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Two new species of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), Microterys perlucidus Zu sp. nov. and Metaphycus roseus Zu sp. nov., are described from China as parasitoids of Antecerococcus roseus (Green) (Hemiptera: Cerococcidae) on Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich. (Urticales: Urticaceae).

Scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorryncha: Coccomorpha) are a very important insect group containing numerous pests of woody and herbaceous plants worldwide. The only complete study of any scale insects in Indonesia was by D.J. Williams on the mealybugs (Pseudococcidae sensu lato), published in 2004; the other scale insect families have only been documented in various small publications. Here we provide a complete checklist of the scale insects of Indonesia, which now contains 364 species belonging to 136 genera in 16 families. The family Diaspididae is the most diverse, with 158 species belonging to 44 genera, followed by Pseudococcidae with 105 species belonging to 32 genera, and Coccidae with 65 species belonging to 22 genera. The other families are, in order of size: Monophlebidae (26 species belonging to 9 genera), Rhizoecidae (12 species belonging to 4 genera), Asterolecaniidae (11 species belonging to 5 genera), Leconodiaspidae (7 species belonging to 3 genera), Cerococcidae (5 species belonging to 3 genera), Xenococcidae (5 species belonging to 2 genera), Ortheziidae (4 species belonging to 3 genera), Eriococcidae (4 species belonging to 2 genera), Aclerdidae (2 species belonging to 1 genus), and Kermesidae (1 species belonging to 1 genus)., Research and Community Service Centre, Lembaga Penelitan dan Pengabdian pada Masyarakat (LPPM), The University of Bengkulu [DIPA-042.012.400977/2020], This project was made possible by the Research and Community Service Centre, Lembaga Pen-elitan dan Pengabdian pada Masyarakat (LPPM), The University of Bengkulu with cooperative agreement No. SP. DIPA-042.012.400977/2020. The writing manuscript was assisted by WCP Dikti Program 2021.

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Hodgson, Chris (2020): A review of neococcid scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) based on the morphology of the adult males. Zootaxa 4765 (1): 1-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4765.1.1

Cerococcus artemisiae (Cockerell) (Fig. 67) Lecaniodiaspis artemisiae Cockerell 1897, 514. Type data: USA, New Mexico, Embudo, on Artemisia sp., 25/09/1897, by T.D.A. Cockerell. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977, 60 –64). Type depository: USNM. Solenophora coloradensis Cockerell 1898, 262. Type data: USA, Colorado, Cañon City, on Atriplex canescens, by E. Bethel. Syntypes, female. Type depository: USNM. Junior synonym (Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977, 2). Cerococcus coloradensis (Cockerell); Green 1917, 80. Change of combination. Cerococcus artemisiae (Cockerell); Ferris 1955, 31. Change of combination. Material examined. USA, New Mexico, Embudo, on Artemisia sp. (Compositae), no date, Cockerell coll (USNM, loan 2017544) (Cockerell collection, USNM): 1/1ad ♂ (fair, with head slightly deformed and most of one antenna missing). Mounted material: quite small, total body length about 1.12 mm; antennae distinctly rather short; body with very few setae, fleshy setae (fs) on body possibly absent, fs on legs similar to hs but broader; length of fs on antennae about equal to width of antennal segments. Wings about 3/4 total body length and about 4/9th as wide as long. Head: appearing rather oval in dorsal view; width across genae about 170 μm. Median crest (mc) broadest posteriorly and reticulated; with (on each side) 3–5 hs dorsal head setae (dhs) + 4 simple pore-like structures; preoccipital ridge (por) absent. Mid-cranial ridge: dorsal ridge (dmcr) present but short; ventral ridge (vmcr) apparently absent; with a narrow area of reticulation anteriorly, which quickly broadens posteriorly, fusing with ocular sclerite (ocs); with a total of 7 hs ventral mid-cranial ridge setae (vmcrs) anterior to ocular sclerite. Genae (g) with rather faint polygonal reticulations, each reticulation quite large and without inner microridges; genal setae (gs) absent. Eyes: with two pairs of round simple eyes; dorsal eyes (dse) subequal in width to ventral eyes (vse), each 34–42 μm wide. Ocelli (o) absent. Ocular sclerite (ocs) sclerotised and polygonally reticulated throughout, each reticula- tion quite large, without inner microridges. Preocular ridge (procr) with ventral arm extending to almost level with lateral margin of ventral eyes; dorsal arm extending to anterior margin of dorsal eyes, where it fuses with extension from postocular ridge. Postocular ridge (pocr) strongly developed, extending dorsally past posterior margin of each dorsal eye where it divides, anterior arm extending around margin of simple eye (becoming less sclerotised ventrally, where it fuses with preocular ridge) and posterior arm extending a short distance medially. Dorsal ocular setae (docs) absent. With a strong sclerotised ridge extending posteriorly from between ventral eyes almost to preoral ridge. Ventral head setae (vhs): 7 hs on each side, between and anterior to each ventral eye; without setae posterior and laterad to ventral eyes. Preoral ridge (pror) possibly moderately well developed. Cranial apophysis (ca) possibly rounded but unclear. Antennae: 10-segmented and filiform; 502 μm long (ratio of total body length to antennal length 1:0.45). Scape (scp): 34–37 μm long, 50 μm wide, with 2 hs on ventral surface and 2 hs on dorsal surface. Pedicel (pdc): length 50–53 μm, width 36–39 μm; with a few concentric ridges; with 4 or 5 fs + 6 hs. Segments III–X each 19–23 μm wide: fs 19–23 μm long; lengths of segments (μm): III 68–75; IV 58; V 56; VI 60; VII 50; VIII 46 and IX 42; ap- proximate number of setae per segment: III 0 fs + 2–4 hs + 1 sensilla basiconica; IV 10 fs + 5–7 hs; V 11 fs + 3 hs; VI 17 fs + 2 hs; VII 10 fs + 6 hs; VIII 10 fs + 1 hs; IX 10 fs + 3 hs (bristles, if present, undifferentiated). Segment X 50 μm long; not constricted apically; with 4 capitate setae (cap), 10 fs, 2 sensilla basiconica (sb); and with 3 or 4 bristles but these not obviously differentiated. Thorax. Prothorax: pronotal ridge (prnr) well-developed but not fused dorsally; with a slight, striated, lateral pronotal sclerite (prn); without lateral pronotal (lpns) setae. Medial pronotal setae, post-tergites and post-tergital setae absent. Sternum (stn 1): median ridge not sclerotised but with radial ridges; with a quite strong transverse ridge; without prosternal setae (stn 1 s). Anteprosternal (astn 1 s) and antemesospiracular setae (am 2 s) absent. Mesothorax: prescutum (prsc) 54 μm long but probably laterally folded and therefore probably longer; 124 μm wide; sclerotised but not reticulated; prescutal ridges (pscr) and prescutal suture (pscs) well developed. Scutum (sct): median membranous area 132 μm wide, 62 μm long; scutal setae (scts) absent; lateral margins sclerotised but not reticulated; prealar ridge quite well developed. Scutellum (scl) 145 μm wide, 66 μm long; with an inverted Ushaped scutellar ridge (sclr); probably not tubular but with a large foramen; scutellar setae (scls) absent. Basisternum (stn 2) 251 μm wide, 133 μm long; without a median ridge (mdr), but bounded anteriorly by a strong marginal ridge (mr) and posteriorly by strong precoxal ridges (pcr 2); without basisternal setae (stn 2 s); lateropleurite (lpl) broad, with a fairly strong extension from marginal ridge anteriorly; furca (f) well developed, narrow-waisted, arms very divergent and extending about 2/3rds to marginal ridge. Mesopostnotum (pn 2) and postnotal apophysis (pna) well developed. Area bounded anteriorly by scutellum and laterally and posteriorly by mesopostnotum not sclerotised. Mesepisternum (eps 2) not reticulated; subepisternal ridge well developed. Postalare (pa) not reticulated anteriorly; without postalare setae (pas). Mesothoracic spiracle (sp 2): peritreme 23 μm wide. Postmesospiracular setae (pm 2 s) absent. Tegula (teg) present, with 1 or 2 hs tegular setae (tegs) on each side. Metathorax: with a single pair of metatergal setae (mts). Dorsospiracular setae (dss) absent. Dorsal part of metapleural ridge (plr 3) absent and without a suspensorial sclerite (ss). Ventral part of metapleural ridge well developed; metepisternum (eps 3) unsclerotised anteriorly, without postmetaspiracular setae (eps 3 s) on either side. Metepimeron (epm 3) sclerotised but without setae. Antemetaspiracular setae (am 3 s) absent. Metathoracic spiracle (sp 3): width of peritreme 22–25 μm. Metasternum (stn 3) membranous, without either anterior metasternal setae (amss) or posterior metasternal setae (pmss). Wings: hyaline, possibly 900 μm long, 375–400 μm wide (ratio of length to width 1:0.43; ratio of total body length to wing length 1:0.73); alar lobe (al) and alar setae (als) absent. Hamulohalteres absent. Legs: metathoracic legs possibly marginally longest. Coxae (cx) lengths: I 86–95; II 95–100; III 91 μm long; coxa III with 12–15 fs + 11 hs; long apical setae on each coxa 46–50 μm long. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): I 211–216; II 186–191; III 207–220 μm long; trochanter III with about 3 or 4 fs + 3–5 hs; long trochanter seta up to 41–44 μm; femur III with 20–22 fs + 22–25 hs. Tibia (ti): I 165–170; II 161–174; III 195 μm; tibia III with a total of 27–36 setae, mainly fs and hs, a few becoming spur-like on distal third of leg; with one fairly thin apical spur (tibs), length 19–24 μm. Tarsi (ta): I 99–104; II 107–112; III 103–116 μm long (ratio of length of tibia III to tarsus III 1:0.56); tarsus III with 32 or 33 setae, mainly spur-like; tarsal spurs barely differentiated, each 21 μm long; tarsal campaniform pore present; tarsal digitules (tdt) significantly shorter than claw. Claws (c) quite long and thin, rather longer than width of tarsi, slightly curved, with a strong denticle; length: III 26 μm; claw digitules (cdt) slightly longer than claw. Abdomen: segments I–VII: tergites (at) and sternites (as) slightly sclerotised. Caudal extension (ce) of segment VII absent. Dorsal setae (ads) (totals): segments I–VII each with 2 or 3 hs. Pleural setae: dorsopleural setae (dps) (on each side): III–V each with 1 hs; VI & VII each with 0–2 hs; ventropleural setae (vps) (on each side): one seta on one side of segment V. Ventral setae (avs) (totals): II 2 hs; III 3 hs; IV–VII each with 4 hs. Segment VIII: tergite (at) slightly sclerotised, with 4 hs (ante-anal setae (aas)?); sternite (as) more heavily sclerotised, with 2 hs ventral abdominal setae (avs); caudal extension (ce) absent but with 0–3 hs dorsopleural setae. Glandular pouches (gp) absent. Genital segments: penial sheath (segment IX and style fused) forming a single triangular structure; total length from base of sternite VIII 166 μm (ratio of total body length to penial sheath length 1:0.15); width at base of sternite VIII 96 μm. Penial sheath broad anteriorly, with a sclerotised border; ventrally possibly rather membranous but without an obvious basal membranous area; rather more sclerotised dorsally; ventrally with basal rod (bra) dividing anterior end into two lateral areas, each lateral membranous area + margin with 2 or 3 long hs + 4 or 5 short hs; dorsally with 1 long and 1 short setose seta. Penial sheath rapidly tapering to a fine apex posteriorly, sclerotised, particularly posteriorly. Basal rod (bra) extending anteriorly to margin of sternite VIII: length 43 μm anterior to aedeagus and with no posterior extension. Aedeagus (aed) sword-shaped, but with a narrow membranous margin along dorsal surface; probably usually held within groove on ventral surface of penial sheath but displaced to one side on slide; length 116 μm (ratio of aedeagus length to anterior part of basal rod length 1:0.37); apex almost at tip of style. Style with 5 short setae on each margin posterior to base of aedeagus, and with 6 small sensilla near apex. Comment. Cerococcus artemisiae differs from the other two species described here (character-states on other two species in brackets): head: (i) poorly developed dorsal mid-cranial ridge (well developed); (ii) absence of ventral mid-cranial ridge (well developed); (iii) “interocular ridge” joining preocular ridge to postocular ridge present dorsad to dorsal simple eyes (ventral to simple eyes); (iv) presence of small pores on median crest (absent); (v) ocular sclerite with no setae laterad to ventral eyes (abundant laterad to vse), and (viii) preocular ridge well developed (poorly developed or absent). Abdomen: (i) some dorsal abdominal setae present on each segment (absent), and (ii) glandular pouch and glandular pouch setae absent (present). These differences suggest that C. artemisiae (from the New World) is significantly different from the two Antecerococcus species (from the Old World) described below. C. artemisiae shares with A. indicus described below: (i) absence of reticulations on mesothorax; (ii) apparently only one tibial spur per leg, and (iii) absence of dorsospiracular setae (present on A. ornatus)., Published as part of Hodgson, Chris, 2020, A review of neococcid scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) based on the morphology of the adult males, pp. 1-264 in Zootaxa 4765 (1) on pages 170-173, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4765.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3774174, {"references":["Cockerell, T. D. A. (1897) New insects from Embudo, New Mexico. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 20 (120), 510 - 515. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939709487392","Lambdin, P. L. & Kosztarab, M. P. (1977) Morphology and systematics of the adult females of the genus Cerococcus (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Cerococcidae). Research Division Bulletin Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, 128, 1 - 252.","Cockerell, T. D. A. (1898) The coccid genus Solenophora in the United States. Psyche, 8, 262 - 263. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1898 / 12036","Green, E. E. (1917) A list of Coccidae affecting various genera of plants. Annals of Applied Biology, 4, 75 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7348.1917. tb 05905. x","Ferris, G. F. (1955) Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America, v. 7, the Families Aclerdidae, Asterolecaniidae, Conchaspididae, Dactylopiidae and Lacciferidae. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California, 233 pp."]}

