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In the study, 2,220 articles related to the concept of Strategic Human Resources Management (SHRM) published in the period of 1980- 2020 and included in the SCI, SSCI and ESCI citation indexes were examined bibliometrically on the Web of Science database using the VOSviewer software. The purpose of the study is to essentially evaluate the studies conducted with the concept of SHRM and provide foresight for future studies. In this context, in order to evaluate the publications in the study, the changes in the number of publications in the publication volume in the field were discussed, the developments in the field, the trends in the subject headings, the countries and institutions that make the strongest contribution to the literature, the field and the most cited ones in the field were examined. The results indicated that the number of studies on the concept of strategic human resources increased in the 2000s. The acceleration in the number of studies is noteworthy, especially in 2015 and after. It is seen that frequently used keywords in the field of strategic human resources are strategy, strategic management, human resource, and performance. Other keywords with high connection strength are listed as human capital, knowledge management, strategic management, dynamic capabilities, high-performance work system and HR development. It is recommended that future researchers should carry out empirical and conceptual studies on the reasons for the differences in the number of studies published by countries in the field of SHRM and their level of interest in the field.

Objective: Since new anti-psychotics have been developed in recent years and their use became increasingly common, clinicians prefer treatment with antipsychotic polypharmacy. The aim of this survey is to determine the prevalence of antipsychotic polypharmacy in patients with schizophrenia at the inpatient unit in Bakirköy Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Training and ResearchHospital and to investigate the relationship between antipsychotic polypharmacy, and sociodemographic factors and patient characteristics. Methods: We evaluated the medical records of 272 patients who were diagnosed with schizophrenia without comorbid psychiatric disorders at the inpatient clinic, Bakirköy Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Training and Research Hospital, in 2003 and their records of one-year follow-up period after discharge, retrospectively. Data on sociodemographic features and pharmacological treatments collected from the inpatient records were evaluated. Results: The prevalence rate of antipsychotic polypharmacy use in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia was found to be 48.89%. The most frequently prescribed combination was the first generation+ first generation antipsychotics (64.66%). The number of the patients rehospitalized within one year was higher in those who had been treated with antipsychotic polypharmacy (p<0.05). The patients treated with antipsychotic polypharmacy were with earlier age at onset of the disease compared to patients with monotherapy (p<0.05). The patients treated with antipsychotic polypharmacy had longer duration of illness than the patients with monotherapy (p<0.05). The patients treated with antipsychotic polypharmacy had shorter duration of hospital stay than patients with monotherapy (p<0.05). Conclusion: We found the frequency of antipsychotic polypharmacy in inpatients with schizophrenia to be 48.89%, which is similar to the literature. The antipsychotic polypharmacy was observed to be associated with earlier age at illness onset, longer duration of illness and shorter duration of hospital stay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Introduction Biepicondylar fracture of the elbow is very rare, and to date there have only been three reports of this injury and its treatment in the English scientific literature. This case report evaluates the surgical internal fixation of a biepicondylar fracture of the elbow with an associated dislocation. Case presentation We report the case of a 15-year-old Turkish girl with a biepicondylar fracture dislocation of the left elbow. Open reduction and an internal fixation operation were applied. There were no complications. Conclusion In these injuries, open reduction and internal fixation appear to be a good method to restore elbow stability and function.

Several fixation methods have been described to secure the cochlear implant's receiver/stimulator, but the optimal stabilization technique is still being debated. The aim of this study was to compare the conventional technique with suture fixation to the subperiosteal tight pocket technique in terms of revision cochlear implantation rate. A retrospective review was conducted on the medical records of 649 patients who underwent cochlear implantation. The study participants were divided into different groups regarding the applied surgery technique. The relationship between the fixation technique, revision rates, and the cause of revisions related to techniques was investigated. The overall revision rate was 2.9% (19 out of 649). There were 14 (3.5%) and 5 (2%) revision implantations in the subperiosteal tight pocket and conventional technique groups, respectively. The incidence of device failure was 2.5%, and it constituted the primary cause for revision surgery in both groups. Even though patients who had the subperiosteal tight pocket technique had a much higher rate of device failure, the results indicate that there was no significant difference between the groups, as evidenced by a P-value of .12. The conventional and subperiosteal tight pocket techniques can both be safely preferred with low revision rates in patients undergoing cochlear implantation.

