=27,6%) e anormalidade (A=19,5%) de plântulas, comparado ao de raiz (M=4,8%; A=9,5%) e à testemunha (M=2,4%; A=0,25%). As alterações morfológicas causadas pelos extratos foram necrose da radícula, retenção dos cotilédones e ausência de raízes secundárias. Os resultados sugerem que os compostos alelopáticos de folhas e raízes do capim-annoni-2 diferem quanto à natureza química e/ou concentração.

This work was carried out to characterize the leaf anatomy of eight Bromus auleticus populations collected in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and called A5, A6, A8, A17, A23, A26 and A27. Totally expanded leaves were collected from plants in the vegetative stage and were sectioned and stained with basic fuchsine and alcian blue. A single layer of epidermis with a smooth and fine cuticle on both surfaces, short tricomes, vascular bundles in three sizes, and the presence of cells with lignified walls along the bundles and on the leaf edge were observed in all populations. The number of bulliform cells varied from three to five, with the exception of population A25, which ranged from five to eight cells. Three populations presented long tricomes (A6, A23 and A27) and palisade chlorenchyma (A6, A7 and A26), five had grooves on the leaf surface (A8, A17, A23, A26, A27) and homogeneous chlorenchyma (A5, A8, A17, A23, A27), two presented a large intercellular space in the mesofile (A7 and A17), and two showed a more visible cuticle on the abaxial surface (A7 and A8). These variations could reflect differences in relation to the nutritive value of the populations and be used in plant breeding programs for the genetic improvement of bromegrass.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar anatomicamente a lâmina foliar de oito populações de Bromus auleticus coletadas no Rio Grande do Sul e denominadas de A5, A6, A7, A8, A17, A23, A26 e A27. Folhas totalmente expandidas foram coletadas de plantas em estádio vegetativo, seccionadas e coradas com fucsina e azul de Alcian. Verificou-se em todas as populações a presença de epiderme uniestratificada, com cutícula lisa e delgada em ambas as faces, tricomas curtos, feixes vasculares de três tamanhos e células com parede lignificada junto aos feixes e no bordo foliar. O número de células buliformes varia de três a cinco, com exceção da população A26, com cinco a oito células. Três populações possuem tricomas longos (A6, A23, A27) e clorênquima em paliçada (A6, A7, A26), cinco exibem sulcos na superfície foliar (A8, A17, A23, A26, A27) e clorênquima homogêneo (A5, A8, A17, A23, A27), duas apresentam amplos espaços intercelulares no mesofi lo (A7, A17) e duas, cutícula mais evidente na face abaxial (A7, A8). Essas variações podem refletir diferenças no valor nutritivo das populações e serem exploradas nos trabalhos de melhoramento genético da cevadilha vacariana.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de comparar cultivares de Lotus spp. de diferentes hábitos de crescimento (L. corniculatus: São Gabriel - semi-ereto; ARS2620 - prostrado; L. uliginosus: cv. Maku - decumbente) cultivados em vasos e submetidos a diferentes alturas (4 - 8 cm) e freqüências (quinzenal - mensal) de corte do 95º ao 233º dia de idade. As maiores produções de massa seca (g/planta) foram obtidas com cortes mensais a 8 cm (Maku = 13,3; S. Gabriel = 11,5; ARS2620 = 7,3). Em níveis intermediários (mensal - 4 cm; quinzenal - 8 cm), o cultivar Maku foi superior aos demais, enquanto, em cortes quinzenais (4 cm), não houve diferença entre os cultivares. O cultivar ARS2620 apresentou menor estatura e maior cobertura verde residual após os cortes. Na condição residual após o último corte, o cultivar Maku superou os demais quanto ao diâmetro da coroa e às produções de MS da raiz primária, subterrânea, aérea e de sóboles. Todos os cultivares foram favorecidos pelo manejo menos intenso, mas apresentaram mecanismos compensatórios ao serem manejados com cortes baixos em menor freqüência ou com cortes freqüentes, mas menos intensos. Os três cultivares apresentaram caules subterrâneos sobolíferos. A sobrevivência do cultivar São Gabriel e o sistema subterrâneo de Lotus spp. foram comprometidos em cortes intensos e freqüentes.This work aimed to compare Lotus spp. cultivars with different growth habits (L. corniculatus: cv. São Gabriel, semi-erect, cv. ARS2620, prostrate, and L. uliginosus: cv. Maku, decumbent), submitted to different height (4 - 8 cm) and cutting frequencies (15 d and 30 d), between the 95th and 233rd days old, grown in pot. Greater DM production (g. plant-1 of DM) was obtained under monthly cutting at 8 cm (Maku = 13.3; S. Gabriel = 11.5; ARS2620 = 7.3). Maku surpassed the others when intermediate levels (monthly cutting-4 cm; fortnighly cutting-8 cm) were used; harvests every 15 d and at 4 cm resulted in no difference among cultivars. The cv. ARS2620 showed the lowest height and the highest residual green canopy after defoliation. After the last cut, the cv. Maku overcame the other cultivars regarding crown diameter, DM of taproot, DM of soboles, DM of underground roots, and shoots. Lenient management favoured all the cultivars but they showed compensatory mechanism when they were submitted to intense and less frequent cutting or under frequent and less intense cutting. The three cultivars showed subterraneum stems of sobole type. The persistence of cv. S. Gabriel and the underground system of Lotus spp. were affected under intense and frequent cutting.