Antecerococcus ornatus (Green) (Fig. 69) Solenococcus ornatus Cockerell 1899c, 392. nomen nudum. Cerococcus ornatus Green 1909, 306. Type data: Sri Lanka, Pundaluoya, on Coffea arabica. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977, 159). Type depository: BMNH. Coricoccus ornatus (Green); Mahdihassan 1933, 562. Change of combination. Antecerococcus ornatus (Green); Hodgson & Williams 2016, 87. Change of combination. Material examined. Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Parudaluoya (probably Pundaluoya), no host, no date, E.E. Green (BMNH): 1/2ad ♂♂ (one fair to good but with head twisted, only one antenna, some legs missing, no wings and all claws twisted or damaged; other specimen very poor but with wings). Mounted material: quite small, total body length about 1.1 mm; antennae a little over half total body length; body with very few setae, fleshy setae (fs) possibly absent except on limbs; length of fs on antennae a little longer than width of antennal segments. Wings about 4/5ths total body length and about 5/8th as wide as long. Head: twisted and misshapen on slide; width across genae unknown. Median crest (mc) broadest posteriorly and reticulated; with (on each side) 11–15 fs + 6–7 hs dorsal head setae (dhs); without simple pore-like structures; preoccipital ridge (por) quite well defined, curved postero-laterally. Mid-cranial ridge: dorsal ridge (dmcr) well developed and long, extending anteriorly from just anterior to preoccipital ridge almost to lateral arms of ventral mid-cranial ridge (lmcr); ventral ridge (vmcr) also well developed, extending from lmcr to anterior margin of ocular sclerite; with a narrow area of reticulation anteriorly, which quickly broadens posteriorly, fusing with ocu- lar sclerite (ocs); without ventral mid-cranial ridge setae (vmcrs). Genae (g) with distinct polygonal reticulations, each reticulation quite large and with highly meandering inner microridges; genal setae (gs) absent. Eyes: with two pairs of round simple eyes; dorsal eyes (dse) slightly smaller than ventral eyes (vse): dse each 40–42 μm wide, vse each about 50 μm. Ocelli (o) absent. Ocular sclerite (ocs) sclerotised and polygonally reticulated throughout, each reticulation quite large, without inner microridges. Preocular ridge (procr) very short both dorsally and ventrally, little more than an articulatory sclerite for each scape; dorsally with an interocular ridge, which almost fuses with preocular ridge ventrally, and which extends dorsoposteriorly past lateral margin of dorsal simple eye, where it fuses with postocular ridge. Postocular ridge (pocr) strongly developed, extending dorsally past posterior margin of each dorsal eye where it divides, anterior arm extending around margin of simple eye (where it almost fuses with preocular ridge) and posterior arm extending medially almost to preoccipital ridge. Dorsal ocular setae (docs) absent. Due to head being twisted, presence of a strong sclerotised ridge extending posteriorly from between ventral eyes almost to preoral ridge could not be detected. Ventral head setae (vhs) abundant, with perhaps 27–31 fs + 11–12 hs on each side, between and posterior to each ventral eye. Preoral ridge (pror) possibly absent. Cranial apophysis (ca) not detected. Antennae: 10-segmented and filiform; 600 μm long (ratio of total body length to antennal length 1:0.55). Scape (scp): 48 μm long, width uncertain, with a total of 4 fs + 3 hs. Pedicel (pdc): length 66 μm, width 50 μm, with a few concentric ridges; with 5 fs + 3 hs. Segments III–X all 19–25 μm wide: fs 28–35 μm long, lengths of segments (μm): III 76; IV 70; V 75; VI 71; VII 66; VIII 51 and IX 38; approximate number of setae per segment: III 17 fs + 14 hs (sensilla basiconica not detected); IV 12 fs + 0 hs; V 21 fs + 0 hs; VI 19 fs + 1 hs; VII:17 fs + 0 hs; VIII 18 fs + 1 hs; IX 14 fs + 2 hs (bristles, if present, undifferentiated). Segment X 42 μm long, oval, not constricted apically; number of setae uncertain as most broken. Thorax. Prothorax: pronotal ridge (prnr) well-developed but possibly not fused, extending ventrally to close to cervical sclerite (cv); with a distinct, striated, lateral pronotal sclerite (prn); without lateral pronotal (lpns) setae. Medial pronotal setae, post-tergites and post-tergital setae apparently absent. Sternum (stn 1): median ridge not sclerotised, indicated by a diffuse sclerotised area; with a quite strong transverse ridge; without prosternal setae (stn 1 s). Anteprosternal (astn 1 s) and antemesospiracular setae (am 2 s) absent. Mesothorax: prescutum (prsc) well developed, 87 μm long; 120 μm wide; sclerotised and strongly nodulated; prescutal ridges (pscr) well developed; prescutal suture (pscs) present but much less distinct. Scutum (sct): median membranous area 136 μm wide, 76 μm long; faintly reticulated; lateral margins of membranous area also more strongly sclerotised than rest of margins, with 3 or 4 hs on each lateral margin; rest of scutum sclerotised and distinctly reticulated antero-laterally and laterad to scutellum; scutal setae (scts) absent laterally; without a distinct prealar ridge. Scutellum (scl) 157 μm wide, 66 μm long; with an inverted U-shaped scutellar ridge (sclr); probably not tubular but with a large foramen; scutellar setae (scls) absent. Basisternum (stn 2) 260 μm wide, 170 μm long; without a median ridge (mdr) although with a broad median area slightly more heavily sclerotised; bounded anteriorly by a strong marginal ridge (mr) and posteriorly by strong precoxal ridges (pcr 2); without basisternal setae (stn 2 s); lateropleurite (lpl) broad, with a fairly strong extension from marginal ridge anteriorly; furca (f) well developed and narrow-waisted, arms very divergent and extending about 2/3rds to marginal ridge. Mesopostnotum (pn 2) and postnotal apophysis (pna) well developed; median area of mesopostnotum without any sclerotisation. Mesepisternum (eps 2) reticulated; subepisternal ridge well developed. Postalare (pa) not reticulated anteriorly; without postalare setae (pas). Mesothoracic spiracle (sp 2): peritreme 25 μm wide. Postmesospiracular setae (pm 2 s) absent. Tegula (teg) not detected, with 0–2 fs + 2–7 hs tegular setae (tegs) on each side. Metathorax: with a single pair of metatergal setae (mts). Dorsospiracular setae (dss): with 2 hs on one side. Metapostnotum (pn 3) distinct and sclerotised, broadest laterally. Dorsal part of metapleural ridge (plr 3) absent and without a suspensorial sclerite (ss). Ventral part of metapleural ridge well developed; metepisternum (eps 3) unsclerotised anteriorly, without postmetaspiracular setae (eps 3 s), but with a distinct, sclerotised metaprecoxal ridge (pcr 3) extending medially almost to metasternum. Metepimeron (epm 3) elongate, extending posteriorly to what appears to be an apophysis; without setae. Antemetaspiracular setae (am 3 s) absent. Metathoracic spiracle (sp 3): width of peritreme 25 μm. Metasternum (stn 3) represented by a curved sclerotised ridge; metasternal apophyses present at each end of ridge; without either anterior (amss) or posterior metasternal setae (pmss). Wings: hyaline, 900–925 μm long, 425 μm wide (ratio of length to width 1:0.47; ratio of total body length to wing length 1:0.83); alar lobe (al) and alar setae (als) absent. Hamulohalteres absent. Legs: approximately subequal in length. Coxae (cx): I 91; II 120; III 104 μm long; coxa III with about 14 fs + 6 hs; long apical setae on each coxa not differentiated. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): I 236; II 215; III 219 μm long; trochanter III with about 5 fs + 2 hs; long trochanter seta not differentiated; femur III with about 25 fs + 10 hs. Tibia (ti): I 182; II 203; III 220 μm; tibia III with a total of about 63 setae, mainly fs and hs, a few becoming spur-like on distal third of leg; with two well-developed apical spurs (tibs), length 19–25 μm. Tarsi (ta): I 149; II ??; III 153 μm long (ratio of length of tibia III to tarsus III 1:0.69); tarsus III with a total of about 72 setae, mainly spur-like; tarsal spurs barely differentiated, each 23 μm long; tarsal campaniform pore present; tarsal digitules (tdt) mostly broken off, length uncertain. Claw (c) structure unknown; claw digitules (cdt) probably setiform, without an apical knob. Abdomen: segments I–VII: tergites (at) membranous; sternites (as) quite strongly sclerotised. Pleurites sclerotised on segments V–VII, sclerotisation possibly not including ventropleural setae. Caudal extension (ce) of segment VII short and rounded. Dorsal setae (ads) (totals): segment I 3 or 4; II–VII without setae. Pleural setae: dorsopleural setae (dps) (on each side): I–VII each with 2 hs; ventropleural setae (vps) (on each side): II–V without setae; VI & VII each with 1 hs. Ventral setae (avs) (totals): II 2 hs; III–VI each with 4 hs; VII 5–6 hs. Segment VIII: tergite (at) slightly sclerotised, with 1 long seta and 2 short hs on each side rather laterally; sternite (as) more heavily sclerotised; with 2–4 hs ventral abdominal setae (avs) on each side; caudal extension (ce) rounded but with 2 hs pleural setae. Pleurites sclerotised but perhaps not including ventro-pleural seta. Glandular pouches (gp) present but very shallow and with rather few disc-pores; glandular pouch setae (gls) apparently of two lengths, one about 230 μm long, other about 85 μm long. Genital segments: penial sheath (segment IX and style fused) forming a single triangular structure; total length 147 μm; width at base of segment VIII 78 μm (ratio of total body length to penial sheath length 1:0.13). Anteriorly penial sheath broad, with a sclerotised border; ventrally and dorsally rather membranous; ventrally with an obvious basal membranous area (bma), with 3 medium length (20–50 μm long) hs on each side and with 2 pairs hs more pos- teriorly nearer margin; dorsally with 1 long setose seta + 1 shorter setose seta on margin; no setae along margins of style. Style rapidly tapering to a fine apex, sclerotised, particularly anteriorly and laterally; with 5 or 6 small sensilla near apex but no small setae. Basal rod (bra) short, not reaching margin of sternite VIII anteriorly: length perhaps 13 μm anterior to aedeagus and with no posterior extension. Aedeagus (aed) parallel-sided with a pointed apex; length 101 μm, width 15 μm (ratio of aedeagus length to basal rod length 1:0.13); aedeagus reaching almost at tip of penial sheath. Comment. The structure of the metathorax appears to be rather primitive, with a strongly sclerotised metapostnotum dorsally and with a sclerotised ridge medially on the metasternum (possibly representing the sternellum and median ridge of Theron?) and a long metaprecoxal ridge extending from the metapleural ridge medially almost to the sternal ridge. None of these characters are present on the other two species discussed here., Published as part of Hodgson, Chris, 2020, A review of neococcid scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) based on the morphology of the adult males, pp. 1-264 in Zootaxa 4765 (1) on pages 176-179, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4765.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3774174, {"references":["Cockerell, T. D. A. (1899 c) Article VII. - First supplement to the check-list of the Coccidae. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 5, 389 - 398.","Green, E. E. (1909) The Coccidae of Ceylon. Part IV. Dulau & Co. London, 95 pp. [pp. 250 - 344]","Lambdin, P. L. & Kosztarab, M. P. (1977) Morphology and systematics of the adult females of the genus Cerococcus (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Cerococcidae). Research Division Bulletin Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, 128, 1 - 252.","Mahdihassan, S. (1933) Cryptogamie - sur les differents symbiotes des cochenilles productrices ou non productrices de cire. Les Comptes-Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 196, 560 - 562.","Hodgson, C. J. & Williams, D. J. (2016) A revision of the family Cerococcidae Balachowsky (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies. Zootaxa, 4091 (1), 1 - 175. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4091.1.1"]}

Coffee is one of the most important Brazilian agricultural commodities exported, and Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo States are the main coffee producers. Scale insects are important coffee pests, and 73 species of Cerococcidae (3), Coccidae (18), Diaspididae (6), Eriococcidae (1), Ortheziidae (3), Pseudococcidae (21), Putoidae (2) and Rhizoecidae (19) have been associated with roots, branches, leaves, flowers and fruits of Arabica coffee in the Neotropics. Eight species were found associated with Arabica coffee in Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo States in this study, and Coccidae was the most frequent family. Coccus alpinus, Cc. celatus, Cc. lizeri, Cc. viridis, and Saissetia coffeae (Coccidae) were found in both states; Alecanochiton marquesi, Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Diaspididae), and Dysmicoccus texensis (Pseudococcidae) were only found in Minas Gerais. Alecanochiton marquesi and P. trilobitiformis are first reported in Minas Gerais, and Cc. alpinus in Espírito Santo, on Arabica coffee. All scale insect species were associated with coffee leaves and branches, except D. texensis, associated with coffee roots. Fourty seven scale insect species have been found occurring in Brazilian Arabica coffee, and in Espírito Santo (28) and Minas Gerais (23). Widespread and geographical distribution of each species found are discussed.

Planchonia stentae (Brain) NEW STATE RECORD In 2009, stems of Hoya imperialis var. rauchii from Keaau, Hawaii, were found to be infested with pit scales. Specimens were then identified by D.R. Miller as Planchonia stentae (Brain), the South African pit scale. Following this 2009 verification, previously unidentified specimens (Waimea, 2007) were found in HDOA’s reference collection, reexamined, and consequently identified as P. stentae. This species has now been collected on Hawaii, Maui, and Oahu. This South African pit scale, also known as the Euphorbia pit scale, has been recorded in California and Florida, where it has become a major pest of at least 49 introduced and native plant species (Stumph and Lambdin 2000). This species can severely weaken small and young plants, causing major stem deformation, especially at apical tips. Collection records: HAWAII, Keaau, 22.IV.2009, ex. Hoya imperialis var. rauchii , coll. C. Noel, det. D.R. Miller, 3.IX.2009; Waimea, 19.XI.2007, ex. Sophora chrysophylla stems, coll. J. Higashino, det. J.N. Matsunaga, 28.IX.2009. MAUI, Pukalani, 12.III.2013, ex. Asclepias physocarpa stems, coll. M. Fukada, det. J.N. Matsunaga, 25.III.2013. OAHU, Honolulu, Pawaa, 12.VII.2014, ex. Heliotropium anomalum var. argenteum stems, coll. J.N. Matsunaga, det. J.N. Matsunaga, 25.VIII.2014. Vouchers at HDOA., Published as part of Matsunaga, Janis N., Howarth, Francis G. & Kumashiro, Bernarr R., 2019, New State Records and Additions to the Alien Terrestrial Arthropod Fauna in the Hawaiian Islands, pp. 1-71 in Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 51 (1) on page 7

CEROCOCCIDAE albospicatus Cerococcus Green 2f, 1i, d. Antecerococcus albospicatus (Green). andensis Cerococcus Leonardi d. artemisiae Cerococcus (Cockerell) d. baccharidis Cerococcus (Hempel) 1f, d. Antecerococcus baccharidis (Hempel). badius Cerococcus Leonardi 2f, d. Antecerococcus badius (Leonardi). bernardi Cerochiton Hodgson & Williams 1f, d. Note: the specific name was formerly a manuscript name by Green. bryoides Cerococcus (Maskell) 3f, d. Antecerococcus bryoides (Maskell). cistarum Cerococcus Balachowsky 5f, d. Antecerococcus cistarum (Balachowsky). coloradensis Cerococcus (Cockerell) d. Cerococcus artemisiae (Cockerell). corokiae Cerococcus (Maskell) d. Antecerococcus corokiae (Maskell). dumonti Cerococcus Vayssi��re 1f, d. Antecerococcus dumonti (Vayssi��re). eremobius Cerococcus (Scott) 2f, d. Antecerococcus eremobius (Scott). fagi Cerococcus (Maskell) d. Solenophora fagi Maskell. ficoides Cerococcus Green 2f, d. Cerochiton ficoides (Green). hibisci Cerococcus Green 10f, d. Antecerococcus indicus (Maskell). indicus Cerococcus (Maskell) 2f, d. Antecerococcus indicus (Maskell). intermedius Cerococcus Balachowsky 3f, d. Antecerococcus intermedius (Balachowsky). javanensis Cerococcus Lambdin & Kosztarab 2f, d. Cerochiton javanensis (Lambdin & Kosztarab). Note: the specific name was originally a manuscript name by Green. koebelei Cerococcus (Cockerell) d. laniger Cerococcus Goux 1f, d. Antecerococcus laniger (Goux). ornatus Cerococcus Green 5f, 1m, d. Antecerococcus ornatus (Green). ovoides Cerococcus (Cockerell) 1f, d. Antecerococcus ovoides (Cockerell). paradoxus Cerococcus (Maskell) 2f, 1i, d. Antecerococcus paradoxus (Maskell). parahybensis Cerococcus Hempel 1f, d. Antecerococcus parahybensis (Hempel). punctiferus Cerococcus (Green) 4f, d. Antecerococcus paradoxus (Maskell). quercus Cerococcus Comstock 1f, d. ramakrishnae Cerococcus Ramakrishna Ayyar 2f, d. Asterococcus ramakrishnai (Ramakrishna Ayyar). roseus Cerococcus Green 1f, d. Antecerococcus roseus (Green). royenae Cerococcus Brain 1f. Antecerococcus royenae (Brain). ruber Cerococcus Balachowsky 1f. Antecerococcus ruber (Balachowsky). zapotlanus Cerococcus (Cockerell) d. Antecerococcus zapotlanus (Cockerell)., Published as part of Williams, D. J., 2017, E. E. Green's collection of scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) in The Natural History Museum, London, U. K., pp. 201-253 in Zootaxa 4318 (2) on page 206, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4318.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/886712

Williams, D. J. (2017): E. E. Green's collection of scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) in The Natural History Museum, London, U. K. Zootaxa 4318 (2): 201-253, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4318.2.1

Chris J. Hodgson, Douglas J. Williams (2016): (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies. Zootaxa 4091 (1): 1-175, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1