This study aimed to compare total endoscopic ear surgery (TEES) and microscopic postauricular canal-wall-down tympanomastoidectomy (CWD) in cholesteatoma surgery in our clinic. This study included 59 patients, of whom 30 and 29 were operated on with CWD in 2016-2018 and TEES in 2019-2021, respectively and compared regarding intraoperative findings, hearing outcomes, long-term outcomes, and recidivism rates between groups. This study excluded patients in stage IV according to the European Academy of Otology and Neurotology/Japan Otological Society Staging System on Middle Ear Cholesteatoma, aged < 18, with congenital cholesteatoma, who underwent revision surgery. Two patients in the TEES group had recidivism (6.9%), with recurrent disease observed in both patients and residual disease in none, whereas 3 patients in the CWD group had recidivism (10%), including recurrent disease in 2 and residual disease in 1 patient. Tympanic membrane perforation occurred in 2 (6.9%) and 1 (3.3%) patients in the TEES and CWD groups, respectively. The 2 groups revealed no significant difference in terms of recidivism and perforation rates (P=1.000, P = .612). The CWD group had a longer mean operation time (225.54 ± 47.86 minutes) than the TEES group (160.55 ± 24.98 minutes) (P < .001). The 2 groups demonstrated no significant difference regarding pre- and postoperative air-bone gap (ABG) and ABG gain (P = .105, P=.329, P=.82, respectively). Total endoscopic ear surgery provides similar results in terms of hearing, recidivism, and long-term outcomes with the microscopic CWD approach. However, the CWD approach is still important, especially in patients in advanced stages.

Psychological distress, emotional trauma, and behavioral problems related to prominent ears can cause complicated situations in children and adults. This study aimed to investigate the changes in the psychological impact on quality of life after Otoplasty. The study used several measures, including the Glasgow Benefit Inventory, Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS), Body Image Scale (BIS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and Visual Analogue Score (VAS), which were completed before and six months after the surgery. The GBI questionnaire was used to detect the health-related quality of life changes after Otoplasty, as it is a reliable, valid, and responsive measure. Six months after the surgery, BIS total scores, VAS scores, and SAAS scores decreased significantly, while RSES scores were not significantly different. These results suggest that Otoplasty can significantly impact adult patients' psychological well-being and quality of life and that the surgery should be considered regardless of age., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© Association of Otolaryngologists of India 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

Purpose: This study examined and compared the diagnostic accuracy and correlation levels of the acoustic parameters of the audio recordings obtained from smartphones on two operating systems and from dynamic and condenser types of external microphones., Method: The study included 87 adults: 57 with voice disorder and 30 with a healthy voice. Each participant was asked to perform a sustained vowel phonation (/a/). The recordings were taken simultaneously using five microphones AKG-P220, Shure-SM58, Samson Go Mic, Apple iPhone 6, and Samsung Galaxy J7 Pro microphones in an acoustically insulated cabinet. Acoustic examinations were performed using Praat version 6.2.09. The data were examined using Pearson correlation and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analyses., Results: The parameters with the highest area under curve (AUC) values among all microphone recordings in the time-domain analyses were the frequency perturbation parameters. Additionally, considering the correlation coefficients obtained by synchronizing the microphones with each other and the AUC values together, the parameter with the highest correlation coefficient and diagnostic accuracy values was the jitter-local parameter., Conclusion: Period-to-period perturbation parameters obtained from audio recordings made with smartphones show similar levels of diagnostic accuracy to external microphones used in clinical conditions., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: To examine the complication rate in adult patients during and after cochlear implantation., Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients who had undergone cochlear implantation at a tertiary referral centre between 2009 and 2018. All complications and their treatments were categorised as either minor or major, as well as intra- or post-operative., Results: The records of 392 patients with 395 implants were reviewed. The mean follow-up period was 89 ± 65.5 months (range, 6-408 months). The mean age of patients was 46 ± 15.2 years (range, 19-84 years). Sixty-two patients (16 per cent) had minor complications and 31 (8 per cent) had major complications., Conclusion: Although cochlear implantation has the potential for significant intra- and post-operative complications, the actual complication rate is relatively low, and it can therefore be considered a safe procedure.

