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The authors report their own results of local immunomodulation with IRS 19 in 57 atopic and nonatopic children having nonspecific chronical diseases of the respiratory tract. The results were obtained on the basis of complex diagnostical procedures before and after local immunomodulation. These results are demonstrated by tables, figures and graphs. By comparing the results obtained with local immunomodulation, it was found that prophylactic and therapeutic efficiency of IRS 19 is better in nonatopic children than in atopic ones. The detailed analyses showed that the local immunomodulation caused not only an increased concentration of the immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, IgA but also of the IgE.

For 141 workers in the washing powder industry in Maribor (Group A) and 68 workers of vegetables' shops to determine the risk of sensitization for house-wives handling enzymes detergents (Group B) as a control group the results of diagnostic investigations as well as analyses of protective measures to proteolytic enzymes are contrasted. Within the Group A eight subgroups according to exposition to proteolytic enzymes powder are evaluated. Especially elucited are the results of skin testing (Scratch-tets with Maxatase, Alcalase and culture extract from B. subtilis) and with proteolytic enzymes powder, the lung function tests (vitalogram, spirogram, pneumometer-test diffusion-test and sometimes the blood gas tests), cytological examinations of nasal mucosa and simultaneously taking a blood sample for determination of concentration of total serum IgE and precipitins to enzymes extracts.

This investigation was carried out to determine the immunological function of the human tonsils, especially the role of lymphocytes of the atopic and nonatopic children. Authors introduced E- and EAC-rosettes forming technique with semi-quantitative evaluation of T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood of 56 normal subjects, 28 atopic and 5 nonaptoic children of both sexes and different age. The percentage of T and B lymphocytes in removed palatine tonsils in 28 atopic and 5 nonatopic children was calculated. The percentage of rosettes forming cells in E and EAC suspensions appeared to be independent of age and sex. The percentage of T lymphocytes in peripheral blood is significantly higher than in the palatine tonsils whereas the percentage of B lymphocytes is significantly higher in the tonsils of atopic and nonatopic children than in the peripheral blood. The mean percentage of B lymphocytes in the tonsils of atopic children is significantly higher than in nonatopic children. The percentage of B lymphocytes was found to be significantly higher in hypertrophic than in small tonsils. Also, in the tonsils with adhesions there was a statistically significant higher percentage of EAC rosettes than in the tonsils free of adhesions. The percentage of T lymphocytes is statistically significant higher in the small tonsils.

The author shows complex analyses: clinical, laboratory, X-rays, bronchoscopical, bronchographical and measuring lung function tests as well as the serological examinations in blood serum of both groups of asthmatic and nonasthmatic children with virological infection. The calculation of statistically significant differences between the various diagnostical results of both groups has confirmed that in asthmatic children virological infection of the respiratory tract, pathological findings in X-ray and lung function tests, bronchiectasis and secondary bacteriological invasion occurs statistically significantly more often than in nonasthmatic children.

The authors have analysed clinically, biochemically, immunologically, psychologically and socially three groups of children with chronic diseases using special perforated cards with 49 data for each illness. All data have registered in special passport for each child. 278 children with bronchial asthma were medically, socially and psychologically compared to 27 rheumatic and 19 diabetic children. All statistical calculations showed significantly higher disturbances in asthmatic and diabetic children than in rheumatics.

The authors found in studing of 60 allergic children on Dermatophagoides Pteronyssinus (D.P.) that besides all clinical allergological tests is extraordinary radioimmunological determinations of serum IgE in allergic patients. In small group of healthy children they found the mean value for serum IgE 499 U/ml (+/- SD - 242). In allergic children with bronchial asthma and vasomotoric allergic rhinitis with positive skin reaction +++ on D.P. and with positive provocation inhalation and nasal test found statistically significantly higher values for serum IgE in chidren with above mentioned diagnostic tests. Detail analyses of determination of total serum IgE showed that is necessary to start to determine also specific IgE with Phadebas IgE test for different inhalative allergens. The greatest advantage of determination of serum IgE in vitro is undengereous technique whereas other allergological diagnostical test especially in childhood are dangerous for live.