Asterococcus schimae Borchsenius Asterococcus schimae Borchsenius 1960: 120���124. Type details. CHINA, Yunnan, Chekang district, 1920m above sea level, on Schima wallichii, 17.v. 1955. Depositories: ZIAS: 10 / 10 paratype adff���all other type specimens were deposited in China, including the holotype (I. Gavrilov, pers. comm.). For a discussion of the whereabouts of Borchsenius��� specimens, see under A. querciola above. BMNH: labelled as for type series, 2 / 2 adff; also 1 / 1 adf but latter with no host listed (all probably part of type series). Material studied. Paratype ff: CHINA, Yunnan, Chenkang vicinity, on Schima wallichii (Theaceae), 17.v. 1955, Hwang Tien-yung (BMNH): 2 / 2 adff (g). Comment. The main character-states diagnosing the adult female of A. schimae are: (i) anteroventral sclerotizations absent; (ii) anal lobes showing weak sclerotization throughout but with strong sclerotization on inner margins; (iii) four spinose setae present on inner margin of each anal lobe; (iv) multilocular disc-pores absent from ventral surface of anal lobes (Borchsenius��� figure suggests they might be present); (v) multilocular disc-pores present on abdominal segments II���VIII and on metathorax, with a complete band on segment VII; (vi) dorsum with two types of tubular ducts, a narrow duct sparsely on head and thorax and broader ducts present on dorsum of posterior abdominal segments; (vii) tubular ducts very sparse or even absent medially on venter; (viii) cribriform plates absent, (ix) leg stubs present, each with one or two small setae at base, and (x) transverse bands of dorsal 8 - shaped pores present on abdominal segments III/IV and VII. The adult female of A. schimae would appear to be most similar to those of A. atratus and A. muratae., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on pages 142-143, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Cerococcus corymbosus Fletcher, nomen nudum. Cerococcus corymbosus Ftcher, 1917: 252. Note: Fletcher refers to Cerococcus corymbosus but gives no description and does not cite an author for this species (Miller et al. 2005)., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on page 158, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Cerococcus indonesiensis Lambdin & Kosztarab Cerococcus indonesiensis Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977: 125���128. Type details. INDONESIA, on Piper nigrum, 14.iv. 1955, H.V. Gouldman. Depository: USNM: holotype adf (USNM, type no. 55���1052, on left side of slide) + a paratype adf on right side. These are the only type specimens. Material studied. Holotype and paratype ff: INDONESIA, on Piper nigrum (Piperaceae), 14.iv. 1955, H.V. Gouldman (USNM): 1 / 2 adff (g). Comment. This species does not fit into the genera Cerococcus, Cerochiton or Antecerococcus as defined here. In lacking both anteroventral sclerotizations on the anal lobes and large 8 -shaped pores marginally on the dorsum of the posterior abdominal segments, it does not fall within Antecerococcus, whilst the fleshy setae on the dorsal surface of each anal lobe are quite long and fleshy and there is no line of three setose setae along the inner margins of each lobe, and so it appears not to belong to Cerococcus. It also lacks a lattice-like pattern of 8 -shaped pores and the stigmatic pore bands typical of species of Cerochiton. Also, as it has abundant 8 -shaped pores throughout the dorsum, it does does not fit into Asterococcus. On the other hand, it does have a (short and spinose) seta ventrally near the apex of each anal lobe (typical of Antecerococcus). It also differs from all other known species of Cerococcidae in having a single, large cone-like spine in a deep cavity in each antenna and perhaps no other fleshy or setose antennal setae. It is also very unusual in having an incomplete posterior stigmatic pore band, with the spiracular disc-pores restricted to a group just anterior to each peritreme. Antecerococcus eremobius also has aborted stigmatic pore bands but the latter is otherwise a typical species of Antecerococcus. Our observations differ from those of Lambdin and Kosztarab (1977) as follows: (i) the antennal spine is deeply embedded in a cavity in each antenna (in their key, Lambdin and Kosztarab state ���antennae without slender and/or fleshy setae but with a median spinelike sclerotization��� whilst in their description, they state ���... with fleshy and slender setae��� and do not mention the spine!); (ii) multilocular disc-pores are present on the metathorax, with four or five laterad to each leg stub and 11 medially (not found); (iii) the apex of each stigmatic pore band is divided by a transverse band of 8 -shaped pores (not mentioned), and (iv) a few ventral 8 -shaped pores are present near the mouthparts. The adult female of C. indonesiensis is characterised by the following combination of character-states of Kosztarab and Lambdin in brackets: (i) 8 -shaped pores on dorsum randomly distributed, not in a lattice-like pattern; (ii) 8 -shaped pores on dorsum of three sizes, all quite small; (iii) larger pores restricted to near stigmatic pore bands; intermediate-sized and smallest pores abundant throughout rest of dorsum; (iv) cribriform plates in a submedial group of two on each side of abdominal segment IV; (v) tubular ducts on dorsum of one size only; (vi) multilocular disc-pores in bands across all abdominal segments and on metathorax; (vii) anterior stigmatic pore bands complete, posterior stigmatic pore bands each aborted, restricted to a small group of spiracular disc-pores just anterior to each peritreme; (viii) antennae with a large cone-like spine embedded in a cavity in each antenna; other setae possibly absent, and (ix) leg stubs present., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on page 163, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Asterococcus oblatus Xue & Zhang. Asterococcus oblatus Xue & Zhang 1990: 36���40. Astrococcus oblatus: Tang & Hao, 1995: 218. Misspelling of genus name. Type details. CHINA, Yunnan, Kunming, on Michelia fuscata (Magnoliaceae), -. vii. 1987 and -. iv. 1988. Depository: SAU, China: holotype adf (not confirmed). Comment. No material of this species has been seen in this study but it is here assumed to be a good species of Asterococcus. Based on Xue and Zhang���s (1990) illustration, it appears to be very similar to A. yunnanensis and could be a synonym. However, based on Tang and Hao���s (1995) illustration of this species, A. oblatus would appear to be close to A. schimae although they do not illustrate the ���trilocular��� 8 -shaped pores in A. oblatus which they use for separating these two species. Based on the figure in Xue and Zhang (1990), the adult female of A. oblatus is characterised by the following combination of character-states: (i) eight-shaped pores on dorsum of head and thorax very sparse; (ii) slightly larger 8 -shaped pores restricted to three or four transverse bands across about abdominal segments III, IV and VIII; (iii) cribriform plates absent; (iv) tubular ducts on dorsum of two sizes, broader ducts retricted to medially on about abdominal segments V and VI, narrower ducts throughout elsewhere but very sparse medially; (v) tubular ducts on venter sparse medially but abundant in a fairly broad marginal band; (vi) posterior stigmatic bands bifurcated; (vii) stigmatic bands each broad throughout their length, with many spiracular disc-pores; (viii) 8 -shaped pores on venter probably similar to larger pores on dorsum; (ix) multilocular disc-pores abundant across abdominal segments II���VIII, and also medially and submarginally on metathorax; (ix) leg stubs present; (x) loculate pores near antennae abundant, and (xi) with four setae along inner margins of each anal lobe. Asterococcus ovoides (Cockerell). This species is here considered to be an Antecerococcus species. See under Antecerococcus ovoides above., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on pages 139-140, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Solenophora Maskell Solenophora Maskell 1890: 139. Type species: Solenophora fagi Maskell, subsequently designated by Cockerell 1899 a: 392 Solenococcus Cockerell 1899: 392. Invalid replacement name placed as a junior synonym of Solenophora (see Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1976)., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on page 164, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Cerococcus andinus Leonardi Cerococcus andinus Leonardi 1911: 11. Type details. ARGENTINA, Cacheuta, on Tricycla patagonica, 15.ii. 1909, L. Iches. Syntype ff (see note below). Depositories: USNM: 1 / 2 adff (labelled cotype) + 3 / 6 adff and 1 / 1 second-instar + 1 first-instar nymph (all dated 15 th Feb. 1909; remounted by Lambdin, PL 213 a-c). BMNH: ARGENTINA, on Tricycla cachueta, 15 th Feb, 1909, G. Leonardi (BM 80-241): 1 / 1 bits. IEAP: 2 / 4 adff (not checked). Notes: Miller et al. (2005 a) indicate that, although Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977 a) state that adult female paratypes are in the USNM, Miller et al. could find no evidence of a type designation and therefore suggest that these specimens must be considered syntypes. Also the slides studied below, clearly dated August, are therefore probably not part of the type series although Miller (pers. comm.) considers that it is possible that the dates could have been incorrectly written. Miller et al. also point out that there has been some confusion about the collector of the type material. Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977) give the collector as Leonardi, but Miller et al. consider that it is clear from Leonardi's original description that the material was collected by L. Iches and sent to Leonardi by F. Lahille. Also, the International Plant Name Index does not list either Tricycla patagonica or T. cachueta; it is not clear as to which species these names refer. Material studied. ARGENTINA, Cachueta, on Tricycla cachueta (Nyctaginaceae), Aug. 15 1909, Leonardi (USNM): 1 / 2 adff (f���g); also Cachueta, on Tricycla ��� patagonica ��� (=? T. peruviana), Aug. 15 1909, prob. Leonardi (USNM): 2 / 6 adff (f). Comment. Cerococcus andinus is currently only known from Argentina. The material studied agrees well with the description in Lambdin and Kosztarab (1977). The multilocular disc-pores are only present in five bands across the abdominal segments. It is here considered that the most anterior band is on abdominal segment II and so the most posterior band is on segment VI. There are therefore no multilocular disc-pores on segments VII and VIII or on the metathorax. Cerococcus andinus is somewhat similar to C. parrotti (see key) but is immediately separable due to the absence of leg stubs (present in the latter species) and the oval-shaped cribriform plates (roundish in C. parrotti). The adult female of C. andinus is characterised by the following combination of character-states: (i) 8 -shaped pores on dorsum not in a reticulate pattern but in a sparse swirled pattern; (ii) 8 -shaped pores on dorsum of just one size; (iii) apex of each stigmatic band with two or three 8 -shaped pores; (iv) two���four cribriform plates present submedially on each side of abdominal segment IV; (v) tubular ducts of 2 sizes present, broadest medially on posterior abdominal segments, narrower abundant elsewhere; (vi) multilocular disc-pores present in bands onepore wide across abdominal segments II���VI but absent on metathorax; (vii) stigmatic pore bands bifurcated; (viii) stigmatic pore bands with few spiracular disc-pores, and (ix) leg stubs absent. In the key to adult females of Cerococcus, C. andinus keys out close to C. parrotti from North America., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on page 152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Asterococcus scleroglutaeus Xue & Shi Asterococcus scleroglutaeus Xue & Shi 1992: 183���186. Type details. CHINA, Sichuan, Chengdu. Depository: Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province, Shandong, China: holotype adf (not confirmed). Comment. No material of this species has been seen in this study but it is here assumed to be a good species of Asterococcus. Based on the figure in Xue and Shi (1992), the adult female of A. scleroglutaeus is characterised by the following combination of character-states: (i) 8 -shaped pores on dorsum of two sizes, a smaller pore very sparse throughout head and thorax and slightly larger pores in transverse bands across (possibly) abdominal segments IV and V; (ii) cribriform plates absent; (iii) tubular ducts of two sizes on dorsum, a narrow duct sparse medially on head and thorax but becoming more abundant near margins, and a broader duct in a group medially on posterior abdominal segments; (iv) tubular ducts on venter absent medially; (v) posterior stigmatic bands bifurcated; (vi) each stigmatic band broad near spiracles and with abundant spiracular disc-pores throughout, broadening near margin; (vii) 8 -shaped pores on venter including ���trilocular��� pores, each with three closed pores; (viii) multilocular disc-pores abundant across abdominal segments II-VII, and also on metathorax; (ix) leg stubs present; (x) loculate pores near antennae abundant, and (xi) a broad sclerotized area present anterior to median anal plate. Xue & Shi (1992) give no indication as to most similar species (San-an Wu, pers. comm.). However, the presence of ���trilocular��� 8 -shaped pores on the venter suggests that A. scleroglutaeus may be closest to A. yunnanensis Borchsenius., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on page 143, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