Objective: Formation of scar on the face after septorhinoplasty may disturb the patient due to cosmetic concerns. One of the main factors affecting scar outcomes is probably the suture material used. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of different suture materials on scar outcomes of alar base in patients undergoing septorhinoplasty., Methods: Thirty-one patients who underwent alar base intervention during primary septorhinoplasty were divided into two groups according to the suture material used as the Polypropylene group (n = 16), (Polypropylene, Prolene 6/0; Ethicon Inc., Somerville, NJ, USA) and the Polyglactin group (n = 15), (Irradiated polyglactin 911, Vicryl Rapid™ 6/0; Ethicon Inc., Somerville, NJ, USA). The scar outcomes of alar base were compared between the Polypropylene and Polyglactin groups. The modified Stony Brook Scar Evaluation Scale was used to measure wound healing results at one and 12-months postoperatively for objective evaluation. Patient satisfaction questionnaire was used for subjective evaluation., Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the Stony Brook Scar Evaluation Scale and patient questionnaire scores between Polypropylene and Polyglactin groups. Irradiated Vicryl Rapid had poor cosmetic outcomes in the alar base when compared to polypropylene, indicating no statistically significant difference., Conclusion: Both sutures can be used for closure of alar base considering their advantages and disadvantages, in patients undergoing septorhinoplasty., Level of Evidence: Treatment Benefits; Level 2 (Randomized Trial)., (Copyright © 2022 Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.)

Background: It is aimed to investigate the incidence of cerebrospinal fluid gusher in cochlear implantation and the association between cerebrospinal fluid gusher and inner-ear malformations in adult and pediatric patients., Methods: A retrospective case review of 1025 primary cochlear implantation procedures was performed. Patients with inner-ear malformation or cerebrospinal fluid gusher during primary cochlear implantation were included and divided into 2 groups according to age: pediatric and adult groups., Results: The incidence of inner-ear malformation was 4.19% (17/405) and 7.6% (47/620) in the adult and pediatric groups, respectively. There was a significant difference in the incidence of inner-ear malformation in the pediatric group. The incidence of cerebrospinal fluid gusher was 0.9% (4/405) and 4.1% (26/620) in the adult and pediatric groups, respectively. There was a significant difference in the incidence of gusher between the adult and pediatric groups., Conclusion: The incidence of a cerebrospinal fluid gusher is higher in the pediatric group, compared to adults due to a higher rate of inner-ear malformation. Inner-ear malformation poses a risk factor for cerebrospinal fluid gusher.

Ectopic maxillary third molar teeth can often be located in the maxillary sinus, and the region necessarily requires a multidisciplinary approach due to its proximity to the oral cavity. Ectopic third molar tooth in the maxillary sinus was detected by oral and radiological examination in a 26-year-old male patient. The tooth was removed, and sinus augmentation was performed through the Caldwell-Luc procedure, and a dental implant was placed afterward. The treatment was ended by making a prosthetic metal-supported ceramic crown. Both removals of the ectopic tooth from the maxillary sinus, sinus augmentation, and implant operation can be achieved in a single operation of a single-window opened in the bone. As a result, because of the adjacency of the regions in operations related to the maxillary sinus, both the dental practitioner and the otolaryngologist should evaluate the operation, and multidisciplinary work should be done when necessary., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 by Mutaz B. Habal, MD.)

Human beings exist in a biological and social system from a micro to a macro level, by means of "collectivity", a dynamic collaboration that they have established together with the elements in that system in a way to complement each other and realize a common goal. Many neuroscientific concepts used today to explain neuronal processes from which mental functions originate are far from searching answers to traditional philosophical questions. However, the brain - as the generator of highly abstract concepts - is so complex that it cannot be explained by minimalistic approaches. The concept of connectome used in recent years to describe neuronal connections from which brain functions originate exemplifies this minimalistic approach, because it only describes structural and functional connections but does not look at brain functions in a holistic view. For this reason, we propose the concept of collectome - to replace the concept of connectome - that describes a homeomorphic and homotopic neuronal framework that has a bicontinuous style of work from micro to macroscale which is based on fractal rules., (© 2020. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Depression is a very common disease with increasing incidence resulting from complex interactions of genetic, environmental, and immunological processes. To this day, the etiopathogenesis and treatment of depression unfortunately seem to be stuck in the synaptic gap. Despite highly potent antidepressants, the treatment rate cannot reach 100%, the treatment resistant group cannot be eliminated, and relapse cannot be prevented. These problems lead researchers to further and different research to understand and treat psychopathology. Immune dysfunction and neuroinflammation have been one of the main issues that psychiatry has focused on in recent years and helps us to understand depression. Extraneuronal components of all neuropsychiatric disorders, especially depression, have begun to be revealed in detail thanks to a better understanding of the immune system and an increase in experimental and technological possibilities. There is increasing evidence of a causal relationship between the etiopathogenesis of major depression and low-level chronic neuroinflammation. In this article, the role of neuroinflammation in the etiopathogenesis of depression and the possibilities of vaccination and immunotherapy are discussed.