Avaliou-se o desenvolvimento morfológico das gramas São Carlos (Axonopus affinis), Tifton 419 (Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis) e Esmeralda (Zoysia sp.), cultivadas em casa de vegetação e colhidas integralmente aos 97, 118, 146, 174, 202, 230 e 258 dias de idade. A Tifton 419 mostrou os maiores comprimentos de estolão (83,3 cm), altura de planta (23,6 cm) e número de folhas (12-24 cm-1 de estolão); as folhas mediram 6,7 cm x 1,9 mm (textura fina). Os estolões da São Carlos atingiram em média 58,3 cm e foram os mais espessos (2,5 cm), com 2-4 folhas cm de estolão-1; as folhas mediram 10,9 cm x 12,3 mm (textura grossa) e a altura máxima da planta foi de 13 cm. A Esmeralda foi inferior quanto à altura (10 cm), comprimento de estolão (45 cm) e número de folhas (7 folhas cm de estolão-1); as folhas mediram 6,2 cm x 3,7 mm (textura média). O acúmulo de matéria seca da parte aérea (mg planta-1) atingiu 12.100 (São Carlos), 8.700 (Tifton 419) e 3.500 (Esmeralda) e a relação raiz:parte aérea foi de 0,33; 0,15 e 0,19, respectivamente. As distintas características morfológicas das gramas podem subsidiar sua escolha para diferentes propósitos.This study evaluated the morphological development of Carpetgrass (Axonopus affinis), Tifton 419 (Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis) and Emerald (Zoysia sp.) turfgrasses grown in greenhouse and harvested at 97, 118, 146, 174, 202, 230 and 258 days old. Tifton 419 showed the largest stolons (83.3 cm), height (23.6 cm) and leaf number (12-24 cm-1 stolon); leaves measured 6.7 cm x 1.9 mm (fine texture). Carpetgrass stolons reached on average 58.3 cm and were thicker (2.5 cm), with 2-4 leaf cm-1; their leaves measured 10.9 cm x 12.3 mm (coarse texture) and the maximum height of the plant was 13 cm. The Emerald presented the lowest height (10 cm), stolon length (45 cm), leaf number (7 leaves cm stolon-1); their leaves measured 6.2 cm x 3.7 mm (medium texture). The dry matter accumulation (mg plant-1) reached 12,100 (Carpetgrass), 8,700 (Tifton 419) and 3,500 (Emerald), with root:shoot relation of 0.33, 0.15 and 0.19, respectively. The distinct morphologic characteristics of the grasses may promote its use for different purposes.

This study was carried out with the objective of describing the aerial and underground organs of birdsfoot trefoil [Lotus corniculatus (São Gabriel and ARS-2620 cultivars)] and big trefoil [Lotus uliginosus (Maku cultivar)]. The plants were cultivated in pots and harvested at 150 and 210 days after sowing. Stems, leaves and roots were prepared in according to conventional anatomical techniques. The anatomical structures of L. corniculatus and L. uliginosus differed in terms of pith cell integrity, starch content in the parenchyma root cell and underground stem cortex. The leaves were amphistomatic, with phenolic idioblasts, small vascular bundles and few conducting elements. The underground system was diffuse, with adventitious shoots that grew in two directions, had no cataphylls, emerged from the ground, and gave rise to aerial stems. The morphological characteristics of the shoot system of both species matched the recent descriptions of soboles.Este trabalho foi realizado para comparar e descrever anatomicamente os órgãos aéreos e subterrâneos de cornichão-comum [Lotus corniculatus (cv. São Gabriel; cv. ARS-2620)] e cornichão-dos-banhados [Lotus uliginosus (cv. Maku)]. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos e colhidas aos 150 e 210 dias após semeadura. Amostras de caules, folhas e raízes foram preparadas de acordo com as técnicas convencionais de anatomia. As estruturas anatômicas das espécies L. corniculatus e L. uliginosus diferem quanto à integridade das células da medula das hastes, à quantidade aparente de amido nas células do parênquima das raízes e quanto ao tamanho da região cortical dos caules subterrâneos. As folhas são anfiestomáticas, possuem idioblastos fenólicos e feixes condutores de pequeno tamanho e com poucos elementos de condução. O sistema subterrâneo é difuso. Os caules têm origem adventícia, crescimento bipolar, não apresentam catáfilos e, ao emergirem do solo, originam ramos aéreos. As características morfológicas do sistema caulinar subterrâneo das duas espécies estão de acordo com a descrição recente aplicada ao sóbole.