CEROCOCCIDAE Balachowsky, 1942. The family Cerococcidae includes some of the most ornate of all scale insects with many diverse waxy coverings, as shown in the colour plates of Cerococcus albospicatus Green and C. ornatus Green in Green (1909) and Cerococcus quercus Comstock in Gill (1993) and also in the photographs in Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977). See also Plates 1���3. As far as is known, all females go through three feeding stages to maturity: first- and second-instar nymphs and the adult, whilst males go through the first- and second-instar nymphal stages, which feed, and then through non-feeding prepupal and pupal stages before emerging as a (non-feeding) winged adult male. Economic importance. There are few reports of damage caused by cerococcids, although coffee trees seem to be prone to attack. Le Pelley (1968) stated that Cerococcus catenarius Fonseca was a serious pest of coffee in Brazil and that this scale insect probably spread to coffee from indigenous plants. Chacko et al. (1978), reporting on Cerococcus ornatus Green on coffee in India, stated that it feeds on the main stem or the branches and that, in heavy infestations, the branches bend down, resulting in die-back. Other authors also have reported leaf loss and die back on various plant species (see Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977). Joubert (1925) suggested that C. (now Antecerococcus) cliffortiae Joubert produces a large amount of honeydew because the host plant stems were covered in sooty mould although the insects were not numerous and no other coccoid was present. Froggatt (1900) stated that the honeydew produced by C. (now Antecerococcus) paradoxus (Maskell) in Australia completely covered the females, making their tests and the whole infested area of the plant very sticky. In addition, Antecerococcus indicus (Maskell) has been introduced recently to Christmas Island, Indian Ocean (Gabor Neumann, pers. comm.) and is causing stress in some Hibiscus plants on which it is being attended by ants (for their honeydew), including the yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes), which are a big problem on the island. For further information on honeydew in the family see herein under C. michaeli Lambdin. Appearance in life. The waxy tests of Cerococcus and Antecerococcus species can be somewhat varied, with the test of each species either smooth (as in C. quercus Comstock, cover photo), corrugated, stellate, checkered or of a wool-like appearance; most tests are light to dark brown but a few are bright orange, yellow, pink, red or white (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977). However, the tests of Asterococcus and Solenophora have a waxy sac-like appearance and the cast exuviae of the first-instar nymph are on the anteromedial area of the test. In addition, the long spiracular furrows contain a white powdery wax that is conspicuous against the darker test (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977)., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on pages 8-9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Cerochiton javanensis (Lambdin & Kosztarab), comb. nov. Cerococcus javanensis Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977: 132���136. Phenacobryum javanensis; Tang & Hao 1995: 241. Change of combination. Type details. INDONESIA, Java, on Grewia columnaris, Zimmermann # 36. Depositories: BMNH: holotype adf + 1 paratype adf on same slide + 1 / 3 paratype adff. USNM: 1 / 1 paratype adf, 1 / 12 embryos and 1 / 1 adf with 13 embryos inside. Material studied. Holotype and paratype ff: INDONESIA, Java, on Grewia columnaris (Malvaceae), no date, Zimmerman (BMNH): 1 / 2 adff (f). Comment. Adult females of C. javanensis are characterised by the following combination of character-states: (i) dorsum with a reticulate pattern of 8 -shaped pores; (ii) lines of reticulation made up of smallest 8 -shaped pores; (iii) largest 8 -shaped pores restricted to within and around apices of each stigmatic band; (iv) apex of each stigmatic band with groups of 10���18 sunken 8 -shaped pores in centre; (v) cribriform plates present in a submedial group of 5���8 on each side of abdominal segment IV; (vi) tubular ducts of two sizes on dorsum, broadest in a line on either side of each reticulation but absent from posterior abdominal segments; (vii) multilocular disc-pores absent; (viii) stigmatic pore bands bifurcated; (ix) spiracular disc-pores near spiracles few but more abundant in each stigmatic pore band apex, and (x) legs stubs absent. This species is clearly closely related to C. bernardi, described as new above, and C. ficoides. They are all from the Oriental Region. Cerochiton javanensis has the same arrangement of 8 -shaped pores and quinquelocular disc-pores at the apex of each stigmatic band, and each species has two sizes of tubular duct, with the broader duct occurring along margins of each lattice-like line of pores. Like C. ficoides, C. javanensis has a bifurcated posterior stigmatic pore band (non-bifurcated in C. bernadi) but C. ficoides differs in having: (i) some multilocular discpores present in transverse bands across abdominal segments VI and VII (absent in C. javanensis); and (ii) a single cribriform plate submedially on each side of abdominal segment IV���although Taiwanese specimens with submedial groups of 3-7 plates (submedial groups of 5-8 plates on each side in C. javanensis). In addition, the layout of the lines of small 8 -shaped pores on C. ficoides and C. javanensis appears to be different: the submarginal line on the venter of C. javanensis passes through the spiracles and antennae whereas on C. ficoides it is much more medial; in addition, there are two transverse lines medially on the dorsum of the head and prothorax of C. javanensis whereas these are absent on C. ficoides. This species is well described in Lambdin and Kosztarab (1977) except that the fleshy setae on dorsal surface of each anal lobe were shorter than illustrated. Also, it is here considered that there are two sizes of tubular ducts on the dorsum as described above., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on page 150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Cerococcus quercus Comstock (Plate 2) Cerococcus quercus Comstock 1882: 213. Type details. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Arizona, on Quercus oblongifolia, 24.iii. 1881. Depository: USNM: lectotype adf (designated by Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977: 194) (on left side of slide) + a fragmented paralectotype adf on right side; also 2 / 6 paralectotype adff (vp), 1 / 2 paralectotype adff (remounted by Lambdin (PL080c), 2 / 15 first-instar nymphs (mounted by Lambdin PL080e and 080k) and wax from test and numerous eggs and embryos (Miller, pers. comm.). Material examined: USA, California, Riverside Co., Beaumont, on Quercus sp. (Fagaceae), 15.xii. 1974, D. Mittersel (BMNH): 1 / 1 adf (g); California, Arathorn, on oak, no date, G.F. Ferris (BMNH): 1 / 3 adff (f). Comment. Lambdin and Kosztarab (1977) provide a good description. In the above examined material, the posterior-most group of multilocular disc-pores is on abdominal segment VIII and the anterior disc-pores are across the metathorax. Also, the stigmatic pore bands are extremely broad but sparse and lack 8 -shaped pores within each apex. Unlike most other Cerococcus species, the fleshy setae on the dorsal surface of each anal lobe are strongly spinose. The adult female of C. quercus is characterised by the following combination of characters: (i) 8 -shaped pores on dorsum randomly distributed, not in a lattice-like pattern; (ii) 8 -shaped pores on dorsum of two sizes, both quite small; (iii) larger pores restricted to near stigmatic pore bands and cribriform plates; smaller pores throughout rest of dorsum; (iv) cribriform plates subcircular, present in submedial groups of 2���5 on each side of abdominal segment IV; (v) tubular ducts of two sizes, broader ducts restricted to posterior abdominal segments; narrower ducts frequent elsewhere; (vi) multilocular disc-pores in broad bands across almost all abdominal segments and metathorax; (vii) stigmatic pore bands bifurcated; (viii) stigmatic pore bands with abundant spiracular disc-pores, and (ix) leg stubs absent. In the key to adult females of Cerococcus, C. quercus keys out in the group with two types of dorsal tubular ducts, but is rather different from all of the other species., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on pages 161-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Cerococcus koebelei (Cockerell) Solenophora koebelei Cockerell 1898 b: 429. Solenococcus koebelei; Cockerell 1899: 392. Change of combination. Cerococcus koebelei; Ferris 1955: 38. Change of combination. Type details. MEXICO, Tulare (probably Toluca), on Crataegus sp. and Prunus demissa (Rosaceae), 8.viii. 1897, A. Koebele. Depositories: USNM: lectotype adf (designated by Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977: 140): labelled Solenococcus (crossed out) koebelei (Ckll) on Crataegus and Prunus emissa, Tulon (probably Toluca), Mexico Koebele # 1659, Aug. 8 ��� 97: 1 / 2 adff [lectotype specimen circled] + 1 / 1 paralectotype first-instar nymph, same data as lectotype. Also 1 / 7 adff, labelled paralectotypes (label data: Solenophora koebeli (Ckll), on Crataegus, Toluca-Mex., Koebele # 1362, Aug 8 ��� 97, Type). Also a slide with same data labelled just Cotype. Miller (pers. comm.) considered that the correct locality is Toluca, not Tulare or Tulon. BME: paralectotype? ff: slide labelled ��� Solenococcus koebelei Ckll, Mexico, (with a red label stating type material), on Crataegus sp., Bremner coll. No. 225. GFF���: 1 / 1 adff + 2 nymphs (dried specimens mounted on slide); also 4 / 7 adff with same data (probably f-p). Also from Koebele collection, no. 1632: Solenococcus koebelei Ckll, on?host, Mexico City: 1 / 2 adff (possibly quite g) and 1 / 2 adff (dried specimens mounted on slide); also S. koebelei, Mexico, Toluca or Amecameca, on Tejocote (Crataegus mexicanus) or Crataegus sp.: 1 / 1 adf (f). Material examined. MEXICO, Zinacantepec, Manzana, no host, 1.iii. 1960, L. Leyva Guz (BMNH): 1 / 2 adff (f���g). Comment. Lambdin and Kosztarab (1977) provide a good description. In the above material, the apex of each stigmatic pore band is transversely split by a band of small 8 -shaped pores, and there is a seta in amongst the discpores near the apex. The adult female of C. koebelei is characterised by the following combination of character-states: (i) 8 -shaped pores on dorsum randomly distributed, not in a lattice-like pattern; (ii) 8 -shaped pores on dorsum of three sizes, all quite small; (iii) larger 8 -shaped pores restricted to near stigmatic pore bands; smallest pores restricted to within stigmatic pore bands; (iv) cribriform plates elliptical, present in submedial groups of two on each side of abdominal segment IV, anterior plate larger and more elliptical than posterior plate; (v) dorsal tubular ducts of two sizes present, broader ducts restricted to posterior abdominal segments; narrower ducts frequent elsewhere; (vi) multilocular disc-pores present in broad bands across all abdominal segments and also metathorax; (vii) stigmatic pore bands bifurcated; (viii) stigmatic pore bands with fairly abundant spiracular disc-pores, and (ix) leg stubs present. In the key to adult females of Cerococcus, C. koebelei keys out close to C. catenarius from South America., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on pages 159-160, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Cerochiton ficoides (Green), comb. nov. (Fig. 52) Cerococcus ficoides Green 1899: 225.. Cerococcus fico��des Green; Balachowsky 1932: 34. Misspelling of species name. Phenacobryum ficoides (Green); Tang & Hao 1995: 238. Change of combination. Type details. INDIA, Assam, Duars, on Theaceae, G. Watt. Depositories: BMNH: lectotype adf (designated by Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977: 109) + 1 / 4 adff (same data, labelled ��� Type ��� (assumed paralectotypes). USNM: as for lectotype: 1 / 2 or 3 paralectotype adff (very p) + 2 / 7 first-instar nymphs. Material studied. Lectotype f: INDIA, Duars, recd 7.viii. 1905, on Tea (Thea sp., Theaceae), G. Wyatt (BMNH): 1 / 1 adf (fg). Also: same data, labelled ��� Type ��� (assumed paralectotypes) (BMNH): 1 / 4 adff (f���p). Also: TAIWAN (as Formosa), Taihoku, no host, 14.xii. 1930, R. Takahashi no. 9 (BMNH): 1 / 2 adff (f���p). Note: description applies to the Indian material unless stated otherwise. Mounted material. Body slightly elongate pear-shaped, 1.5-2.5 mm long, 1.5-2.3 mm wide. Dorsum. Eight-shaped pores of 3 sizes: (i) larger pores, each 11���13 x 7.5 ���8.0 ��m, present in a circle around apex of each stigmatic pore band plus a few sunken pores, slightly smaller, each 10 x 6.5 ���7.0 ��m, in centre of group as follows: each anterior apex with 16���22 large pores in outer circle and 7���10 in centre; each middle apex with 13���16 pores in outer ring and 5���8 centrally, and posterior-most apex with 12���15 pores in outer circle and 3 or 4 in centre; (ii) intermediate pores each 6��� 8 x 4.0��� 4.5 ��m, present sparsely in a wide marginal/submarginal band and in a transverse band around cribriform plates (in the type specimen, these appear to be of the large type but are intermediate in the other four specimens); and (iii) smallest pores unusually small, each 4��� 5 x 2.5 ��m, in fairly dense lines forming a lace-like pattern, as follows: in 5 pairs of wavy lines extending radially from margin, meeting a roughly circular line of pores submedially; also with a transverse line across centre, about level with posterior spiracle; small pores also very sparse throughout medial area of dorsum; without large 8 -shaped pores along margin of posterior abdominal segments. Simple pores very sparse, each 1.5 ���2.0 ��m wide. Cribriform plates small, each about 12 ��m wide, with a fairly small area of large micropores; with a single pair of plates present in a medial group (Taiwanese material with 2 submedial groups of 3���7 plates, some fused). Dorsal setae extremely few, each setose, and mainly 5 ��m long but with a single fleshy seta just mesad to each group of sunken pores in each stigmatic pore apex. Tubular ducts of two widths, narrow ducts about 1.3 ��m wide and about 16 ��m long, present throughout; broader ducts about 2.5 ��m wide and about 20 ��m long, restricted to a line parallel to each side of lattice-like lines of 8 -shaped pores; absent from posterior abdominal segments. Anal lobes 80���100 ��m long, membranous when young (lectotype) becoming sclerotized when older (paralectotypes); inner margin distinctly sclerotized on all specimens; apex of each lobe tending to bend outwards; each lobe with a short apical seta, each 50���60 ��m long; each inner margin with 3 setose setae, each 15���25 ��m long, and two fleshy bullet-shaped dorsal setae near apex, each 6���8 ��m long; ventral surface without a setose seta near apex but with two short setose setae more anteriorly, each 10���12 ��m long; apparently without an outer margin seta; each lobe with a line of 5 or 6 small 8 -shaped pores dorsally and ventrally. Median anal plate roundly triangular, 46���52 ��m long, 75���80 ��m wide at base; usual basal sclerotization narrow. Anal ring with 4 pairs of setae, each about 100 ��m long, each narrowing gradually towards apex. Venter. Eight-shaped pores of two types: intermediate-sized pore, similar to those on dorsum, in a sparse submarginal band in head and thorax, and also medially on anterior abdominal segments; small pores, similar to those on dorsum, in a lattice-like pattern with radial lines meeting those from dorsum, and extending to a semicircular band submedially, with two transverse bands posteriorly, 1 on about abdominal segment II and other on about segment IV; small pores also present across posterior abdominal segments and on anal lobes. Simple pores, similar to those on dorsum, very sparse. Small bilocular pores, each 3.0���4.0 x 2.5 ��m, frequent medially on head and thorax. Spiracular disc-pores small, each 3���4 ��m wide, mainly with 5 loculi near each spiracle but with mainly 8 loculi near apex of each band; posterior band bifurcated; with very few pores near each spiracle (2���4); each band sparse but then forming an almost round apical group on dorsum; approximate totals for each band: anterior 35���36, median 30���32 and posterior 15���25; each apical group distinctive, with an outer ring of large 8 -shaped pores and a group of sunken 8 -shaped pores in centre of apex, as described under dorsum above. Also with a group of 9���13 pores, mainly 5 -locular, laterad to each antenna. Multilocular disc-pores, each 5���7 ��m wide and with mainly 7 or 8 (a few 10) loculi, distributed on abdomen as follows: VIII possibly none; VII 12 in a transverse band; VI 3 laterally + 14 medially; occasionally 1 present submedially in?IV; none found more anteriorly. Tubular ducts similar to narrow type on dorsum, present throughout. Ventral setae slightly more abundant than on dorsum on posterior abdominal segments but all setose and short; preanal setae each about 50 ��m long; companion setae quite long, each about 28 ��m long. Leg stubs absent. Antennae unsegmented, very short, each about 20 ��m wide, with about 7 or 8 setose and fleshy setae; without either a cone-like apex or a distinct setal cavity. Clypeolabral shield 145 ��m long. Spiracular peritreme each 26���30 ��m wide. Comment. The adult female of C. ficoides is clearly closely similar to those of C. bernardi and C. javanensis, sharing with them: (i) stigmatic pore bands with the same structured apex; (ii) fleshy setae associated with each stigmatic pore apex, and (iii) at least two sizes of tubular ducts on the dorsum, the larger present on each side of the lattice-like lines of 8 -shaped pores. For further comparison, see under C. bernardi above. The adult female of C. ficoides is characterised by the following combination of character-states: (i) anteroventral sclerotizations absent; (ii) three finely spinose setae present along inner margin of each anal lobe; (iii) dorsal fleshy setae on anal lobes rather spinose and bullet-shaped; (iv) posteroventral seta on each anal lobe absent; (v) dorsum with three sizes of 8 -shaped pore; (vi) smallest 8 -shaped pores forming a lace-like pattern throughout dorsum and margins of venter; (vii) largest 8 -shaped pores restricted to within and around apices of each stigmatic band; (viii) apex of each stigmatic pore band with round groups of 4���10 sunken 8 -shaped pores in centre; (ix) lateral margins of posterior abdominal segments without large 8 -shaped pores; (x) cribriform plates represented by a single plate medially on abdominal segment IV (Taiwanese material with a submedial group of 3���7 plates on each side); (xi) stigmatic bands quite long and extending onto dorsum; (xii) tubular ducts of two sizes on dorsum, broadest in a line on either side of each lace-like pattern and medially on posterior abdominal segments; (xiii) leg stubs absent; (xiv) stigmatic pore bands bifurcated; (xv) multilocular disc-pores present on posterior abdominal segments; (xvi) spiracular disc-pores extremely few near spiracles but quite abundant in each stigmatic pore band apex, and (xvii) antennae without either a cone-like apex or setal cavily., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on pages 147-149, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Cerochiton bernardi Hodgson & Williams, sp. nov. (Fig. 51) Material studied. Holotype f: JAVA, Soekaboemi (now Sukabumi), on tea (Thea sp., Theaceae), no date, C. Bernard (BMNH): 1 / 1 adf (fg; with manuscript name C. bernardi Green). Mounted material. Body almost round, 1.8 mm long, 1.55 mm wide. Dorsum. Eight-shaped pores of about 4 sizes: (i) larger pores, each 13.0��� 13.5 x 8 ��m, present in a ring of 20��� 25 around apex of each stigmatic pore band; (ii) a slightly smaller pore, each 11.0��� 12.5 x 8 ��m, each sunk in a deep indentation, in groups of 45���52 in centre of apex of each stigmatic pore band; also in a further ring just outside ring of largest pores; these becoming smaller (size (iii)) further from apical group, down to about 9 x 6 ��m; and (iv) small pores, each 5 x 3 ��m, forming a lattice-like pattern, with seven radial bands on each side, a submedial circle of pores, divided medially by 4 transverse bands and 2 longitudinal bands (see figure); very slightly smaller pores, each 4.5 x 2.5 ��m, present sparsely in areas between lattice lines. Simple pores very sparse throughout, each 1.5 ��� 2.0 ��m wide. Cribriform plates small, each 8���10 ��m wide, in a single median group of 9, each with median-sized micropores and a fairly broad margin. Dorsal setae extremely few, each setose, and mainly 5 ��m long, but also with a single fleshy seta within apex of each stigmatic pore band. Tubular ducts short, each about 16 ��m long with many spines within cup-shaped invagination of outer ductule; of three widths: (i) a broad duct, each 4.0��� 4.5 ��m wide, present in lines parallel to small 8 -shaped pores bands, forming a reticulate pattern, and also in a group medially on posterior abdominal segments; (ii) ducts of intermediate width, each about 3.5 ��m wide, present between larger ducts and narrower ducts; and (iii) narrow ducts, each 2.5 ���3.0 ��m wide, present throughout. Anal lobes membranous with a well-developed area of sclerotization on inner margin, each with diagonal ridges, each lobe 100 ��m long; each lobe with a large apical seta, both broken; each inner margin with 3 strongly setose setae towards base, each 20���23 ��m long, and 2 fleshy setae on dorsum nearer apex, more anterior seta 12���13 ��m long, more posterior 8���9 ��m long; ventral surface without a seta near apex but with 2 short setose setae (probably medio- and anteroventral setae) more anteriorly, each 7���8 ��m long; apparently without an outer margin seta; each lobe with longitudinal lines of about 5 small 8 -shaped pores dorsally and 6 ventrally. Median anal plate not visible. Anal ring with 4 pairs of setae, each about 110 ��m long, each narrowing gradually towards apex. Venter. Eight-shaped pores of 2 sizes: (i) intermediate-sized pores, similar to those on dorsum, sparse near each antenna, and (ii) small pores, similar to those on dorsum, in radial lines meeting those from dorsum, and also in a more or less semi-circular band submedially; with a few in transverse bands on abdominal segments and on anal lobes. Simple pores, similar to those on dorsum, very sparse. Small bilocular pores, each 3.5 ���4.0 x 2.5 ��m, frequent medially on head and thorax. Spiracular disc-pores small, each 3���4 ��m wide, those near spiracle usually with 5 loculi but otherwise with mainly 7 or 8 loculi; posterior band not bifurcated; with very few pores (10���15) in each stigmatic band between spiracle and apex, but then forming an almost round apical group on dorsum; numbers in each apex uncertain but probably more than 100; each apical group distinctive as described above under dorsum. Also with 17���19 pores, mainly 5 -locular, laterad to each antenna. Multilocular disc-pores, each about 6 ��m wide with mainly 10 loculi, arrangement uncertain but in broad bands on segments V���VII and apparently just submarginally on segments IV���II and metathorax; perhaps as follows: VIII none; VII with a total about 75, but marginally band appears to turn anteriorly towards segment VI; also with a small group of 4 medially between VI and VII; VI band broken but perhaps with a total of about 115 disc-pores, plus a submarginal line of 5 between segments VI and V; V with a total of perhaps 80 (only visible on one side) and then in submarginal groups, IV with 5���10, III & II 2 on each side, and metathorax with 2 on each side. Tubular ducts similar to narrow type on dorsum, or even slightly narrower; present throughout. Ventral setae slightly more abundant than on dorsum on posterior abdominal segments but all setose and short; preanal setae each 40 ��m long; companion setae short. Leg stubs absent. Antennae unsegmented, very short, each about 25 ��m long and 25 ��m wide, with about 4 fleshy setae and 2 setose setae; without either an apical cone or a distinct setal cavity. Clypeolabral shield 145 ��m long. Spiracular peritreme each 33���35 ��m wide. Comment. The adult female of C. bernardi is clearly similar to those of both C. ficoides and C. javanensis, sharing with them: (i) each stigmatic pore band with the same structured apex, (ii) a fleshy seta associated with each stigmatic pore band apex, and (iii) two or more sizes of tubular ducts on the dorsum, the larger present on each side of the lattice-like lines of 8 -shaped pores. Cerochiton bernardi differs from both C. ficoides and C. javanensis in: (i) the much larger groups of sunken pores in the apex of each stigmatic pore band; (ii) non-bifurcated posterior stigmatic pore bands, and (iii) the pattern of the lattice lines. It also differs from C. javanensis in having: (i) multilocular disc-pores (as in C. ficoides), and (ii) no leg stubs (present in C. javanensis). C. bernardi also differs from C. ficoides in having many more multilocular disc-pores. The adult female of C. bernardi is characterised by the following combination of character-states: (i) anteroventral sclerotizations absent; (ii) three spinose setae present along inner margin of each anal lobe; (iii) dorsal fleshy setae on anal lobes rather spinose; (iv) posteroventral seta on each anal lobe absent; (v) dorsum with four sizes of 8 -shaped pore; (vi) smallest pores forming a reticulate pattern throughout dorsum and margins of venter; (vii) largest 8 -shaped pores restricted to within and around apices of each stigmatic band; (viii) apex of each stigmatic pore band with round groups of more than 40 sunken 8 -shaped pores in centre; (ix) lateral margins of posterior abdominal segments without large 8 -shaped pores dorsally; (x) cribriform plates in a single group of nine medially on abdominal segment IV; (xi) stigmatic bands quite long and extending onto dorsum; (xii) tubular ducts of three sizes on dorsum, broadest ducts in a line on either side of each reticulation and medially on posterior abdominal segments; (xiii) leg stubs absent; (xiv) stigmatic pore bands not bifurcated; (xv) multilocular disc-pores abundant on abdominal segments IV���VI but only in submarginal groups on segments III and II and on metathorax; (xvi) spiracular disc-pores extremely few near spiracles but quite abundant in each stigmatic pore band apex, and (xvii) antennae without either a cone-like apex or setal cavily. Name derivation: Chilechiton bernardi is here named after the collector, C. Bernard, who collected several scale insects; Green also used this manuscript name on the slide., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on pages 145-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Cerococcus michaeli Lambdin Cerococcus michaeli Lambdin 1998: 297���300. Type details. NEW ZEALAND, North Island, Coromandel, on Dysoxylum spectabile (Meliaceae). Note: Lambdin (1998) states that the types series (holotype adf + 4 paratype adff on same slide) were deposited in the USNM, but these could not be located in Autumn, 2014 (Miller, pers. comm.); nor could they be located in NZAC (Robert Hoare, pers. comm.). Comment. Specimens of this species were not seen in this study. Although C. michaeli has most of the main characteristics of adult females of Cerococcidae, Lambdin (1998) states that this species has: (i) asterolecaniid-type tubular ducts, which lack an inner ductule, but that there are 1���3 teeth within the cup-shaped invagination; (ii) a very small anal ring with six very short anal ring setae; (iii) an opening at the anterior end of the median anal plate for ���waste elimination���, and (iv) anal lobes covered in small fleshy scale-like structures. All of these characteristics are unique and suggest that this species should probably be in a monotypic genus rather than Cerococcus. However, the type specimen could not be located in the USNM nor anywhere else and so this species has not been studied further. The suggestion by Lambdin (1998) that there is an opening at the anterior end of the medial plate sounds highly unlikely. However, the anal ring is much reduced and has short setae. The long setae associated with the anal ring of other cerococcids are used for honeydew elimination as in Coccidae (see Malumphy, 1997). Clearly, because the anal ring setae are so short in C. michaeli, they are not designed for this and thus may not be able to expel the honeydew in the normal manner. It is possible, therefore, that Lambdin���s suggestion may be true although how the female would prevent itself from becoming clogged by honeydew is unclear! Perhaps it no longer feeds on phloem sap. On all other cerococcids, the anterior margin of the medial plate actually lies over the entrance to the anal tube so that the sclerotized anterior margin of the plate extends down around the anal ring. What happens on C. michaeli is not clear. Based on the desciprion of Lambdin (1998), the main character-states diagnosing C. michaeli are: (i) 8 -shaped pores of one size, very sparse throughout dorsum and submarginally on venter; (ii) tubular ducts more similar to those of the Asterolecaniidae, without an inner ductule, perhaps most abundant in marginal areas; (iii) cribriform plates each with large micropores and a very narrow border; with two submedial pairs, anterior pair possibly on abdominal segment IV/V and posterior pair on VI/VII; (iv) simple pores absent; (v) medial anal plate triangular, and possibly with an opening along anterior border; (vi) each anal lobe with overlapping scale-like structures on both dorsal and ventral surface; (vii) apical setae on each anal lobe short and spinose; (viii) another spinose seta present on posterolateral margins of each anal lobe; (ix) anal ring small with only six anal ring setae; (x) leg stubs absent; (xi) posterior stigmatic band bifurcated but disc-pores in posterior branch few; (xii) multilocular disc-pores absent; (xiii) antennae one-segmented, but perhaps with some setae on pronounced cones; (xiv) loculate pores near antennae absent, and (xv) vulva particularly large. As indicated above, this combination of characeristics is very different from those typical of other cerococcid genera. This species clearly needs further study., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on pages 163-164, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Cerococcus artemisiae (Cockerell) Lecaniodiaspis artemisiae Cockerell 1897: 514 Solenophora coloradensis Cockerell 1898 a: 262. Synonymy by Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977: 2. Solenococcus coloradensis; Cockerell, 1899: 392. Change of combination. Solenococcus artemisiae; Hunter 1899: 76. Change of combination. Solenophora artemisiae; Cockerell 1900: 368. Change of combination Cerococcus coloradensis; Green 1917: 80. Change of combination. Cerococcus artemisiae; Ferris 1955: 31. Change of combination. Type details. Solenococcuss artemisiae, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA , New Mexico, Embudo, on Artemisia sp., 25.ix. 1897, T.D.A. Cockerell. Depository: USNM: Lectotype adf (designated by Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977: 60���64) + 3 / 5 paralectotype adff + 1 slide with a first-instar nymph. Type details. Solenophora coloradensis, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA , Colorado, Ca��on City, on Atriplex canescens, E. Bethel. Depository: USNM: Lectotype here designated, 1 / 1 adf, also 3 / 11 paralectotype adff, 1 / 6 first-instar nymphs + 1 / 1 second-instar nymph. Material studied. C. artemisiae: lectotype and paralectotype ff: MEXICO, Embudo, on Artemisia sp. (Asteraceae), no date, T.D.A. Cockerell (USNM): 2 / 2 adff (g). Cerococcus coloradensis, lectotype, Canon City, on Atriplex canescens (Amaranthaceae), no date, E. Bethal (USNM): 1 / 1 ad f (g) Comment. The material seen here agreed well with the description in Lambdin and Kosztarab (1977) apart from: (i) the dorsal 8 -shaped pores did not appear to be in two distinct sizes, rather they appear to be variable in size although the larger pores did tend to be near the stigmatic pore bands and the cribriform plates as suggested by Lambdin and Kosztarab; (ii) no minute sclerotized leg stubs could be detected, and (iii) occasionally there are one or two multilocular disc-pores on each side of abdominal segment VII, and so the anterior band Lambdin and Kosztarab illustrate is on segment II; there are also 0���2 multilocular disc-pores submarginally on the metathorax. The adult female of C. artemisiae is characterised by the following combination of character-states: (i) 8 - shaped pores on dorsum not in a reticulate pattern but fairly randomly distributed; (ii) 8 -shaped pores on dorsum of one or two sizes, both quite small; (iii) apex of each stigmatic pore band with one to three 8 -shaped pores; (iv) cribriform plates fused into submedial groups of two���four on each side of abdominal segment IV; (v) tubular ducts of two sizes present, broadest medially on posterior abdominal segments, narrower ducts abundant elsewhere; (vi) multilocular disc-pores present in narrow bands 1 -pore wide across abdominal segments II���VI and on metathorax; occasionally with one or two submarginally on VII; (vii) stigmatic pore bands bifurcated; (viii) stigmatic pore bands with few spiracular disc-pores, and (ix) small leg stubs perhaps sometimes present. In the key to adult females of Cerococcus, C. artemisiae keys out close to C. andinus from Argentina and C. parrotti from North America., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on page 153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Cerococcus russellae Kosztarab & Vest Cerococcus russellae Kosztarab & Vest 1966: 374���375. Type details. MEXICO, Morelos, Cuernavaca, on Gossypium herbaceum, 3.ix. 1923, E.G. Smyth. Depository: USNM: holotype adf + 2 paratype adff on same slide and 2 / 5 paratype adff. Material examined: paratype ff: MEXICO, Morelos, Cuernavaca, on Gossypium herbaceum (Malvaceae), 3.ix. 1923, E.G. Smyth (USNM): 1 / 2 adff (g). Also: GUATAMALA, San Lucas Taliman, on coffee (Coffea sp., Rubiaceae), 1.vii. 1959, Jesus Castro (USNM): 1 / 3 adff (g). Comment. Kosztarab and Vest (1966) and Lambdin and Kosztarab (1977) provide good descriptions. In the the type specimens, many of the leg stubs have distinct digitules and several small pores, here believed to be setal sockets; this has not been noted in other species. The leg stubs on the non-type specimens from Guatamala are different in shape and lack digitules. Other differences between the two lots of material are (character-states for Guatamala specimens): (i) many fewer quinquelocular disc-pores and 8 -shaped pores in the apices of each stigmatic pore band, and (ii) there are many fewer loculate pores near each antenna. Like C. deklei and C. kalmiae, C. russellae has the 8 -shaped pores on the dorsum arranged in a lattice-like pattern, as also found in species of Cerochiton (described as new above). However, the structure of the apices of the stigmatic pore bands is very different from that on species of Cerochiton as is the distribution of the larger dorsal tubular ducts. The adult female of C. russellae is characterised by the following combination of character-states: (i) 8 -shaped pores on dorsum in a lattice-like pattern; (ii) 8 -shaped pores on dorsum of two sizes, both quite small; (iii) larger pores restricted to near stigmatic pore bands; smaller pores throughout rest of dorsum; (iv) cribriform plates in two submedial groups of 15���24 on each side of abdominal segment IV; (v) tubular ducts of one size; (vi) multilocular disc-pores absent; (vii) stigmatic pore bands bifurcated; (viii) stigmatic pore bands with abundant spiracular discpores, and (ix) leg stubs present. In the key to adult females of Cerococcus, C. russellae keys out close to C. deklei from North America., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on page 162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Antecerococcus Green, 1901, revived status. Antecerococcus Green 1901: 560. Type species: Antecerococcus punctiferus Green, by monotypy. Phenacobryum Cockerell 1902: 114. Type species: Planchonia bryoides Maskell, subsequently designated by Borchsenius, 1960 d: 110. Synonymy with Cerococcus by Green 1908: 41. Syn. nov. Amelococcus Marchal 1904: 557, 560. Type species: Amelococcus alluaudi Marchal, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy with Cerococcus by Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977: 16. Syn. nov. Cercococcus Scott 1907: 455. Type species: Cercococcus eremobius Scott, by monotypy. Synonymy with Cerococcus by Green 1908: 41. Syn. nov. Coricoccus Mahdihassan 1933: 562. Type species: Coricoccus ornatus Green. Synonymy with Cerococcus by Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977: 16. Syn. nov. Note. Anterocerococcus was synonymised with Cerococcus by Green (1908), but here its status is revised and it is removed from synonymy with Cerococcus Comstock. This revival is because the adult females of all species in Antecerococcus were found to share a range of morphological features, including an anteroventral sclerotization on each anal lobe, that are absent from the adult females of all species of Cerococcus as redefined below. With the recognition of Antecerococcus Green, the names Phenacobryum Cockerell, Amelococcus Marchal, Cercococcus Scott and Coricoccus Mahdihassan become synonyms of Antecerococcus rather than of Cerococcus because their type species (listed above) fall within this genus. Generic description and diagnosis. Adult female. Mounted material. Basic body structure typical of Cerococcidae (Figs 4���49). Anal lobes rarely sclerotized throughout (except in A. asparagi), otherwise with wellsclerotized inner margins, each occasionally with reticulations or diagonal ridges, each lobe with 1 or 2 small setose seta (at most) on inner margin but with 2 long fleshy setae on dorsal surface, 1 near apex and other about half-way along each lobe, each fleshy seta several times longer than wide and generally with a blunt apex (rarely long and almost setose); ventral surface of each lobe with a setose or rather spinose seta near apex (Fig. 3 A); also each lobe generally with a medioventral seta and sometimes an anteroventral seta (presence of latter taxonomically significant) plus a small seta on each outer margin (Fig. 3 B). Median anal plate typical of family. Anal ring with 4 pairs of setae (exception An gallicolus (Mamet) with 3 pairs), each seta narrowing rather abruptly about 2 / 3 rds along length. Dorsum with up to 4 sizes of 8 -shaped pore: largest pores (> 15 ��m widest) present associated with each stigmatic band but also along margins and sometimes in swirls or bands medially on dorsum; almost always with a line or band of large 8 -shaped pores along dorsal margins of posterior abdominal segments; smaller sizes of 8 -shaped pore generally most common pore types medially; smallest pores generally present across posterior abdominal segments (posterior to cribriform plates) and in apices of stigmatic pore bands; structure, size and distribution of dorsal 8 -shaped pores important taxonomically; 8 -shaped pores also frequently present within apex of each stigmatic band, mainly smallest pores but occasionally other sizes. Simple pores typical of family present but rarely showing anything significant. Tubular ducts of only 1 size on dorsum, generally slightly wider and slightly more abundant on dorsum than on venter. Cribriform plates always present in a submedial group on each side of abdominal segment IV (apart from A. rubra that appears to have long ductules), of highly variable size and structure, sometimes also in bands and on segments anterior to abdominal segment IV. Ventrally, with stigmatic pore bands generally extending onto dorsum (rarely possibly not reaching dorsum (e.g., A. sparsiporus Hodgson & Williams, sp. nov.), posterior bands bifurcated or non-bifurcated; each band with quinquelocular disc-pores but many species with more loculi in disc-pores of each apical group; also each apical group often with a small seta nearby; loculate pores (generally 5 -locular) also present in a sparse group near each antenna. Small bilocular pores restricted to cephalothorax. Multilocular disc-pores present or absent; occasionally entirely absent but when present, generally each with 10 loculi, in segmental lines across abdominal segments and sometimes also on metathorax; each band normally with a submarginal group and a medial band; multilocular disc-pores on segment VII generally only represented by submarginal groups on each side of vulva but occasionally band complete; those on segments VIII and IX similar, generally in submarginal groups but occasionally forming a band posterior to vulva; multilocular disc-pores also sometimes present mesad to each spiracle. Small convex closed pores sometimes present, usually in a partial or complete line between each antenna and metathoracic leg stubs. Anteroventral sclerotized areas always present on venter laterad to anal ring (Figs 3 A, 3 B). Leg stubs present or absent. Antennae generally unsegmented but occasionally appearing 2 segmented, usually with 7 fleshy setae but some species also with a few setose setae; some species with a distinct cone-shaped extension to apex of each antenna; other species with one or more fleshy setae in a distinct cavity. Spiracles, each with spiracular disc-pores in a group anterior to spiracle but not in a semi-circle laterad to or posterior to peritreme; occasionally with a sclerotized bar extending anteriorly over each spiracle (probably most obvious on older specimens)., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on page 19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Cerococcus asteris Hodgson & Williams, sp. nov. (Fig. 53) Material studied. Holotype and paratype ff: MEXICO, San Lorenzo, Puebla, on stem of Pedilanthus sp. (Euphorbiaceae), 24.vii. 1978, Riddlehuber et al. (USNM): 1 / 3 adff (holotype specimen g, clearly arrowed, specimen furthest from species label; 2 paratype specimens (f). Note. Data taken from all specimens. Mounted material. Body roundly pear-shaped, 2.4���3.1 mm long, 2.1���2.7 mm wide, with only a short abdominal extension posteriorly. Dorsum. Eight-shaped pores absent from large areas of dorsum; pores of 2 sizes: (i) medium to small pores, each 8���10 x 5.0��� 5.5 ��m (largest perhaps near margin), in a complex pattern medially but mainly in 20���22 radial lines extending out from center of dorsum, each line 1���3 pores wide; and (ii) smaller pores, each about 7 x 5 ��m, in groups within apex of each stigmatic pore band, each group with 10���16 pores; large 8 -shaped pores absent. Simple pores very sparse, each about 1.5 ��m wide. Cribriform plates, each about 8 ��m wide, in two groups of 3���7 plates on each side of abdominal segment IV, each group in a mildly sclerotized cavity, each cavity variable in size but most about 40 ��m wide; micropores in each plate quite large. Dorsal setae few, each setose, and mainly 3���5 ��m long. Tubular ducts of 1 size, abundant, each outer ductule 23���25 ��m long. Anal lobes mainly sclerotized throughout most of dorsal surface but becoming more distinctly sclerotized on inner margins; each lobe about 95 ��m long with a long apical seta (all broken); each lobe with 2 bullet-shaped fleshy setae, each 7���8 ��m long, near apex on dorsal surface; also with 3 strong short setae, each 7���12 ��m long, on each inner margin, and 2 or 3 short setae on ventral surface; each lobe also with a longitudinal line of 4 or 5 eight-shaped pores dorsally and a few laterally. Median anal plate 68���70 ��m long, 58���63 ��m wide at base; apex bluntly pointed. Anal ring with 4 pairs of setae, each 53���66 ��m long, all narrowing rather gently towards apex; anal ring with 2 rows of pores. Venter. Derm unsclerotized apart from anal lobes that appear to be sclerotized ventrally. Eight-shaped pores similar to those on dorsum but slightly larger, each 11���13 x 6.0��� 6.5 ��m; in a broad sparse marginal and submarginal band extending medially to well mesad of each antenna and spiracles; a few areas perhaps pore free near margin, each related to radial bands on dorsum; none medially near mouthparts. Simple pores not detected. Small bilocular pores, each 5���8 ��m wide, sparse medially in head and thorax. Spiracular disc-pores small, each 3.5 ���5.0 ��m wide (largest near apex of band) with mainly 5 loculi, in narrow bands 1���3 pores wide, broadening on dorsum into a large and distinct group, each group with 20���35 disc-pores (mainly with 7 loculi) plus a medial group of 10���16 small 8 -shaped pores; posterior band bifurcated; each band with a total of 50���90 pores; also with 10���15 pores near each antenna, in a radial group extending towards margin. Multilocular disc-pores entirely absent. Tubular ducts, similar to those on dorsum, present throughout but perhaps not as frequent, and some ducts with an area of mild sclerotization around outer opening. Ventral setae slightly more abundant than on dorsum but all setose and short; preanal setae short, each 35���37 ��m long; companion setae quite long, each 23���25 ��m long. Antennae unsegmented, each 30���35 ��m long, 35 ��m wide, with 4 fleshy setae and 3���5 setose setae. Clypeolabral shield 170���175 ��m long. Holotype specimen with a small sclerotized tube-like structure near base of one lobe; anteroventral sclerotizations on each anal lobe laterad to anal ring absent. Comment. The lace-like arrangement of the dorsal 8 -shaped pores on the adult female of C. asteris is unique in Cerococcus for, although lines or bands of 8 -shaped pores are also present on other Cerococcus species, in the latter species they are in an evenly spaced lattice-like pattern with 8 -shaped pores frequent between the lines, whilst in C. asteris, the lines or bands of pores are not evenly spaced and there are no 8 -shaped pores between them. In addition, the adult female of C. asteris also has the following unusual features: (i) large and obvious groups of spiracular disc-pores and smaller 8 -shaped pores in apex of each pore band (somewhat similar to the arrangement in Cerochiton); (ii) cribriform plates in two submedial clusters on each side of abdominal segment IV, each cluster formed of 3���7 plates fused together in a mildly sclerotized cavity, and (iii) ventral marginal band of 8 ���shaped pores extending some distance mesad of each spiracle. The odd single sclerotized pore or duct on outer base of one lobe on the holotype specimen cannot be found on the other specimens, although it is very distinct. This is not thought to be homologous with the anteroventral sclerotizations typical of Antecerococcus species. The adult female of C. asteris is characterised by the following combination of character-states: (i) anteroventral sclerotizations absent; (ii) three finely spinose setae present along inner margin of each anal lobe; (iii) dorsal fleshy setae on anal lobes spinose and bullet-shaped; (iv) posteroventral seta on each anal lobe absent; (v) dorsum with two sizes of 8 -shaped pores, both quite small; (vi) 8 -shaped pores on dorsum in a lace-like pattern; (vii) smallest 8 -shaped pores restricted to 10���16 pores within apex of each stigmatic pore band; (viii) large areas of dorsum without 8 -shaped pores; (ix) cribriform plates present in submedial clusters of 3���7 plates fused into two groups on each side of abdominal segment IV; (x) tubular ducts of one size only present; (xi) leg stubs absent; (xii) posterior stigmatic bands bifurcated; (xiii) multilocular disc-pores entirely absent; (xiv) ventral 8 -shaped pores in a very broad marginal band extending medially well past antennae and spiracles, and (xv) antennae without either a cone-like apex or setal cavity. In the key to adult females of Cerococcus, C. asteris keys out close to C. deklei and C. russellae. All three are from southern USA and Central and South America. Name derivation: asteris is derived from the Latin word aster, meaning a star, referring to the radiating pattern of 8 -shaped pores on the dorsum, and is in the genitive singular., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on pages 153-155, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Asterococcus ramakrishai (Ramakrishna Ayyer) (Fig. 50) Cerococcus ramakrishnae Ramachandran & Ramakrishna Ayyar 1934: 86. Nomen nudum. Cerococcus ramakrishnae Ramakrishna Ayyar 1937: 148. Asterococcus ramakrishnai Lambdin 1983: 304���306. Synonymy by Miller & Gimpel 1999: 216. Homonym. Asterococcus ramakrishnai; Miller & Gimpel 1999: 216 (Justified emendation). Type details. Cerococcus ramakrishnae, INDIA , Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, on rootlets of Ficus sp., Ramakrishna, # 335. Depository: BMNH: lectotype adf (designated by Miller & Gimpel 1999: 216) + 1 / 1 paralectotype adff. Type details. Asterococcus ramakrishnai, INDIA , Madras, Coimbatore, Bombay, on aerial roots of Ficus sp., 28.ix. 1903, G. Compere. Depository: USNM: holotype adf (USNM; type no. 1385) and 2 / 3 paratype adff. Material studied. C. ramakrishnae: Lectotype + paralectotype ff: INDIA, Coimbatore, on aerial roots of Ficus sp. (Moraceae), no date, Ramakrisha # 335 (BMNH): 2 / 4 adff (p���vp���labelled Lectotype on sleeve but slides very poor). Also: Cerococcus sp.: INDIA, Rhamba, Lake Chilka, N.E. Madras, on aerial roots of Ficus sp., no date, Ind. Mus. Coll. (BMNH): 1 / 3 adff (g); also same data but dated 5.iii. 1910 (BMNH): 2 / 4 adff (f���mounted from dried material by CJH). Also, dried material labelled with the same data as Lectotype but on Ficus benghalensis, and dated 24.x. 1931 (BMNH); and