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Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (hBMP2) is an osteoinductive agent physiologically involved in bone remodeling processes. A commercialized recombinant hBMP2 produced in mammalian cell lines is available in different clinical applications where bone regeneration is needed, but widespread use has been hindered due to an unfavorable cost/effective ratio. Protein bodies are very large insoluble protein polymers that originate within the endoplasmic reticulum by prolamine accumulation during the cereal seed development. The N-terminal domain of the maize prolamin 27 kD γ-zein is able to promote protein body biogenesis when fused to other proteins. To produce high yield of recombinant hBMP2 active domain (ad) in stably transformed tobacco plants we have fused it to the γ-zein domain. We show that this zein-hBMP2ad fusion is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum without forming insoluble protein bodies. The accumulation levels are above 1% of total soluble leaf proteins, indicating that it could be a rapid and suitable strategy to produce hBMP2ad at affordable costs.

Purpose: The control of postoperative discomfort may improve the patient's quality of life as well as treatment acceptance. The aim of the present preliminary report was to assess if the use of autologous platelet concentrate during maxillary sinus augmentation may have a favorable impact on pain and other factors related to patient's quality of life in the first week after surgery., Materials and Methods: This is an interim report of a randomized single-blind study. Fifteen patients with atrophic edentulous posterior maxilla underwent maxillary sinus augmentation using deproteinized bovine bone matrix (DBBM) as the grafting material (control group). In other 15 patients (test group), autologous plasma rich in growth factors (P-PRP) was added to DBBM, then a P-PRP clot was applied to covering the graft before suturing and finally P-PRP was placed over the suture in liquid form. During the first week postsurgery, all patients filled in a questionnaire for evaluation of main symptoms and daily activities. The outcomes of the questionnaires of the two groups were statistically compared., Results: In the first days postsurgery, the group using P-PRP reported significantly less pain, swelling, and hematoma, and improved functional activities with respect to the control group., Conclusions: The adjunct of P-PRP to the maxillary sinus augmentation procedure produced a beneficial effect to patients' quality of life in the early postsurgical phase., (© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Purpose: The purpose of the present systematic review was to estimate the survival rate of implants placed in fresh extraction sockets and immediately restored. Secondary aims were to compare it with the survival rate of implants placed in healed ridges and of implants restored according to a delayed protocol as well as to assess the influence of several other confounding factors on the clinical outcomes., Methods: An electronic search was performed on MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL databases in order to identify prospective clinical studies published from 1990 to October 2012. A hand search was also done. Studies were selected according to specific inclusion criteria. The effect of the following parameters on 1-year implant survival (IS) was statistically evaluated: study design, risk of bias, prosthesis type, type of loading (occlusal or nonocclusal), type of incision (flap or flapless), presence of infection, and grafting material. A meta-analysis of studies comparing immediately restored implants placed in fresh postextraction sockets versus healed ridges was conducted., Results: Seven randomized trials, three controlled trials, and 35 case series were included, accounting for 1170 patients and 1974 postextraction implants immediately restored. Twenty-eight studies had a low risk of bias. The overall 1-year IS was 97.6%. All failures occurred within 1 year of function. Meta-analysis showed a significant better outcome for implants placed in healed ridge (IS = 99.4%) as compared with postextraction implants (IS = 95.6%). No other parameter had a significant effect on clinical outcomes. Most variables, among which the esthetic aspect, could not be assessed as they were not systematically reported., Conclusion: Though the conventional protocol still represents the gold standard, immediate restoration of implants placed in fresh extraction sites displayed an excellent implant prognosis. Such clinical approach can be successfully adopted in order to minimize the treatment time with a relevant impact on patient's satisfaction., (© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Aims: The use of tilted implants has recently gained popularity as a feasible option for the treatment of edentulous jaws by means of implant-supported rehabilitations without recurring to grafting procedures. The aim of this review was to compare the crestal bone level change around axially placed vs. tilted implants supporting fixed prosthetic reconstructions for the rehabilitation of partially and fully edentulous jaws, after at least 1 year of function., Materials and Methods: An electronic search of databases plus a hand search on the most relevant journals up to January 2014 was performed. The articles were selected using specific inclusion criteria, independent of the study design. Data on marginal bone loss and implant survival were extracted from included articles and statistically analysed to investigate the effect of implant tilting, location, prosthesis type, loading mode and study design. The difference in crestal bone level change around axial vs. tilted implants was analysed using meta-analysis., Results: The literature search yielded 758 articles. A first screening based on titles and abstracts identified 62 eligible studies. After a full-text review, 19 articles (14 prospective and five retrospective studies) were selected for analysis. A total of 670 patients have been rehabilitated with 716 prostheses (415 in the maxilla, 301 in the mandible), supported by a total of 1494 axial and 1338 tilted implants. Periimplant crestal bone loss after 1 year of function ranged from 0.43 to 1.13 mm for axial implants and from 0.34 to 1.14 mm for tilted implants. In spite of a trend for a lower bone loss around axial implants with respect to tilted ones at 12 months, as well as after 3 or more years of function, no significant difference could be found (P = 0.09 and P = 0.30, respectively). The location (maxilla vs. mandible), the loading mode (immediate vs. delayed), the restoration type (full vs. partial prosthesis) and the study design (prospective vs. retrospective) had no significant effect on marginal bone loss. Forty-six implants (18 axial and 28 tilted) failed in 38 patients within the first year of function. All failures except five occurred in the maxilla. After 12 months of loading, the survival rate of implants placed in the maxilla (97.4%) was significantly lower as compared to the mandible (99.6%). No prosthesis failure was reported., Conclusions: Tilting of the implants does not induce significant alteration in crestal bone level change as compared to conventional axial placement after 1 year of function. The trend seems to be unchanged over time even though the amount of long-term data is still scarce. The use of tilted implants to support fixed partial and full-arch prostheses for the rehabilitation of edentulous jaws can be considered a predictable technique, with an excellent prognosis in the short and mid-term. Further long-term trials, possibly randomised, are needed to determine the efficacy of this surgical approach and the remodelling pattern of marginal bone in the long term.