Objective: Aim of the study is to evaluate sociodemographic and clinical features that may be associated with the development of Tardive dyskinesia (TD)., Methods: 80 patients attending an outpatient psychiatry clinic in Istanbul, Turkey were divided into TD (n = 50) and control groups (CG) (n = 30). Sociodemographic and clinical data was collected through face-to-face interviews and a retrospective search of medical records., Results: There was a significant difference between TD and control group (CG) in terms of mean; onset of psychiatric disease at or after 35 years of age; first use of APD at or after 35 years of age; use of long-acting injectable APD; history of extrapyramidal side-effects; history of akathisia and family history of psychiatric disease. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of DSM- IV-based psychiatric diagnosis distributions, the existence of complete recovery periods during the course of the disease; total duration of APD use for at least 10 years; APD holidays; regular APD use; history of ECT and smoking or alcohol and substance abuse/addiction., Conclusion: Advancing age seemed to be the most significant risk factor in the development of TD. Clinicians need to be cautious about TD when prescribing APD for elderly patients., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The authors have no conflicts of interest, (Copyright © 1964–2019 by MedWorks Media Inc, Los Angeles, CA All rights reserved. Printed in the United States.)

Anxiety disorders are a complex set of illnesses in which genetic factors, particularly stress, play a role in the etiopathogenesis. In recent years, inflammation and intestinal microbiota have also been included in this complex network of relationships. The functions associated with tryptophan catabolism and serotonin biosynthesis have long been associated with anxiety disorders. Tryptophan catabolism progresses toward the path of the kynurenine in the presence of stress and inflammation. The catabolism of kynurenine is a pathway in which many enzymes play a role and a large number of catabolites with neuroactive properties occur. The body's serotonin biosynthesis is primarily performed by enterochromaffin cells located in the intestines. A change in the intestinal microbiota composition (dysbiosis) directly affects the serotonin biosynthesis. Stress, unhealthy nutrition, and the use of antibiotics cause dysbiosis. In the light of this new perspective, the role of dysbiosis-induced inflammation and kynurenine pathway catabolites activated sequentially come into prominence in the etiopathogenesis of anxiety disorders.

Psychiatric diseases are the manifestations that result from the individual's genetic structure, physiology, immunology and ways of coping with environmental stressors. The current psychiatric diagnostic systems do not include any systematic characterization in regard to neurobiological processes that reveal the clinical picture in individuals who got psychiatric diagnosis. It is obvious that further research in different areas is needed to understand the psychopathology. The problems in the functions of immune system and the correlation of neuroinflammatory processes with psychiatric disorders have been one of the main research topics of psychiatry in recent years and have contributed to our understanding of psychopathology. Recent advances in the fields of immunology and genetics as well as rapidly increasing knowledge on the effects of immunological processes on brain functions have drawn attention to the correlations between psychiatric disorders and immune system dysfunctions. There are still unfilled gaps in the biology, pathophysiology, and treatment of major depressive disorder, which is quite prevalent among the psychiatric disorders, can lead to significant disability, and frequently has a recurrent course. It appears that low-grade chronic neuroinflammation plays a key role in forming a basis for the interaction between psychological stress, impaired gut microbiota and major depressive disorder. In this review, the role of neuroinflammation in the etiopathogenesis of depression and the mechanism of action of the gut-brain axis that leads to this are discussed in the light of current studies.