Central Farm, Coimbatore, Ficus religiosa, 24.v. 1931, T.V. Ramakrishna (BMNH). Note. Description made from Lake Chilka material. Mounted material. Body roundly pear-shaped, 1.9 ���2.0 mm long, 1.7���1.8 mm wide. Dorsum. Eight-shaped pores of 1 size, quite small, each 5 x 3 ��m, occasional around margin but absent medially on cephalothorax; in 3 transverse bands across abdominal segments, perhaps on segments IV, VI and also just anterior to median plate; each line mainly 1 pore wide. Cribriform plates absent. Dorsal setae showing nothing distinctive. Tubular ducts narrow, with outer ductule 18���20 ��m long; cup-shaped invagination without teeth; of 1 size only. Anal lobes distinctly sclerotized throughout, each lobe with a short sclerotized extension anteriorly (which can look like an anteroventral sclerotization but is dorsal!); each lobe about 80 ��m long, with a long apical seta, all broken but at least 100 ��m long; more apical fleshy setae on dorsal surface straight, and sharply pointed, each 12���16 ��m long; more basal fleshy setae longer with a blunt apex, each 18���20 ��m long; inner margin of each lobe with 5 or (more usually) 6 stoutly setose setae, each about 20 ��m long; ventral seta near apex of each lobe absent; medioventral or outer margin setae 12 ��m long; each lobe with 4 or 5 8 -shaped pores in a line on each surface. Median anal plate 60���70 ��m long, 45���55 ��m wide at base, with a pointed, slightly serrate apex. Anal ring with 4 pairs of setae, each 75���85 ��m long, narrowing gradually towards apex. Venter. Eight-shaped pores of 2 sizes: (i) a slightly larger pore than those on dorsum, each 6.0 x 3.5 ��m, in a marginal band extending medially almost to each spiracle and with antennae lying within band, and (ii) a pore similar to the smaller pore on dorsum, sparse on each side of marginal band and in narrow bands, mainly 1 or 2 pores wide, across all abdominal segments. Simple pores very sparse, each 1.5 ��m wide, most abundant on abdomen. Small bilocular pores oval, each about 3 ��m widest, present medially on head and thorax. Spiracular disc-pores small, each about 3.0 ��m wide with mainly 6���8 loculi, in a ring surrounding each spiracular atrium, and then in a short radial band 3���6 pores wide but widening and becoming denser as band reaches marginal band of 8 - shaped pores, before narrowing again near margin; posterior band bifurcated; each band with 150 + disc pores; each apex with six to nine 8 -shaped pores; also with 20���35 loculate pores near each antenna, each group often with an 8 - shaped pore. Multilocular disc-pores large, each about 8 ��m wide, of unusual structure, each with a divided central loculus, and 10 outer loculi; in transverse bands mainly 1 pore wide across 3 segments, with totals as follows: VII 0; VI 5���14; V 26���35, and IV 22���28; bands becoming 2 pores wide near margin. Tubular ducts similar to those on dorsum, fairly abundant marginally but absent outside of marginal band on cephalothorax although present in posterior abdominal segments. Ventral setae slightly more abundant than on dorsum but all setose and short; present in distinct segmental lines on abdominal segments; preanal setae each 40���45 ��m long, companion setae short. Leg stubs absent but with dermal folds in this position. Antennae short, each 10���13 ��m long, 15���18 ��m wide; apex rounded without either a setal cavity or a cone-like extension. Clypeolabral shield 145 ��m long. Spiracular peritremes each 25���27 ��m wide. Anteroventral sclerotizations on anal lobes absent. Comment. Lambdin obviously discovered further slides not identified to species when he described A. ramakrishnai in 1983. The above description is basically similar to that of Lambdin (1983) but some differences were found: (i) no leg stubs could be detected. Lambdin illustrates a metathoracic leg stub, with a distinct claw but states in the text ���Legs absent���. There do appear to be small dermal folds in the approximate position of the legs. (ii) Lambdin shows multilocular disc-pores in abdominal segment VII but none were in this position on the above material. (iii) The smaller ventral 8 -shaped pores appeared to form transverse bands on all abdominal segments (only shown on segment IV and posteriorly). The following combination of character-states appear diagnostic: (i) anteroventral sclerotizations absent; (ii) five or six spinose setae present along inner margin of each anal lobe; (iii) dorsal fleshy setae on anal lobes rather spinose; (iv) tubular ducts on dorsum of one size only; (v) 8 -shaped pores on dorsum all small and restricted to bands across abdominal segments IV, VI and VIII; (vi) cribriform plates absent; (vii) leg stubs absent; (viii) posterior stigmatic bands bifurcated; (ix) tubular ducts absent medially on venter of cephalothorax; (x) tubular ducts and 8 -shaped pores on venter in a broad marginal band extending medially past each antenna; (xi) multilocular disc-pores unusually large (each about 8 ��m wide), with a divided or double inner loculus; (xii) multilocular disc-pores present only on abdominal segments IV���VI; (xiii) stigmatic pore bands short, not reaching dorsum; (xiv) spiracular disc pores each with mainly 6���8 loculi; (xv) spiracular disc-pores forming a ring or band around spiracular atrium, and (xvi) antennae without a cone-like apex or setal cavity. Most of these character-states are typical for adult females of species of Asterococcus. For a discussion of the differences between Asterococcus and Antecerococcus, see under Antecerococcus ovoides above., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on pages 140-142, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Cerococcus catenarius (Fonseca), comb. nov. (Fig. 54) Cerococcus catenarius Fonseca 1957: 123. Cerococcus cantenarius Fonseca: Fonseca 1958: 23. Misspelling of species name. Type details. BRAZIL, S��o Paulo, Pirajui, on Coffea arabica, -. vi. 1954, J.P. da Fonseca. Depositories: IBSP, Brazil: syntypes, adf (IBSP, Brazil; type no. 4205). No other information. BMNH: 3 / 5 syntype adff. USNM: 1 / 1 syntype adf. Note: Lambdin and Kosztarab (1977) state there should be 2 slides in USNM but only one was found by Miller (pers. comm.). Material studied. Syntype ff: BRAZIL, S��o Paulo, Pirajui, on coffee (Coffea sp., Rubiaceae), -. iv. 1954, J.P. Fonseca (BMNH): 2 / 3 adff (fair���ex type material; note that all anal areas are extremely poor); also Estado de S��o (Paulo?), on coffee (Coffea sp.), June 1954, J.P. Fonseca (BMNH): 1 / 1 adf (very poor). Also: AUSTRALIA, no other locality data, on Eucalyptus cladocalyx (Myrtaceae), 27.vii. 1903, D. Clark (USNM): 4 / 4 adff (fair to poor) (but see Comments below on the identity of this collection). Note: the following description is made from the Brazilian ex-type material. Data for the Australian material in [...] brackets where it differs from or adds to the description. Mounted material. Roundly pear-shaped. Body 3.7 ���4.0 [2.7���3.1] mm long, 3.0��� 3.75 [2.85���3.1] mm wide. Dorsum. Eight-shaped pores of about 3 sizes: (i) largest 10���12 x 6.5 ���7.0 ��m, those furthest from margin often difficult to separate from medium-sized pores; sparse in a narrow marginal band, most abundant near stigmatic pore bands; (ii) medium-sized pores, each 6.0��� 6.5 x 4.0��� 4.5 [6.5���8.5 x 5] ��m, sparse throughout most of dorsum, and intermingling among larger pores near margin; absent just anterior to anal plate; tending to be largest near margin; and (iii) small pores, each about 6 x 4 [5.5 ���6.0 x 3.5] ��m, present in a band of 13���22 [15���22] dividing each apical group into a more marginal part and an apical part; also present across posterior abdominal segments. Simple pores, each about 1.5 ��m wide, extremely sparse, possibly present throughout. Cribriform plates present in 2 submedial groups of 5���7 plates on abdominal segment IV [one Australian specimen with a single plate on segment III], each plate very variable in size but mainly roundish; each 10���25 [10���35] ��m wide, with a narrow sclerotized margin and very small micropores. Setae extremely sparse, but usually with 1 just anterior to apex of each group of spiracular disc-pores, each 8���10 ��m long. Tubular ducts of 2 types: (i) a duct with a very broad outer ductule, each 23���27 ��m long and 5 ��m wide, with a much narrower inner ductule about 18 ��m long; abundant medially on about abdominal segments VI���VIII, and (ii) a narrow, slightly longer, duct 1.5 ���2.0 ��m wide, abundant throughout rest of dorsum. Anal lobes membranous except for sclerotized inner margins; each lobe of unknown length [about 75 ��m], with a long apical seta, all broken; each lobe also with a pair of bullet-shaped fleshy setae, subequal in length, both about 8 ��m long [one slightly larger (about 8 ��m long) than other (about 6.5 ��m long)] on dorsal surface near apex; other setae not visible [inner margins of each lobe with 3 slightly spinose setae, each 10���12 ��m long; medioventral/ outer margin setae each 6���7 ��m long; each lobe with about 4 or 5 eight-shaped pores dorsally and ventrally]. Median anal plate triangular, longer than broad, with a pointed apex; 58���60 [65] ��m long and 40���55 [45���50] ��m wide at base. Anal ring with 4 pairs of setae, 1 pair noticeably narrower than others; length unknown [each 65���75 ��m long], each seta tending to narrow gradually towards apex. Venter. Larger 8 -shaped pores in a broad band near each spiracle [rare near margin]; medium-sized pores similar to or slightly larger than those on dorsum, each 9.5���10.5 x 6.0��� 6.5 [8��� 9 x 4���6] ��m, forming a broad band on head and thorax, extending medially well past spiracles and antennae, and in transverse bands 4���5 pores wide across abdominal segments, smallest medially. Simple pore as on dorsum, sparse. Small bilocular pores oval, each 4.0��� 4.5 [4���5] ��m wide, present medially on head and thorax. Spiracular disc-pores small, each 3���5 [4���5] ��m wide, with 5���7 loculi (many with 7 on dorsum), without an obvious group near spiracle; in a fairly narrow band about 3 pores wide extending onto dorsum, each band with a total of more than 120 pores, band barely broadening on dorsum until near apical group; posterior band bifurcated; apical group large, often with a few pores extending radially onto dorsum; each group bisected by a band of 13���22 [15���22] smaller 8 -shaped pores; with a group of 30��� 40 [25���35] 5 -locular pores in a radial band near each antenna. Multilocular disc-pores, each 5.0���6.0 [5.5 ���7.0] ��m wide with mostly 10 loculi, distributed in very broad bands (at least 4���7 pores wide) across segments II���VI; each band with well over 100 pores; also with 40���50 [at least 35���40] in metathorax between metathoracic leg stubs; absent from abdominal segments VIII & VII; also occasionally with single pores near pro- and mesothoracic leg stubs [not detected]. Tubular ducts similar to narrow type on dorsum; present throughout. Ventral setae slightly more abundant than on dorsum but all setose and short; length of preanal setae unknown [each 40 ��m long]; length of companion setae unknown [13���15 ��m long]. Anteroventral sclerotizations on anal lobes absent. Leg stubs small [only metathoracic leg stubs detected]. Antennae possibly 2 segmented, each 30���33 [30���38] ��m long, with 4 or 5 fleshy setae and 2���4 thinner setae. Clypeolabral shield 165���175 ��m long. Spiracular peritremes each 45���53 [50��� 55] ��m wide. Comment. The adult female of C. catenarius is characterised by the following combination of characterstates: (i) anteroventral sclerotizations absent; (ii) three finely spinose setae present along inner margin of each anal lobe; (iii) dorsal fleshy setae on anal lobes bullet-shaped; (iv) posteroventral seta on each anal lobe absent; (v) dorsum with three sizes of 8 -shaped pore, all quite small, larger pore restricted to near stigmatic pore bands; (vi) 8 - shaped pores on dorsum randomly distributed, not in whorls or in a reticulate pattern; (vii) smallest 8 -shaped pores on dorsum in a transverse band across apex of each stigmatic pore band, dividing each large apical group of spiracular disc-pores into two halves; also present on posterior abdominal segments; (viii) stigmatic pore bands with abundant spiracular disc pores, forming a large apical group that sometimes extends a short way medially; (ix) cribriform plates present in a submedial group of 5���7 on each side of abdominal segment IV; (x) leg stubs present; (xi) stigmatic pore bands bifurcated; (xii) tubular ducts of two sizes, broadest ducts restricted to medially on posterior abdominal segments, narrower ducts abundant elsewhere; (xiii) multilocular disc-pores present in broad bands across abdominal segments II���VI and medially on metathorax; (xiv) ventral 8 -shaped pores extending medially well past antennae and spiracles, and (xv) antennae without either a cone-like apex or a setal cavity. Initially, it was considered that the specimens on eucalypts from Australia could not be A. catenarius, which is only otherwise known from Argentina and Brazil on Cajanus cajan (Fabaceae), Coffea arabica (Rubiaceae) and Camellia sinensis (Theaceae). However, a comparison of the slide material from Brazil (ex type material) with that from Australia found no differences and so it is considered that the ���Australian��� material does belong to A. catenarius. However, it is here considered that it is most likely that these slides have had the wrong label stuck on them and therefore, whilst the specimens are indeed C. catenarius, they did not originate from Australia. Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977) also redescribed this species but their redescription differs significantly from that above. They considered that the broader tubular ducts were on the abdominal venter whereas they are clearly dorsal on all of the material seen in this study, including that from Brazil. They also make no mention of the extraordinary expansion of the stigmatic pore bands on the dorsum, nor of the band of 8 -shaped pores that bisect each band. This is clear on all material. Lastly, they illustrate multilocular disc-pores as being present on some of the posterior abdominal segments, but none could be found on the specimens studied here. In the key to adult females of Cerococcus, C. catenarius keys out close to C. koebeli from Central America., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on pages 156-158, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Cerococcus parrotti (Hunter) Lecaniodiaspis parrotti Hunter 1899: 76. Solenococcus parrotti; Fernald 1903: 59. Change of combination. Cerococcus parrotti; Lawson 1917: 170. Change of combination. Type details. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Kansas, Lawrence, on Aesculus glabra (Sapindaceae), 9.ii. 1899. Depository unknown. The original type material is thought to consist of a single female test plus a specimen that had been almost totally destroyed by a parasite (Howell et al. 1971). Although Lambdin and Kosztarab apparently looked at a test from the type series, Miller was unable to trace this specimen. It is possible that type specimens have been lost (D. Miller, pers. comm.). However, it is generally accepted that there is no doubt about its identity. Material studied. U.S.A., Virginia, Sea Shore State Park, Virginia Beach, on Acer rubrum (Sapindaceae), 19.iii. 1969, M.L. Williams & J. Howell (USNM): 1 / 3 adff (fg); Virginia, Montgomery Co., Blacksburg, UPI Campus, on Tilia europea (Malvaceae), 5.iii. 1968, M.L. Williams & J.O. Howell (USNM): 1 / 1 adf (g); Georgia, Albany, on ��� Pecan terminal ��� (it is unclear to what plant this name refers; the Pecan species in Georgia is Carya illinoinensis (Juglandaceae)), 27.ii. 1975, W.L. Tedders (USNM): 2 / 6 adff (f���g). Comment. Lambdin and Kosztarab (1977) provide a good description, while Howell et al. (1971) describe and illustrate most instars and the female and male tests, and also provide information on its life cycle, host plants and distribution. However, our findings differ slightly from those of Lambdin and Kosztarab in that the above material has the apex of each stigmatic band almost split by a band of small 8 -shaped pores; and there are two multilocular disc-pores on abdominal segment VIII, and the anteriormost band is on segment II, and therefore there are no discpores on the metathorax. The adult female of C. parrotti is characterised by the following combination of character-states: (i) 8 -shaped pores on dorsum ���closely spaced, usually in swirls although difficult to distinguish��� (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977, p. 173 ���but shown as forming a faint reticulate pattern in their figure); (ii) 8 -shaped pores on dorsum of three sizes, all quite small; (iii) larger pores restricted to near stigmatic pore bands; smallest pores on posterior abdominal segments and associated with apex of each stigmatic pore band; (iv) cribriform plates subcircular to elliptical, present in submedial groups of two on each side of abdominal segment IV, with anterior plate slightly larger than posterior plate; (v) tubular ducts of two sizes, broader ducts restricted to posterior abdominal segments; narrower ducts frequent elsewhere; (vi) multilocular disc-pores in narrow bands about one pore wide across almost all abdominal segments but absent from metathorax; (vii) stigmatic pore bands bifurcated; (viii) stigmatic pore bands with few spiracular disc-pores, and (ix) leg stubs present. In the key to adult females of Cerococcus, C. parrotti keys out close to C. andinus from South America., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on pages 160-161, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Asterococcus muratae (Kuwana) Cerococcus muratae Kuwana 1907: 180. Solenophora muratae; Cockerell 1909: 55. Change of combination. Solenococcus muratae; Sanders 1909: 36. Change of combination Asterococcus pyri Borchsenius 1960: 118���120. Synonymy by Lambdin 1983: 298. Asterococcus muratae; Borchsenius 1960: 128. Change of combination. Type details. Asterococcus muratae, JAPAN , Tokyo, on Viburnum odoratissimum (Caprifoliaceae), 16.iv. 1906, S.I. Kuwana. Depository: IAES, Japan: holotype adf. [USNM: possesses 3 slides, 1 labelled paratype by Lambdin and other 2 labelled as cotype but, although locality and date are correct, all three are off grape not Vibernum (Miller, pers. comm.).] Type details. Asterococcus pyri, GEORGIA , Abkhazie, on Pyrus sp. (Rosaceae), 23.x. 1934, A. Shorkin. Depository: ZIAS: holotype adf (ZIAS also has 8 non-type slides). Material studied. JAPAN, Yokohama, on Viburnum sp. (Caprifoliaceae), 26.ix. 1954, Takahashi (BMNH): 3 / 4 adff (g). Comment. This species was redescribed by Lambdin (1983). Based on the material here studied, additional details to his description are: (i) the anteroventral sclerotizations on the anal lobes are absent; (ii) the structure of the multilocular disc-pores looks normal (Lambdin illustrates two rings of loculi); (iii) the anterior line of multilocular disc-pores is medial on the metathorax and these pores have fewer loculi; (iv) Lambdin describes the 8 -shaped pores on the dorsum of the cephalothorax as being in transverse lines but they appeared to be randomly distributed to us; (v) the transverse bands of 8 -shaped pores dorsally on the abdomen appear to be in three bands as follows: a broad band on segment III or IV (but Borchsenius (1960) shows this as two bands), possibly no band on IV or V, but narrow bands on VI and VII; (vi) the larger tubular ducts appear to be on segment VI, and (vii) each transverse band of multilocular disc-pores has a gap between the submarginal group and the medial band. Based on the figure of A. pyri (= A. muratae) in Borchsenius (1960), the adult female is characterised by the following combination of character-states: (i) eight-shaped pores on dorsum of head and thorax very sparse and smaller than those in transverse bands across abdomen; (ii) slightly larger 8 -shaped pores on abdomen in three or four transverse bands, possibly on segments IV, V, VII and VIII; (iii) cribriform plates absent; (iv) tubular ducts on dorsum of two sizes, narrow ducts sparse medially but becoming more abundant around margins; broader ducts restricted to medially on abdominal segments (v) tubular ducts on venter absent medially; (vi) posterior stigmatic bands bifurcated; (vii) each stigmatic band very broad near spiracles, each band narrowing near margin; (viii) 8 - shaped pores of two sizes on venter, both forming a broad marginal band but with smaller pores towards outside of band; (ix) multilocular disc-pores present across abdominal segments II���VII, absent on metathorax; (ix) leg stubs present, and (x) loculate pores near antennae abundant., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on pages 138-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Asterococcus Borchsenius Asterococcus Borchsenius 1960: 113���115. Type species: Asterococcus schimae Borchsenius, by original designation. Generic description and diagnosis (based on the five species seen in this study). Adult female. Mounted material. Basic body structure typical of Cerococcidae (Fig. 50). Anal lobes often sclerotized throughout, otherwise with well-sclerotized inner margins, sometimes with diagonal ridges, each with 4 (6 in A. ramakrishnai) quite spinose setae on inner margin and 2 strongly spinose setae on dorsal surface near apex (Fig. 3 C); ventral surface of each lobe without a setose apical seta (but here considered that the most posterior setae on inner margin may be homologous) but with a small seta on outer margin; both surfaces of lobes with longitudinal lines of small 8 -shaped pores. Median anal plate typical of family. Anal ring with 4 pairs of setae, each seta narrowing gradually. Dorsum with probably only 1 size of 8 -shaped pore, quite small and very sparse, perhaps sometimes entirely absent medially; large 8 -shaped pores (> 15 ��m widest) entirely absent. Simple pores often quite large and most abundant on posterior segments. Cribriform plates generally absent; when present small, in a submedial cluster on each side of abdominal segment IV. Ventrally, with stigmatic pore bands short, not reaching dorsum, posterior bands bifurcated; each band generally quite broad, but widening towards margin; most disc-pores with 7 or 8 loculi; apex of each pore band without a fleshy seta; loculate pores with 7 or 8 loculi also present in a large group near each antenna. Tubular ducts of 1 or 2 sizes on dorsum and 1 size on venter; when present, larger ducts broader and located on dorsum of posterior abdominal segments; narrower ducts long and narrow; tubular ducts most abundant in a marginal band on venter, otherwise sparse medially on dorsum and sometimes absent medially on venter; marginal band fairly narrow, not extending medially as far as spiracles and antennae. Ventral marginal band also with a band of 8 -shaped pores, generally of roughly 2 sizes, smallest along outer margins of band. Small bilocular pores typical of family. Multilocular disc-pores present or absent; when present in a segmental line across a few to all abdominal segments and sometimes also on metathorax. Anteroventral sclerotized areas on anal lobes laterad to anal ring absent (Fig. 3 C). Leg stubs generally present. Antennae unsegmented with about 7 fleshy setae. Spiracles as normal for Cerococcidae except that each has a shallow membranous atrium just laterad to peritreme, with spiracular disc-pores in a semi-circle along margin (Fig. 3 F), disc-pores not restricted to a group anterior to spiracle. Comment. Species of Asterococcus are similar to species of Cerococcus in having: (i) a line of spinose setae along the inner margins of the anal lobes, and (ii) a pair of strongly spinose (rather than fleshy) setae dorsally on each anal lobe; and in lacking (iii) the anteroventral sclerotization, and (iv) large 8 -shaped pores along the dorsal margin of the posterior abdominal segments. Some species also have a group of large tubular ducts on the dorsum of the posterior abdominal segments, as in many species of Cerococcus. However, species of Asterococcus differ in having: (i) short stigmatic pore bands, each band with apex probably on venter, (ii) a broad marginal band of tubular ducts and 8 -shaped pores on venter which generally extends medially sufficiently far to include the antennae; (iii) 8 -shaped pores few on dorsum of cephalothorax, these most common towards margins and always small, but (iv) present in a few transverse bands dorsally on some abdominal segments. The eight species included in this genus here are all found in the Oriental or eastern Palaearctic Regions. Asterococcus ovoides is here excluded from this genus and transferred to Antecerococcus (see under this species above). The three species deposited in museums in China (A. atratus Wang, A. oblatus Xue and Zhang and A. scleroglutaeus Xue & Shi) have not been seen during this study., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on page 137, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Cerochiton Hodgson & Williams, gen. nov. Type species: Cerococcus ficoides Green. Generic description and diagnosis: Adult female. Mounted material. Basic body structure typical of Cerococcidae (Figs 51, 52). Anal lobes with well-sclerotized inner margins with diagonal ridges, each with 3 quite spinose setae along inner margin and 2 approimately bullet-shaped fleshy setae on dorsal surface; ventral surface of each lobe without a setose apical seta but with 2 small setae medially (Fig. 3 D); both surfaces with a longitudinal line of 5 or 6 small 8 -shaped pores. Median anal plate typical of family. Anal ring with 4 pairs of setae, each seta narrowing gradually. Dorsum with at least 3 sizes of 8 -shaped pores, largest and intermediate-sized pores associated with stigmatic pore bands; morphology of apices of each band diagnostic (Fig. 3 N): each with a group of several to many large or intermediate-sized sunken (or recessed) 8 -shaped pores in a group, along with spiracular disc-pores (each usually with 7 or 8 loculi), and surrounded by a ring of non-sunken large 8 -shaped pores; also with small 8 -shaped pores in a lattice-like pattern on dorsum and laterally on venter; large 8 -shaped pores (> 15 ��m widest) absent. Simple pores present. Cribriform plates small, present in a medial cluster or 2 submedial clusters on abdominal segment IV. Stigmatic pore bands very sparse, posterior bands either bifurcated or not bifurcated; apex of each band almost circular to oval, with a group of sunken 8 -shaped pores and many loculate pores as described above; each apical group usually with a single fleshy seta. Spiracular disc-pores restricted to anterior to each spiracle. Loculate pores with mainly 5 loculi also present in a large group near each antenna. Tubular ducts of 2 or 3 sizes on dorsum and 1 size on venter; largest ducts on dorsum in a line on each side of each lattice-like line of smallest 8 -shaped pores. Venter also with a lattice-like pattern of small 8 -shaped pores. Small bilocular pores typical of family medially on head and thorax. Multilocular disc-pores present or absent; when present, in segmental lines across a few abdominal segments anterior to vulva, and sometimes sublaterally on more anterior abdominal segments and metathorax. Anteroventral sclerotized areas on anal lobes absent. Legs present or absent. Antennae unsegmented. Spiracles as normal for Cerococcidae. Comment. Species of Cerochiton share with species of Cerococcus the basic structure of the anal lobes (fleshy setae bullet-shaped; three setose setae along inner margin of each lobe; ventral seta near apex absent; anteroventral sclerotized areas on anal lobes absent). However, adult females of Cerochiton differ from those of Cerococcus in having: (i) a group of large 8 -shaped pores, each pore sunken below derm surface, centrally in apex of each stigmatic pore band, each group with intermingling spiracular disc-pores, and with a ring of large 8 -shaped pores around each apex but not down margins of stigmatic pore bands (structure of apex of each stigmatic pore band on Cerococcus simple, without an inner and outer ring of large 8 -shaped poes); (ii) larger 8 -shaped pores absent elsewhere on dorsum (larger 8 -shaped pores present elsewhere on dorsum); (iii) smallest dorsal 8 -shaped pores forming a lattice-like pattern on dorsum (2 species with a lattice-like pattern in Cerococcus); (iv) dorsum with two widths of tubular ducts, broader ducts present in a line on each side of each lattice-like line of small 8 -shaped pores (broad dorsal tubular ducts, when present, restricted to a group medially on posterior abdominal segments). Cerococcus deklei and C. russellae both have a lattice-like pattern of 8 -shaped pores on their dorsum but all other characters are different. The latter two species are restricted to Central America whereas the three species of Cerochiton are restricted to the Oriental Region, particularly the Philippines. Name derivation. Cero - from the Greek word keros meaning wax, combined with the Greek word chiton meaning tunic or garment, referring to the wax covering. Key to adult female Cerochiton species 1. Multilocular disc-pores absent. Posterior stigmatic pore band bifurcated. Cribriform plates in a submedial group of 5���8 on each side of segment IV. Each stigmatic pore band apex with 12���15 sunken large 8 -shaped pores. (Oriental: Java).......... ...................................................................... C. javanensis (Lambdin & Kosztarab) - Multilocular disc-pores present in transverse bands across at least abdominal segments VI and VII. Posterior stigmatic pore band either bifurcated or not. Other characters not in this combination........................................... 2 2. Posterior stigmatic pore band not bifurcated. Multilocular disc-pores abundant on posterior abdominal segments and sparse across anterior segments. Each apex of stigmatic bands with 45-52 large 8 -shaped pores medially. (Oriental: Java)............................................................................. C. bernardi Hodgson & Williams, sp. nov. - Posterior stigmatic pore band bifurcated. Multilocular disc-pores few, on segments (V), VI and VII only. Each apex of stigmatic bands with 7���10 large 8 -shaped pores medially. (Oriental: India and Taiwan).................. C. ficoides (Green), Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on pages 144-145, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Solenophora fagi Maskell Solenophora fagi Maskell 1890: 139. Solenococcus fagi; Cockerell 1899: 392. Change of combination. Cerococcus fagi; Wise 1977: 100. Change of combination. Type details. NEW ZEALAND, on Fagus sp. (Fagaceae), W.M. Maskell. Depositories: USNM: lectotype adf (designated by Lambdin & Kosztarab 1976: 35) + 2 / 2 paralectotype adff. NZAC���: Solenophora fagi, adult female, on Fagus menziesii, Aug. 1889, W.M.M.: 1 / 1 adf; as previous but second-stage female; as previous, larva but dated Sept. 1889 (therefore probably not type material). Note: ���This material was originally deposited in the Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand but is now in NZAC. Comment. This genus is monotypic. No material of S. fagi has been seen but it was described in some detail by Lambdin and Kosztarab (1976) and, based on their description, the key character-states appear to be: (i) small closed pores, each subequal in size to quinquelocular disc-pores, present in a complete submarginal line, extending from head to posterior abdomen; (ii) quinquelocular disc-pores also present in a line submarginally between spiracles and extending posteriorly to about abdominal segment III; (iii) spinose setae along inner margin of each anal lobe absent; (iv) each anal lobe with two short spinose setae on dorsal surface; (v) 8 -shaped pores absent from dorsum apart from a transverse line across about abdominal segment VIII; (vi) 8 -shaped pores present in a marginal band, probably mainly on venter; (vii) 8 -shaped pores on venter also in sparse transverse lines on abdominal segments; (viii) posterior stigmatic band not bifurcated; (ix) cribriform plates present, with two submedial plates on each side of abdominal segment IV; (x) loculate disc-pores absent near each antenna, and (xi) tubular ducts all subequal in size. S. fagi is only known from South Island, New Zealand. Based on the above characters, the relationships of Solenophora to other cerococcid genera are difficult to determine. However, despite not knowing whether the anteroventral sclerotizations are present on each anal lobe, it seems more likely that it is closest to Antecerococcus because of the presence of: (i) the submarginal band of small convex closed pores on the venter (only otherwise known in Antecerococcus); (ii) the submarginal band of quinquelocular disc-pores on the venter (only otherwise known in Antecerococcus), and (iii) a non-bifurcated posterior stigmatic band (only known in Antecerococcus and Cerochiton bernardi)., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on pages 164-165, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Asterococcus quercicola Borchsenius Asterococcus quercicola Borchsenius 1960: 124���128 Type details. CHINA, Yunnan Province, Mutszian, on Fagaceae, 3.iii. 1955, Liao Den-si. Depository: ZIAS: paratype adf���all other type specimens were deposited in China, including the holotype (I. Gavilov, pers. comm.). However, the whereabouts of Borchsenius��� material in China is uncertain. None of his slides are present in the Zoological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, where they are thought to have been deposited. Borchseniuus worked with Prof.Wang Zi-qing. When Wang Zi-qing died in 1999, his collection was found to have not been deposited in the Zoological Museum. The whereabouts of this collection is currently uncertain and may have been lost (San-an Wu, pers. comm.). Material studied. CHINA, Yunnan, Miokiang, on Quercus sp. (Fagaceae), 30.iii. 1950, Lao Din-si (BMNH): 6 / 9 adff (g). Comment. The main character-states diagnosing the adult female of A. quercicola are: (i) absence of anteroventral sclerotizations on the anal lobes; (ii) 8 -shaped pores on dorsum small and very sparse; (iii) anal lobes sclerotized throughout; (iv) each group of loculate pores associated with antennae with an 8 -shaped pore at apex; (v) tubular ducts on dorsum of one size, broader ducts absent; (vi) multilocular disc-pores absent apart from 1���3 on each side of metathorax and abdominal segment II; (vii) two cribriform plates present submedially on each side of abdominal segment IV, (viii) leg stubs absent; (ix) stigmatic bands sparse near spiracles but broadening significantly near margin; (x) posterior stigmatic bands bifurcated, and (xi) transverse bands of 8 -shaped pores present dorsally on about abdominal segments IV and VI., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on page 140, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Cerococcus tuberculus (Hempel) Solenococcus tuberculus Hempel 1900: 390���392. Cerococcus tuberculus; Green 1917: 81. Change of combination. Type details. BRAZIL, S��o Paulo, on Baccharis sp., 1900, A. Hempel. Depository: USNM: lectotype adf (designated by Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977: 223) and 1 / 1 paralectotype adf; also 10 / 61 first-instar nymphs. There is almost certainly other type material in Brazilian depositories. Material examined. Paralectotype f: BRAZIL, S��o Paulo, on Baccharis sp. (Asteraceae), 1900, no collector (USNM): 1 / 1 adf (p). Comment. The single available specimen was in very poor condition and little detail could be seen. Lambdin and Kosztarab (1977) provide a good description. However, on the available specimen, the multilocular disc-pore bands on the posterior abdominal segments appeared to be broad but no pores could be found on segment VII as illustrated by Lambdin and Kosztarab. The adult female of C. tuberculus is characterised by the following combination of character-states: (i) 8 - shaped pores on dorsum in a lattice-like pattern; (ii) 8 -shaped pores on dorsum of three sizes, all quite small; (iii) larger 8 -shaped pores restricted to near stigmatic pore bands; smallest pores on posterior abdominal segments; (iv) cribriform plates present in submedial groups on each side of probably two segments, with 8���16 plates in anterior cluster on abdominal segment III, and 6���9 plates in posterior cluster on segment IV; (v) tubular ducts of two sizes, broader ducts restricted to posterior abdominal segments; narrower ducts frequent elsewhere; (vi) multilocular disc-pores in broad bands across abdominal segments II���VI, but absent from metathorax; (vii) stigmatic pore bands bifurcated; (viii) stigmatic pore bands with abundant spiracular disc-pores, and (ix) leg stubs present. In the key to adult females of Cerococcus, C. tuberculus keys out close to C. kalmiae from North America., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on pages 162-163, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Cerococcus Comstock Cerococcus Comstock 1882: 213. Type species: Cerococcus quercus Comstock, by monotypy. Ccrococcus; Ramakrishna Ayyar 1919: 627. Misspelling of genus name. Cerveoccus; Archangelskaya 1930: 81. Misspelling of genus name. Cerrococcus; Kiritchenko 1936: 70. Misspelling of genus name. Ceriococcus; Mahdihassan 1946: 197. Misspelling of genus name. Note. With the recognition of Antecerococcus Green, the names Phenacobryum Cockerell, Amelococcus Marchal, Cercococcus Scott and Coricoccus Mahdihassan become junior synonyms of Antecerococcus rather than of Cerococcus, because their type species fall within Antecerococcus. Generic description and diagnosis. Adult female. Mounted material. Basic body structure typical of Cerococcidae (Figs 53, 54). Anal lobes rarely sclerotized throughout, otherwise with well-sclerotized inner margins, each occasionally with diagonal ridges, each lobe with 3 spinose setae on inner margin and either 2 short bullet-shaped fleshy setae or, more rarely, strong setose setae on dorsal surface, 1 near apex and other slightly more anteriorly; ventral surface of each lobe without a seta near apex; each lobe also generally with 2 short setae more or less medially plus a small seta on outer margin (Fig. 3 E). Median anal plate present. Anal ring with 4 pairs of setae, each seta gradually narrowing to a flagellate apex. Dorsum without very large 8 -shaped pores (i.e. none with greatest width larger than 15 + ��m); usually with 2 or 3 sizes of 8 -shaped pore: largest pores associated with each stigmatic band; 8 -shaped pores rarely forming swirls or broad bands across dorsum, but several species with 8 -shaped pores in a lattice-like pattern; never with a line or band of large pores along margins of posterior abdominal segments; smaller 8 -shaped pore most common type medially; smallest pores generally present across posterior abdominal segments (posterior to cribriform plates) and within apex of each stigmatic band, but latter occasionally with larger pores. Simple pores present, typical of family. Tubular ducts often of 2 widths on dorsum, broadest ducts (when present) restricted to a group medially on posterior abdominal segments; narrower dorsal ducts subequal in size to those on venter; ducts generally slightly more abundant on dorsum than on venter. Cribriform plates always present in a submedial group on each side of abdominal segment IV; of highly variable size and structure, sometimes also in bands on segments anterior to abdominal segment IV. Ventrally, with stigmatic pore bands generally long, extending onto dorsum, posterior bands always bifurcated; each band with 5 - locular disc-pores but many pores with more loculi in apical group; each apical group often with a small seta closeby; loculate pores (generally 5 -locular) also present in a group near each antenna. Small bilocular pores typical of family, restricted to cephalothorax. Multilocular disc-pores occasionally entirely absent but, when present, each generally with 10 loculi; in segmental lines across abdominal segments and sometimes also on metathorax; each band normally with a submarginal group and a medial band on most segments; multilocular disc-pores on segment VII generally only represented by submarginal groups on each side of vulva but occasionally forming a complete band anterior to vulva; those on segments VIII+IX also generally in submarginal groups but occasionally forming a band posterior to vulva; multilocular disc-pores rarely present associated with spiracles. Small convex closed pores absent. Anteroventral sclerotized areas on anal lobes laterad to anal ring absent. Leg stubs present or absent. Antennae generally unsegmented, usually with about seven fleshy or setose setae (C. indonesiensis with a conelike spine); cone-shaped extensions to antennae and setal cavities absent. Spiracles as normal for Cerococcidae, each with spiracular disc-pores in a group anterior to peritreme, not in a semi-circle around atrium; without a sclerotized bar extending anteriorly over each spiracle. Key to species of Cerococcus 1. Dorsum with tubular ducts of 2 widths, those on posterior abdominal segments significantly broader than elsewhere...... 2 - Dorsum with tubular ducts of only one width, those on posterior abdominal segments same as elsewhere............... 9 2. Setae on dorsal surface of each anal lobe short and finely spinose. Multilocular disc-pores on abdominal segments in broad bands several pores wide. Largest 8 -shaped pores on dorsum sparse along margins and close to cribriform plates. Leg stubs absent. (North America: USA).......................................................... C. quercus Comstock - Setae on dorsal surface of each anal lobe short convex or bullet-shaped. Other characters not in this combination......... 3 3. Cribriform plates in a single broad band or large medial group of 15���32 plates on about abdominal segment IV. (North America: USA).............................................................................. C. kalmiae Ferris - Cribriform plates not in a broad band or large medial group but in submedial groups on segment III and/or IV........... 4 4. Cribriform plates in 2 submedial groups, each group with 6���16 plates, anterior groups on each side of about abdominal segment III and posterior groups on each side of segment IV. Largest 8 -shaped pores restricted to near apex of each stigmatic pore band. Intermediate pores forming a lattice-like pattern on dorsum. (South America: Brazil)......... C. tuberculus (Hempel) - Cribriform plates restricted to a submedial group on each side of abdominal segment IV only, each group with few plates. Largest 8 -shaped pores not restricted to apex of each stigmatic pore band and intermediate-sized pores not in a lace-like pattern on dorsum.......................................................................................... 5 5. Almost all bands of multilocular disc-pores 2���4 + pores wide, including abdominal segments III and IV................ 6 - Almost all bands of multilocular disc-pore bands only 1 pore wide............................................. 7 6. Each group of cribriform plates with 5���8 plates. Multilocular disc-pore bands very broad, mostly 4 + pores wide. Ventral marginal band of 8 -shaped pores extending medially past spiracles and antennae. (South America, Brazil; Australasia: Australia).................................................................................... C. catenarius Fonseca - Each group of cribriform plates with 2 plates, anterior plate elliptical and larger than posterior plate. Multilocular disc-pore bands mostly 1���3 pores wide. Ventral marginal band of 8 -shaped pores not extending medially past spiracles and antennae. (Central America: Mexico)........................................................... C. koebelei (Cockerell) 7. Cribriform plates in a submedial group of 2���4 on each side of abdominal segment IV, each group tending to be fused and in a deep cavity. Leg stubs present but small. (North America: south-west USA)................... C. artemisiae (Cockerell) - Cribriform plates each separate, not fused and not in a deep cavity. Leg stubs present or absent....................... 8 8. Leg stubs absent. Cribriform plates in a submedial group on each side of abdominal segment IV, each group with 2���4 plates, each plate oval, anterior plates approximately twice width of posterior plates. Dorsum with 8 -shaped pores of 1 size only. (South America: Argentina)............................................................. C. andinus Leonardi - Leg stubs present. Cribriform plates in a submedial group of 2 plates on each side of abdominal segment IV, each plate approximately round and subequal in size. Dorsum with 8 -shaped pores of 3 sizes. (North America: USA).... C. parrotti (Hunter) 9. Eight-shaped pores on dorsum arranged in a lattice- or lace-like pattern. Antennae with fleshy and/or setose setae....... 10 - Eight-shaped pores on dorsum not arranged in a lattice- or lace-like pattern but in swirls. Antennae without either fleshy or setose setae, replaced by a large sunken cone. (Oriental: Indonesia)................. C. indonesiensis Lambdin & Kosztarab 10. Largest 8 -shaped pores in a complex lace-like pattern medially. Smallest 8 -shaped pores restricted to groups of 10���16 pores within apex of each stigmatic pore band. Leg stubs absent. Submarginal band of ventral 8 -shaped pores extending medially well past each spiracle. (Central America: Mexico).................................. C. asteris Hodgson & Williams - Largest 8 -shaped pores restricted to each side of stigmatic pore bands. Smaller 8 -shaped pores absent from apex of each stigmatic pore band but forming lattice-like pattern. Leg stubs present. Submarginal band of ventral 8 -shaped pores not extending medially past each spiracle............................................................................ 11 11. Stigmatic pore bands each about 1 pore wide, each usually with fewer than 150 disc-pores. With 2���8 quinquelocular disc-pores near each antenna. (Widespread in Central and southern North America)...................... C. deklei Kostarab & Vest - Stigmatic pore bands each about 2���3 pores wide, each with more than 150 disc-pores. With 16���29 quinquelocular disc-pores near each antenna. (Central America: Guatamala, Mexico)......................... C. russellae Lambdin & Kozstarab Note. That it is here considered that C. indonesiensis is not congeneric with C. quercus but is being left in Cerococcus pending further study (see under ���Unplaced species��� below). Also we consider that species of Cerococcus are restricted to the Holarctic., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on pages 150-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Cerochiton javanensis (Lambdin & Kosztarab), comb. nov. Cerococcus javanensis Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977: 132–136. Phenacobryum javanensis; Tang & Hao 1995: 241. Change of combination. Type details. INDONESIA, Java, on Grewia columnaris, Zimmermann # 36. Depositories: BMNH: holotype adf + 1 paratype adf on same slide + 1 / 3 paratype adff. USNM: 1 / 1 paratype adf, 1 / 12 embryos and 1 / 1 adf with 13 embryos inside. Material studied. Holotype and paratype ff: INDONESIA, Java, on Grewia columnaris (Malvaceae), no date, Zimmerman (BMNH): 1 / 2 adff (f). Comment. Adult females of C. javanensis are characterised by the following combination of character-states: (i) dorsum with a reticulate pattern of 8 -shaped pores; (ii) lines of reticulation made up of smallest 8 -shaped pores; (iii) largest 8 -shaped pores restricted to within and around apices of each stigmatic band; (iv) apex of each stigmatic band with groups of 10–18 sunken 8 -shaped pores in centre; (v) cribriform plates present in a submedial group of 5–8 on each side of abdominal segment IV; (vi) tubular ducts of two sizes on dorsum, broadest in a line on either side of each reticulation but absent from posterior abdominal segments; (vii) multilocular disc-pores absent; (viii) stigmatic pore bands bifurcated; (ix) spiracular disc-pores near spiracles few but more abundant in each stigmatic pore band apex, and (x) legs stubs absent. This species is clearly closely related to C. bernardi, described as new above, and C. ficoides. They are all from the Oriental Region. Cerochiton javanensis has the same arrangement of 8 -shaped pores and quinquelocular disc-pores at the apex of each stigmatic band, and each species has two sizes of tubular duct, with the broader duct occurring along margins of each lattice-like line of pores. Like C. ficoides, C. javanensis has a bifurcated posterior stigmatic pore band (non-bifurcated in C. bernadi) but C. ficoides differs in having: (i) some multilocular discpores present in transverse bands across abdominal segments VI and VII (absent in C. javanensis); and (ii) a single cribriform plate submedially on each side of abdominal segment IV—although Taiwanese specimens with submedial groups of 3-7 plates (submedial groups of 5-8 plates on each side in C. javanensis). In addition, the layout of the lines of small 8 -shaped pores on C. ficoides and C. javanensis appears to be different: the submarginal line on the venter of C. javanensis passes through the spiracles and antennae whereas on C. ficoides it is much more medial; in addition, there are two transverse lines medially on the dorsum of the head and prothorax of C. javanensis whereas these are absent on C. ficoides. This species is well described in Lambdin and Kosztarab (1977) except that the fleshy setae on dorsal surface of each anal lobe were shorter than illustrated. Also, it is here considered that there are two sizes of tubular ducts on the dorsum as described above.