Introduction: Numerous studies on outcomes of surgical endodontic treatment have been published to date. However, study designs, treatment protocols, follow-up periods, and inclusion and exclusion criteria have been extremely heterogeneous. Thus, inconsistent and confounding results have been reported. The aim of this systematic review of the literature was to assess the outcomes of surgical endodontic treatment performed using a modern technique, and to evaluate factors potentially influencing the outcome., Methods: Strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were adopted in order to identify randomized clinical trials, controlled trials, and prospective case series that studied surgical endodontic treatments. Treatment success rates were pooled, and the effect of various factors on treatment outcomes was evaluated., Results: In a follow-up of 1 year postoperatively, a successful outcome was achieved in 89.0% of patients. The outcomes obtained in studies using an operative microscope versus an endoscope were not significantly different, but both magnification devices were associated with significantly better outcomes than loupes. The use of MTA and of an operative microscope was associated with better outcomes compared with other retrofilling materials or magnification devices, respectively., Conclusions: Surgical endodontic treatment performed in a modern technique is a viable treatment option. The type of retrofilling material and magnification device may affect the outcome. Additional large-scale prospective clinical studies are needed to further evaluate possible predictors of success and failure., (Copyright © 2013 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Control of postoperative discomfort might enhance the patient's quality of life and treatment acceptance. The aim of the present randomized single-blind study was to evaluate whether the use of platelet concentrate during endodontic surgery might have a favorable impact on pain and other factors related to patient's quality of life during the first week after surgery., Methods: Eighteen patients with periapical lesion were treated with modern endodontic surgical procedure (control group). In another 18 patients, in adjunct to surgical procedure, platelet concentrate was applied on the root end in liquid form, within the bone defect in clot form, and over the suture in liquid form (test group). All patients completed a questionnaire for evaluation of main symptoms and daily activities during the first week after surgery. The outcomes of the questionnaires of the 2 groups were statistically compared., Results: The test group showed significantly less pain and swelling, fewer analgesics taken, and improved functional activities as compared with the control group., Conclusions: The adjunct of platelet concentrate to the endodontic surgical procedure produced significant beneficial effect to patients' quality of life during the early postoperative stage., (Copyright © 2012 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to systematically evaluate the implant survival rate after osteotome-mediated maxillary sinus augmentation with or without using grafting materials., Materials and Methods: MEDLINE database was searched using a combination of specific search terms. Furthermore, a hand searching of the relevant journals and of the bibliographies of reviews was performed. Prospective and retrospective clinical studies with at least 20 patients treated by osteotome-mediated sinus floor elevation were included., Results: Nineteen studies were selected for data analysis. A total of 1,822 patients, accounting for 3,131 implants were considered. Mean weighted cumulative implant survival at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years was estimated as 98.12%, 97.40%, 96.75%, and 95.81%, respectively. No significant difference was found in relation to the use of grafting material nor in relation to implant length. Overall implant survival was 92.7% for 331 implants placed in <5 mm ridge height and 96.9% for 2,525 implants inserted in ≥ 5 mm ridge height. The difference was significant (p = .0003)., Conclusions: The transalveolar sinus augmentation technique could be a viable treatment in case of localized atrophy in the posterior maxilla even in case of minimal residual bone height. The prognosis can be more favorable when the residual ridge is at least 5 mm high., (© 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)