The current diagnostic classification systems in psychiatry have been developed primarily for evidence-based clinical decision making with both categorical and dimensional approaches having their own advantages and disadvantages. Efforts have been made to improve these classification systems, and we are now at the point where we must expand beyond the one-dimensionality of these systems. In this paper, we propose that psychiatric disorders can be arranged in a three-dimensional classification system according to the degree of dysfunctions on three specific axes in a way that is similar to the arrangement of chemical elements according to their atomic weights in Mendeleyev's periodic table. For the three axes, we chose externalization, drive, and attention to represent the three-dimensional descriptions of mental health, namely, well-being in social, motivational, and cognitive areas, respectively. Throughout the paper, we explain our reasons for choosing these three axes and compare our hypothesis with categorical diagnostic systems as well as Cloninger's dimensional diagnostic system using personality disorders, affective disorders, and schizophrenia as the specific diagnostic samples., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Topical treatment is first choice in the treatment of uncomplicated chronic otitis media. It was intended to assess auditory and histopathological safety of ototopical use of mercurochrome solution in rats with induced tympanic membrane perforation., Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 21 female Wistar-Albino rats which were randomly assigned into 3 groups. In all rats, perforation was performed at right tympanic membrane. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) measurements were performed at frequencies of 2000, 3000 and 4000 Hz (with L1/L2: 70 /70 dB at 2f1-f2 frequency; f2/f1 ratio: 1:22) before recovery from anesthesia and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were recorded. Normal saline, 2% mercurochrome and gentamicin were given to group 1, 2 and 3 twice daily over a week, respectively. Rats were sacrificed after DPOAE measurements on day 14. Right temporal bone specimens were examined under light microscope after processing., Results: Based on DPOAE results, there was no significant difference among groups before treatment. On day 14, significant differences were found in DPOAE measurements at 3000 and 4000 Hz, and in mean SNR values in 2% mercurochrome and gentamicin groups when compared to normal saline group while no significant difference was detected at 2000 Hz among groups. In addition, significant degeneration was detected in Corti organs, spiral ganglions and stria vascularis in groups 2 and 3., Conclusion: In this study, it was observed that mercurochrome use in external otitis and otitis media with tympanic membrane perforation could cause ototoxicity and concluded that the solution should be used cautiously.

The search for rational treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders began with the discovery of chlorpromazine in 1951 and continues to evolve. Day by day, new details of the intestinal microbiota⁻brain axis are coming to light. As the role of microbiota in the etiopathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders is more clearly understood, microbiota-based (or as we propose, "fecomodulation") treatment options are increasingly discussed in the context of treatment. Although their history dates back to ancient times, the importance of psychobiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has only recently been recognized. Despite there being few preclinical and clinical studies, the evidence gathered to this point suggests that consideration of the microbiome in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders represents an area of significant therapeutic potential. It is increasingly hoped that such treatment options will be more reliable in terms of their side effects, cost, and ease of implementation. However, there remains much to be researched. Questions will be answered through germ-free animal experiments and randomized controlled trials. In this article, the therapeutic potential of microbiota-based options in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders is discussed in light of recent research., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Psychobiotics are live bacteria that directly and indirectly produce positive effects on neuronal functions by colonizing into the intestinal flora. Preliminary studies, although in limited numbers, have found that these bacteria have anxiolytic and antidepressant activities. No research has yet been published on the antipsychotic efficacy of psychobiotics. However, these preliminary studies have opened up new horizons and raised the idea that a new class is emerging in psychopharmacology. About 70 years have passed since the discovery of chlorpromazine, and while the synaptic transmission is understood in almost all details, there seems to be a paradigm shift in psychopharmacology. In recent years, the perspective has shifted from synapse to intestinal microbiota. In this respect, germ-free and conventional animal experiments and few human studies were examined in a comprehensive manner. In this article, after a brief look at the history of contemporary psychopharmacology, the mechanisms of the gut-brain relationship and the evidence of metabolic, systemic, and neuropsychiatric activities of psychobiotics were discussed in detail. In conclusion, psychobiotics seem to have the potential for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders in the future. However, there are many questions and we do not know the answers yet. We anticipate that the answer to these questions will be given in the near future.