The objective of this study was to compare two populations of Crioula alfalfa cultivars, selected by the length of the seedling second internode (Crioula-LI, long internode = 2.5 cm; Crioula-SI, short internode = 1.5 cm) with Alfagraze cultivar in order to verify the seedling morphology value for the selection of more prostrate plants. The plants were grown individually in pots in a semi-protected environment and harvested at 74, 104, 134, 164, 194 and 224 days. Crioula populations varied in terms of height, leaf area, root volume, dry matter yield, and the Crioula-LI population outnumbered that of Crioula-SI. For height, length of internode and primary stem, Alfagraze (45.1 cm, 2.1 cm and 16.7 cm) was similar to Crioula-SI (37.6 cm, 2.3 cm and 18.2 cm); however, the leaf area (2.028 cm²) and dry matter yield (20.3 g) did not differ from those of Crioula-LI (2.021 cm², 21 g). The Alfagraze cultivar surpassed the Crioula population in terms of procumbency, crown diameter and crown stem number. At the flowering stage, the Crioula-LI cultivar had total stem number (61/plant) higher than Alfagraze (47/plant) and Crioula-SI (41/plant) cultivars. The length of the seedling internode is a promising marker for the selection of alfalfa, being a predictive factor for plant height, stem number, root volume and leaf area, and can be useful in the alfalfa breeding.O objetivo neste trabalho foi comparar duas populações de alfafa cv. Crioula, selecionadas pelo comprimento do segundo entrenó da plântula (Crioula-EL, entrenó longo = 2,5 cm; Crioula-EC, entrenó curto = 1,5 cm), e o cultivar Alfagraze, com a finalidade de verificar o valor da morfologia da plântula para seleção de plantas mais prostradas. As plantas foram cultivadas individualmente em vasos, em ambiente semiprotegido, e colhidas aos 74, 104, 134, 164, 194 e 224 dias de idade. As populações de Crioula variaram entre si quanto à altura, à área foliar, ao volume de raízes e à produção de matéria seca, que foram maiores na Crioula-EL. A altura e o comprimento de entrenó e de haste primária foram similares entre as populações Alfagraze (45,1 cm; 2,1 cm; 16,7 cm) e Crioula-EC (37,6 cm; 2,3 cm; 18,2 cm). A área foliar (2.028 cm²) e a produção de matéria seca (20,3 g) da população Alfagraze não diferiram da Crioula-EL (2.021 cm²; 21 g). O cultivar Alfagraze superou as populações Crioula quanto às características decumbência, diâmetro da coroa e proporção de hastes da coroa. No estádio de florescimento, o cultivar Crioula-EL apresentou maior número de hastes totais (61/planta) em relação ao Alfagraze (47/planta) e Crioula-EC (41/planta). O comprimento do entrenó de plântula é um marcador morfológico promissor na seleção de populações de alfafa; é preditivo para altura de planta, número de hastes, volume de raízes e área foliar e pode auxiliar nos trabalhos de melhoramento.

O trabalho foi conduzido em área de pastagem natural do Rio Grande do Sul, com o objetivo de avaliar a rebrota da carqueja (Baccharis trimera) a cortes em diferentes alturas (7 e 15cm) e estádios fenológicos (V=vegetativo; início da primavera; FF=fi nal do florescimento; final do verão) e determinar histologicamente a natureza do sistema subterrâneo horizontal da espécie. Os cortes foram em 26/09/02 (V) e 14/03/03 (FF) e a avaliação da rebrota foi realizada aos 1.525 graus-dia (V), em 12/12/02, e aos 1.749 graus-dia (FF), em 26/06/03, mediante a colheita da parte aérea. Houve menor produção de matéria seca (MS) nas plantas cortadas no estádio-V, independente da altura de corte (22,9g MS/planta). No corte do estádio-FF houve efeito significativo da altura de corte: a 7cm obteve-se 21,7g MS/planta e a 15cm, 75,6g MS/planta. Concluiu-se que é melhor cortar a carqueja no estádio vegetativo (primavera) a 15 cm, o que minimizaria os danos às plantas forrageiras desejáveis. A roçada realizada no final do verão, em plantas florescidas, deve ser a menor altura (7cm), a fim de reduzir o crescimento das hastes basilares. O sistema subterrâneo horizontal da carqueja é formado por raízes gemíferas, capazes de gerar novas plantas a partir da ativação de gemas dormentes.