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Pelvic floor (PF) muscles have the role of preventing pelvic organ descent. The puborectalis muscle (PRM), which is one of the female PF muscles, can be damaged during child delivery. This damage can potentially cause irreversible muscle trauma and even lead to an avulsion, which is disconnection of the muscle from its insertion point, the pubic bone. Ultrasound imaging allows diagnosis of such trauma based on comparison of geometric features of a damaged muscle with the geometric features of a healthy muscle. Although avulsion, which is considered severe damage, can be diagnosed, microdamage within the muscle itself leading to structural changes cannot be diagnosed by visual inspection through imaging only. Therefore, we developed a quantitative ultrasound tissue characterization method to obtain information on the state of the tissue of the PRM and the presence of microdamage in avulsed PRMs. The muscle was segmented as the region of interest (ROI) and further subdivided into six regions of interest (sub-ROIs). Mean echogenicity, entropy and shape parameter of the statistical distribution of gray values were analyzed on two of these sub-ROIs nearest to the bone. The regions nearest to the bones are also the most likely regions to exhibit damage in case of disconnection or avulsion. This analysis was performed for both the muscle at rest and the muscle in contraction. We found that, for PRMs with unilateral avulsion compared with undamaged PRMs, the mean echogenicity (p = 0.02) and shape parameter (p < 0.01) were higher, whereas the entropy was lower (p < 0.01). This method might be applicable to quantification of PRM damage within the muscle., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest in this work., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In the last few years, structural and functional optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology has seen new and revolutionary developments. The most important of all is OCT angiography (Angio-OCT). Angio-OCT already plays an important role in clinical ophthalmology as a new, non invasive and dyeless diagnostic tool, which serves as an adjunct to, or even a replacement for fluorescein and indocyanine green (ICG) angiographies. Angio-OCT brings multiple technical and clinical improvements in the study of retinal diseases, glaucoma, and optic nerve disorders. It enables rapid, high-resolution, detailed images of large retinal vessels and capillary networks in seconds by using a strategy called "motion contrast", as opposed to revealing detailed images of large retinal vessels and capillary networks in seconds by using a strategy called "motion contrast" as opposed to the minutes required in conventional fluorescein angiography. These images are uniquely three-dimensional and allow an isolated study of individual capillary beds at different depths of the retina.

The term "chromovitrectomy" has been coined to define the use of vital dyes in vitreoretinal surgery. The basic concept for the application of vital dyes during vitreoretinal surgery is to assist in highlighting preretinal membranes and tissues which are very thin and semitransparent and thus difficult to detect. Various dyes are currently being used in routine clinical procedures, however, the ideal staining agent has not yet been found. The vital dyes indocyanine green, infracyanine green, and brilliant blue stain the internal limiting membrane, trypan blue and triamcinolone acetonide help to visualize the epiretinal and vitreous membranes. New dyes with a better safety profile than the synthetic ones are important for optimizing the outcome of modern ophthalmic surgery and natural dyes, such as lutein, offer a potentially safer and more efficient method of identifying intraocular structures such as vitreous and ILM. Any dye, which is intravitreally injected has the potential to become toxic.

Diabetic macular edema (DME) remains the most common cause of vision loss among diabetic patients. New understanding of the underlying pathophysiology has interest in the potential benefits of the specific pharmacologic therapy, such as treatment with intraocular steroids, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and protein kinase C-beta (PKCβ) inhibition. At the last time, laser photocoagulation, according to the guidelines of the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS), continues to be primary standard care treatment in most communities. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is very useful in monitoring macular edema progression and response to treatment.

We present a case report of a 38 year old patient, with medium myopia LASIK --operated, with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. We present the seriated surgical interventions (posterior vitrectomy with silicone oil, followed by the extrusion of the silicone oil and the extraction of complicated cataract with IOL-CP implantation).

Small pupil and Intraoperative Floppy Iris Syndrome (lFIS) has always been a challenge in cataract surgery. Iris dilation and mechanical stabilization can be achieved by using intraoperative iris retractors, preferably before capsulorhexis. Malyugin ring is a mechanical iris expansion device, which presents many advantages (gently relaxes the iris tissue, implants easier and less traumatic). The disadvantages of using Malyugin ring consists primarily in the high cost and in an increased duration of surgical procedure.

We present the case of a 54 year old patient diagnosed with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and perforating keratoplasty. Surgery is recommended and we performed posterior vitrectomy, endolaser, and internal heavy oil tamponade. The post-operative course was favorable.

The authors present the case of a male patient, aged 68, admitted in our department for a upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The upper gastrointestinal series showed a large gastric villous adenoma located in the body of the stomach. Intraoperative, we found a gastric villous adenoma and multiple choledocholithiasis and gallbladder stones which evolved completely asymptomatic. We performed a mediogastric resection, Fredet pyloroplasty and laterolateral choledochoduodenostomy with a good postoperative result. This case is peculiar due to the concomitant occurrence of two rare diseases the gastric villous adenoma and the asymptomatic multiple choledocholithiasis.