Objective of this study is to determine the etiology of patients applied with revision endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) and to evaluate the operation results.The patients were retrospectively evaluated in respect of demographic data, the time from primary to revision surgery, revision etiology, the use of bicanalicular silicone nasolacrimal tube (BNLT), the time to postoperative removal of the silicone tube, and the success of the revision surgery.The study included 27 patients applied with revision endoscopic DCR between January 2013 and January 2016. The mean age of the patients was 46.7 ± 11.7 years. The mean time from the first operation to revision surgery was 7.2 ± 6.1 months (range, 1-24 months). During the endoscopic DCR, synechia was observed in 2 (7.4%), granulation tissue in 7 (25.9%), inadequate bone window in 5 (18.52%), and membranous scar around the ostium in 22 (81.4%) patients. More than 1 etiologic problem was determined in 8 patients. During the revision procedure, BNLT was applied to 12 (44.4%) patients. At the final follow-up examination, the complaint of epiphora had completely recovered in 18 (66.6%) patients and there were in 9 (33.3%) patients. The mean time to removal of the BNLT was 1.7 ± 0.57 months (range, 1-3 months).The most common cause of recurrent epiphora in endoscopic DCR was the formation of membranous scar. The use of the mucosal flap technique in primary surgery and the application of BNLT to all patients in revision surgery may increase the functional success rate.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate functional results of total ossicular replacement prosthesis (TORP) shaft stabilization with a cartilage shoe in chronic otitis media patients with cholesteatoma who had undergone canal wall down tympanomastoidectomy (CWDT). In addition, it was determined whether the presence of granular and edematous mucosa in middle ear altered functional outcomes., Methods: Sixty patients, who had undergone CWDT with the use of TORP for the reconstruction of ossicular chain, were divided into two groups. Patients with cartilage shoe were classified as Group 1 (n=30) and those without the shoe were classified as Group 2 (n=30). Patients in both groups were classified into "A" and "B" subgroups according to the middle ear risk index (MERI). Air conduction (AC) and bone conduction thresholds were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively., Results: There was no statistically significant change between preoperative AC thresholds of the groups and subgroups (p>0.05). There were statistically significant differences regarding AC thresholds and air-bone gap (ABG) values between Groups 1 and 2 at the postoperative 12th month (p<0.05). Postoperative AC thresholds and ABG values of Group 1B patients with a high MERI score were statistically significant at all frequencies than those of Group 2B patients (p<0.05). When ABG values were compared, it was observed that functional results were better in Group 1B, but a statistically significant difference was observed only at 2000 Hz (p<0.01)., Conclusion: The cartilage shoe method for titanium TORP stabilization that is used for ossicular reconstruction during CWDT has been found to have a beneficial effect on auditory outcomes. Cartilage shoe application increases positive effects on hearing outcomes, particularly if the middle ear mucosa is granular and edematous., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

This paper is an effort to describe, in neuroscientific terms, one of the most ambiguous concepts of the universe-the soul. Previous efforts to understand what the soul is and where it may exist have accepted the soul as a subjective and individual entity. We will make two additions to this view: (1) The soul is a result of uninhibited mental activity and lacks spatial and temporal information; (2) The soul is an undivided whole and, to become divided, the soul has to be reduced into unconscious and conscious mental events. This reduction process parallels the maturation of the frontal cortex and GABA becoming the main inhibitory neurotransmitter. As examples of uninhibited mental activity, we will discuss the perceptual differences of a newborn, individuals undergoing dissociation, and individuals induced by psychedelic drugs. Then, we will explain the similarities between the structure of the universe and the structure of the brain, and we propose that consideration of the rules of quantum physics is necessary to understand how the soul is reduced into consciousness.

Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: None declared.

Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Fecal microbiota transplantation has a 1700-year history. This forgotten treatment method has been put into use again during the last 50 years. The interest in microbiota-gut-brain axis and fecal microbiota transplantation is rapidly increasing. New evidence is obtained in the etiopathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. There is a large number of experimental and clinical researches in the field of gut-brain axis. There is limited information on fecal microbiota transplantation. Despite this, initial results are promising. It is commonly used in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases such as Clostridium difficile infection, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis. It is also experimentally used in the treatment of metabolic and autoimmune diseases. There are case reports that it is effective in the treatment of autism, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, chronic fatigue syndrome and irritable bowel syndrome. Its implementation is easy, and it is a cheap and reliable treatment method. However, the long-term risks are unknown. Additionally, standard application protocols have not yet been established. There are a lot of questions to be answered. A university in Turkey has got official permission this year, and started to apply fecal microbiota transplantation. In this review, neuropsychiatric areas of use of fecal microbiota transplantation have been discussed in the light of the current information.