Antecercococcus eremobius (Scott), comb. nov. (Fig. 14) Cercococcus eremobius Scott 1907: 455. Cerococcus eremobius (Scott): Green, 1908: 41 (Change in combination). Type details. Cercococcus eremobius Scott : ALGERIA, Djebel-el-Melah, on Helianthemum kahiricum, 25.xii. 1906, J.J. Lister. Depository: BMNH: lectotype (here designated - see note below) + 3 / 6 paralectotype adff + many slides with bits, probably all part of type series. Although Lambdin and Kosztarab (1977) state that they deposited 1 / 1 adf paratype in the USNM, none are present there and none are present in MNHN. Note: Miller et al. (2005 a) point out that, although Lambdin and Kosztarab (1977) refer to having seen paratypes from the USNM, Miller et al. found no evidence of a holotype and thus they considered that all types should be considered syntypes. We here designate a lectotype. Material studied. Lectotype f: ALGERIA, Djebel-el-Melah, nr. Biskra, on Helianthemum kahiricum (Cistaceae), 25.xii. 1906, J.J. Lister (BMNH): 1 / 1 adf (f���g). Paralectotype ff: ���part of type material���, ALGERIA, on Helianthemum sp., no date or coll. (BMNH): 1 / 4 adff (f); no site data, dorsal view, (KOH, Crawshaws magenta + picric), H. Scott (BMNH): 1 / 1 adf (f���although labelled dorsal view, in fact with some venter). Also ALGERIA, on Helianthemum lippii, 18.iii. 1928, A. Balachowsky # 81 (BMNH): 1 / 2 adff (1 specimen f, other bits); Oued Temmes, Ared de l���Staman, Hoggar, on H. lippii, 4.iii. 1928, R. Maire (MNHN): 1 / 1 adf (f���g); Oued Tammes Lezzent, Pied de l���Staman, Hoggar, H. lippii, 15.iii. 1928, R. Maire (MNHN): 3 / 3 adff (g���p); Dider, 1950m, Nr Algiers, Sahara Central, Helianthemum sp., April 1949, Balachowsky (MNHN): 1 / 2 adff (p). TUNISIA, Boidj bou Medina, H. kahiricum, April 1929, Dumont (MNHN): 1 / 1 adf (f). Mounted material. Body pear-shaped, 2.0���3.0 mm long, 1.25���2.25 mm wide. Dorsum. Eight-shaped pores of 3 sizes: (i) an unusually large pore, each 33��� 40 x 23���25 ��m, and (ii) an intermediate type, each 28��� 30 x 15���18 ��m, both abundant and fairly evenly distributed throughout dorsum anterior to cribriform plates but in a swirled pattern in places; and (iii) smaller pores, each 16��� 17 x 10���12 ��m, present in 2 transverse bands, 1 just anterior to and other just posterior to cribriform plates, plus a further broad band just anterior to anal plates and in a band of 12���14 along margins of posterior abdominal segments. Simple pores very sparse throughout, each 2.0��� 2.5 ��m wide. Cribriform plates large, each 28���50 ��m wide, largest probably 2 or more fused; each with a fairly narrow sclerotized margin and medium-sized micropores; in a submedial group of 2���5 (4��� 9 on H. lippii) on each side of abdominal segment IV, each group divided into an anterior and a posterior part. Dorsal setae extremely few, each setose, and mostly 5 ��m long. Tubular ducts rather long, each outer duct about 35 ��m long and about 4 ��m wide, broader than those on venter, abundant throughout. Anal lobes membranous apart from distinctly sclerotized and mildly reticulated inner margins; each lobe 75���90 ��m long, with a long apical seta at least 210 ��m long; fleshy setae on dorsal surface near apex long, each about 30 ��m long; more anterior fleshy setae similar, each 45���50 ��m long; ventral setose setae near apex each 50���65 ��m long; medioventral or outer margin setae also long, each 60���80 ��m long; each lobe with 1 or 2 small 8 -shaped pores. Median anal plate roundly triangular, 50���60 ��m long, 35���45 ��m wide at base; with a slightly serrate apex. Anal ring with 4 pairs of setae, each 90���105 ��m long. Venter. Eight-shaped pores near margin similar to those over most of dorsum but also with small pores, each 13���15 x 8���10 ��m, in a sparse narrow band more medially, and very sparsely in transverse bands across all abdominal segments and along lateral margins of posterior abdominal segments. Simple pore similar to those on dorsum but very sparse. Small bilocular pores, each 5���6 ��m wide, frequent medially on head and thorax. Spiracular disc-pores small, each 5���7 ��m wide, mainly with 5 loculi, restricted to a fairly dense group of 20���42 just anterior to each peritreme; also with 2���6 loculate pores near each antenna, each with up to at least 8 loculi. Small convex closed pores absent. Multilocular disc-pores, each 8���9 ��m wide, mainly with 10 loculi, distributed across abdominal segments as follows: VIII 5 or 6 on each side, VII 12���17 on each side of vulva; and then in bands 3���5 pores wide across segments: VI 60���65 in total; V 100���105 in total; IV 9���15 submarginally + 95���100 medially; III 9���11 submarginally + 65���85 medially, II 4���11 submarginally + 20���25 medially, and with 1���3 on each side of metathorax but none medially; also sometimes with a few associated with spiracular disc-pores. Tubular ducts rather narrower than those on dorsum, each 2.5 ���3.0 ��m wide and perhaps a bit shorter; present throughout. Ventral setae showing nothing distinctive; preanal setae rather variable in length, each 60���120 ��m long, companion setae about 20 ��m long. Leg stubs absent. Antennae unsegmented, each 35���40 ��m wide, with apex drawn out into a cone-like point but without a setal cavity; with about 7 or 8 setae. Clypeolabral shield 155���185 ��m long. Spiracular peritremes quite large, each 45���60 ��m wide. Comment. The above description is similar to that of Lambdin and Kosztarab (1977). The adult female of A. eremobius can be immediately separated from all other known Antecerococcus species in having all stigmatic pore bands incomplete, the disc-pores being restricted to a small group near each spiracle. Other significant features are: (i) dorsum with particularly large 8 -shaped pores; (ii) largest and intermediate-sized 8 -shaped pores rather evenly and densely distributed throughout dorsum, (iii) no large 8 -shaped pores present along margins of posterior abdominal segments; (iv) cribriform plates moderately large, in two submedial groups of 2���9; (v) leg stubs absent; (vi) multilocular disc-pores abundant in bands 3-5 pores wide across most abdominal segments and mediolaterally on metathorax; and (vii) apex of each antenna with a cone-like apex but no setal cavity. The adult female of A. eremobius falls within Group A in the key to species of Antecerococcus, but has dense large 8 -shaped pores on the dorsum., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on pages 47-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Cerococcus deklei Kosztarab & Vest Cerococcus sp. Dekle 1962: 74. Unavailable name. Cerococcus deklei Kosztarab & Vest 1966: 369���374. Type details. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Florida, North Miami, on Hibiscus sp., 18.xii. 1963, K. Hickman. Depository: USNM: holotype adf + many paratype adff. Material examined: BAHAMAS, New Providenca, Church Gardens, Hibiscus sp. (Malvaceae), 24.viii. 2001, ENT/NP/ 159 /01 (BMNH): 1 / 3 adff (g); as previous but dated 4.ix. 2001 (BMNH): 4 / 4 adff (f). JAMAICA, St. Andrews, on Hibiscus sp., 4.iv. 1973, J.R.R. Suah (BMNH): 1 / 3 adff (g). Comment. This is one of the Holarctic species that has a lattice-like pattern of 8 -shaped pores on the dorsum and is well described by Kosztarab and Vest (1966) and Lambdin and Kosztarab (1977). The adult female of C. deklei is characterised by the following combination of character-states: (i) 8 -shaped pores on dorsum in a latticelike pattern; (ii) 8 -shaped pores on dorsum of two sizes, both quite small; (iii) larger pores restricted to near stigmatic pore bands; smaller 8 -shaped pores frequent elsewhere on dorsum; (iv) cribriform plates present in a submedial group of 5���16 on each side of abdominal segment IV; (v) tubular ducts of only one size present; (vi) multilocular disc-pores absent on abdominal segments and metathorax, but occasionally present associated with spiracular disc-pores; (vii) stigmatic pore bands bifurcated; (viii) stigmatic pore bands with few spiracular discpores, and (ix) leg stubs present. In the key to adult females of Cerococcus, C. deklei keys out close to C. russellae from Central America., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on pages 158-159, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Cerococcus kalmiae Ferris Cerococcus kalmiae Ferris 1955: 36. Type details. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Pennsylvania, on Kalmia latifolia (Ericaceae), G. Rau. Depository: BME: lectotype adf (designated by Lambdin & Kosztarab 1977: 136) + 1 paralectotype adf together on 1 slide and 1 / 2 paralectotype adff. Mounted material. USA, Haverford, Pennsylvania, on ���mountain laurel��� (Kalmia latifolia, Ericaceae), 29.i. 1938, S.W. Bromley (BMNH): 1 / 1 adf (g); Pennsylvania, Haverford, 29.i. 1938, Estate of Judge W. Schagger, Col, Robertson (BMNH): 1 / 3 (g). Comment. The number of transverse rows of multilocular disc-pores in the illustration of this species by Lambdin and Kosztarab (1977) is unclear as a line is missing. In fact, there are multilocular disc-pores on abdominal segments II���VIII inclusive and medially across the metathorax. In addition, Lambdin & Kosztarab indicate that they found minute leg stubs but we did not locate these on the specimens listed above. Like C. deklei and C. russellae, C. kalmiae has its 8 -shaped pores on the dorsum arranged in a lattice-like pattern, as also found in species of Cerochiton. However, the structure of the apices of the stigmatic pore bands is very different from that on Cerochiton species, and C. kalmiae has the broader tubular ducts on the dorsum restricted to just anterior to the anal plate and so has only one size of dorsal tubular ducts medially on the cephalothorax. The adult female of C. kalmiae is characterised by the following combination of character-states: (i) 8 -shaped pores on dorsum in a lattice-like pattern; (ii) 8 -shaped pores on dorsum of two sizes, both quite small; (iii) larger pores restricted to near stigmatic pore bands and along margins; smaller 8 -shaped pores frequent elsewhere on dorsum; (iv) cribriform plates present in a transverse band of 17���32 on abdominal segment IV; (v) tubular ducts of two sizes, broader ducts restricted to posterior abdominal segments; narrower ducts frequent elsewhere; (vi) multilocular disc-pores present in narrow bands one or two pores wide across abdominal segments II���VIII and metathorax; (vii) stigmatic pore bands bifurcated; (viii) stigmatic pore bands with few spiracular disc-pores, and (ix) leg stubs perhaps present (Lambdin & Kosztarab) or absent (here). In the key to adult females of Cerococcus, C. kalmiae keys out closest to C. tuberculus from Brazil., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on page 159, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