The authors introduced a E and EAC rosette-forming cell technique with semiquantitative evaluation of T and B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of 56 healthy persons of both sexes and of different ages. The percentages of T and B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and tonsils of 31 children was also calculated. The percentage of rosette forming cells in E and EAC suspensions appeared to be independent of age and sex. The percentage of T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood is significantly higher than in the tonsils, whereas the percentage of B lymphocytes is significantly higher in the tonsils than in the peripheral blood. The percentage of T lymphocytes was found to be significantly higher in hypertrophic as the mean percentage of T lymphocytes in tonsils of 31 children. Also in tonsils with adhesions there was a statistically significant higher percentage of EAC rosettes than in tonsils free of adhesions.

Authors studying the frequency of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A) have found three times more operations in their country than in the U.S.A. The indication for operation is given by the general practitioner and pediatrician without previous sufficiently long treatment of the underlying disease. The cytological analyses of tonsillar tissues showed a highly active transformation and differentiation of immunologically competent cells and the phagocytes. A close negative correlation between the percentage of the immunologically competent cells and a close positive correlation between the percentage of phagocytes and the frequency of tonsillitis was calculated. The volume, consistency and adhesion of tonsils do not block the highly active transformation and differentiation of the lymphocytes in the tonsillar tissue. The percentage of T-lymphocytes was found to be significantly higher in hypertrophic tonsils, representing a mean value of the percentage of T-lymphocytes in the tonsils of 31 children. Furthermore, in the tonsils with adhesions there was a statistically significant higher percentage of B lymphocytes then in the tonsils which were free from adhesions.

Twenty-nine children between the ages of 2-months- and 7-years-old were tracheotomized at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Med. Centre, Ljubljana, from 1965 to 1974. Decannulation was performed 6 days postoperatively, on the average. Complications of tracheotomy were observed in 2 children only; one child died on the 7. postoperative day to basic disease. Twenty tracheotomized children were subject to follow-up examination consisting of history taking, clinical, otorhinolaryngologic, anthropometric and allergologic examinations. In eleven school children spirography and bodyplethysmographie for a possible tracheostenosis was performed. The calculated FEV1/FIV1 quotient, e.g. statistically significant values higher than 1.0 revealed tracheostenosis in two patients.

In the pathogenetic evaluation of acute subglottic laryngitis (ASL) the anatomy of the child's larynx should be taken into consideration: its absolute size need not necessarily be smaller than that of the adult, but its relative size with respect to the developmental stage of other organs, is. The most frequently seen anaphylactic reaction of the larynx in ASL is edema. Since 1975, 284 children with ASL have been treated in our Department of Otorhinolaryngology. They have been divided into the following groups: Group A--196 children with diseases of unknown etiology; Group B--20 children with identified viral infections; and Group C--68 children with allergic reactions. All children had their histories taken and they were all submitted to clinical examination, endoscopy, laboratory tests and allergy tests. Immunological and serological determinations, as well as lung function tests markedly facilitate the identification of etiologic factors in ASL and are of considerable help in planning a therapy and preventing any relapse of the disease.

This study analysed the pathological factors significant for causing retardation of growth in different kinds of chronic diseases: asthma and other pulmonary chronic illness, rheumatic disease, diffuse collagen diseases, congenital heart disease and diabetes mellitus. All children were divided in two categories: the several and the mild cases depending on the degree of impairement of the main illness. All children have been analysed clinically, biochemically, immunologically, hormonally, and functionally; they were tested antropometrically, skeletal maturit stated, by means of special perforated cards for every illness with 49 dates and all data registered in specific "pass-port" for each child. We have a special organization for the chronic patients to assure regular control and to prevent complications. In each case professional orientation is carried out.