Background: Mirtazapine is a tetracyclic antidepressant that enhances both noradrenergic and serotonergic transmission. The most common cause of papilledema is increased intracranial pressure due to brain tumor. Also it may occur as a result of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH, pseudo tumor cerebri). Moreover, papilledema may also develop due to retinitis, vasculitis, Graves' disease, hypertension, leukemia, lymphoma, diabetes mellitus and radiation., Case Report: In this article, a patient who developed papilledema while under treatment with mirtazapine (30 mg/day) for two years and recovered with termination of mirtazapine treatment was discussed to draw the attention of clinicians to this side effect of mirtazapine., Conclusion: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension and papilledema due to psychotropic drugs has been reported in the literature. Mirtazapine may rarely cause peripheral edema. However, papilledema due to mirtazapine has not been previously reported. Although papilledema is a very rare side effect of an antidepressant treatment, fundoscopic examinations of patients must be performed regularly.

Paroxetine is one of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant drugs. Galactorrhea can be seen during antidepressant treatments. There are a few reports in literature on paroxetine use and related prolactin level changes. We present a case that was receiving paroxetine in whom despite low blood levels of the drug, hyperprolactinemia, and galactorrhea was found. We present a case that was receiving paroxetine despite low drug blood levels, hyperprolactinemia, and galactorrhea was found in this article., (© The Author(s) 2016.)

In this review, we aim to present our hypothesis about the neural development of affect. According to this view, affect develops at a multi-layered process, and as a mediator between drives, emotion and cognition. This development is parallel to the evolution of the brain from reptiles to mammals. There are five steps in this process: (1) Because of the various environmental challenges, changes in the autonomic nervous system occur and homeostasis becomes destabilized; (2) Drives arise from the destabilized homeostasis; (3) Drives trigger the neural basis of the basic emotional systems; (4) These basic emotions evolve into affect to find the particular object to invest the emotional energy; and (5) In the final stage, cognition is added to increase the possibility of identifying a particular object. In this paper, we will summarize the rationale behind this view, which is based on neuroscientific proofs, such as evolution of autonomic nervous system, neural basis the raw affective states, the interaction between affect and cognition, related brain areas, related neurotransmitters, as well as some clinical examples.

Cognitive scientists have tried to explain the neural mechanisms of unconscious mental states such as coma, epileptic seizures, and anesthesia-induced unconsciousness. However these types of unconscious states are different from the psychoanalytic unconscious. In this review, we aim to present our hypothesis about the neural correlates underlying psychoanalytic unconscious. To fulfill this aim, we firstly review the previous explanations about the neural correlates of conscious and unconscious mental states, such as brain oscillations, synchronicity of neural networks, and cognitive binding. By doing so, we hope to lay a neuroscientific ground for our hypothesis about neural correlates of psychoanalytic unconscious; parallel but unsynchronized neural networks between different layers of consciousness and unconsciousness. Next, we propose a neuroscientific mechanism about how the repressed mental events reach the conscious awareness; the lock of neural synchronization between two mental layers of conscious and unconscious. At the last section, we will discuss the data about schizophrenia as a clinical example of our proposed hypothesis., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The gut microbiota is essential to human health and the immune system and plays a major role in the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain. Based on evidence, the gut microbiota is associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes mellitus and neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, autistic disorders, anxiety disorders and major depressive disorders. In the past few years, neuroscientific research has shown the importance of the microbiota in the development of brain systems. Recent studies showed that the microbiota could activate the immune and central nervous systems, including commensal and pathogenic microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract. Gut microorganisms are capable of producing and delivering neuroactive substances such as serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid, which act on the gut-brain axis. Preclinical research in rodents suggested that certain probiotics have antidepressant and anxiolytic activities. Effects may be mediated via the immune system or neuroendocrine systems. Herein, we present the latest literature examining the effects of the gut microbiota on depression.