Asterococcus yunnanensis Borchsenius Asterococcus yunnanensis Borchsenius 1960: 115���117. Type details. CHINA, Yunnan, Kunming, on Gardenia sp., 4.vi. 1957. Depository: ZIAS: 1 / 1 paratype adf (+ 10 non-type specimens)���all other type specimens were deposited in China, including the holotype (I. Gavrilov, pers. comm.). For a discussion of the whereabouts of Borchsenius��� material, see under A. quercicola above. Material studied. CHINA, Kunming, on Gardenia sp. (Rubiaceae), 4.vi. 1957, N. Borchsenius (BMNH): 1 / 1 adf (f���p). Comment. The main character-states diagnosing the adult female of A. yunnanensis are: (i) anteroventral sclerotizations on anal lobes absent; (ii) anal lobes sclerotized throughout; (iii) four spinose setae present on inner margin of each anal lobe; (iv) multilocular disc-pores present on abdominal segments II���VIII and on metathorax, with a complete band on segment VII; (v) dorsum with two sizes of tubular ducts, narrower ducts medially on head and thorax and broader ducts restricted to abdominal segments anterior to anal plate; (vi) tubular ducts very sparse or even absent medially on venter; (vii) cribriform plates absent; (viii) leg stubs small; (ix) small 8 -shaped pores present sparsely on dorsum; (x) 8 -shaped pores with three closed pores (���trilocular���) present associated with most stigmatic pore bands, and (xi) transverse bands of dorsal 8 -shaped pores present on about abdominal segments III, IV and VII. This species is possibly closest to A. scleroglutaeus ���see under that species above., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1) on page 143, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265332

A catalog of aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera from Iran is provided based on literature reports and field collections. Representatives of 107 species and morphospecies of the infraorders Dipsocoromorpha, Enicocephalomorpha, Gerromorpha, Leptopodomorpha, and Nepomorpha are listed, and are distributed in 18 families including Aphelocheiridae (1 genus, 1 species), Belostomatidae (1 genus, 1 species), Corixidae (8 genera, 29 species), Dipsocoridae (1 genus, 2 species), Enicocephalidae (2 genera, 2 species), Gerridae (6 genera, 18 species), Hebridae (1 genus, 5 species), Helotrephidae (1 genus, 1 species), Hydrometridae (1 genus, 2 species), Leptopodidae (4 genera, 7 species), Mesoveliidae (1 genus, 2 species), Naucoridae (1 genus, 1 species), Nepidae (3 genera, 5 species), Notonectidae (2 genera, 8 species), Ochteridae (1 genus, 1 species), Pleidae (1 genus, 1 species), Saldidae (5 genera, 14 species), and Veliidae (2 genera, 7 species). Synonyms and geographical distribution of all the species are given, together with an identification key of families. According to the actual catalogs and studies eight species are doubtful for Iranian fauna.

Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) are notorious pests, especially of perennial plants. They are serious pests of fruit and nut trees, ornamental shade trees and shrubs, forest trees, greenhouse and indoor plantings. In the present study, new data are given for 13 species of scale insects from Turkey as follows: Coccidae (1 sp.), Cerococcidae (1 sp.), Diaspididae (2 spp.), Pseudococcidae (8 spp.) and Rhizoecidae (1 sp.). Chorizococcus malabadiensis Kaydan sp. n. is described and illustrated as a new species and 8 species are recorded for the first time from Turkey.