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Fish oils rank among the world's most popular nutritional supplements and are purported to have numerous health benefits. Previous work suggested that fish oils increase collagen production; however, the effect of fish oils on musculoskeletal health is poorly understood. Further, the divergent effects of omega-3 (Ω3FA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) remains poorly understood. We tested the effects of Ω3FA and SFAs on in vitro-engineered human ligament (EHL) function. EHLs were treated with bovine serum albumin (BSA)-conjugated eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5(n-3)), palmitic acid (PA, 16:0), or a BSA control for 6 days. EPA did not significantly alter, whereas PA significantly decreased EHL function and collagen content. To determine whether this was an in vitro artifact, mice were fed a control or high-lard diet for 14 weeks and musculoskeletal mass, insulin sensitivity, and the collagen content, and mechanics of tendon and bone were determined. Body weight was 40 % higher on a HFD, but muscle, tendon, and bone mass did not keep up with body weight resulting in relative losses in muscle mass, tendon, and bone collagen, as well as mechanical properties. Importantly, we show that PA acutely decreases collagen synthesis in vitro to a similar extent as the decrease in collagen content with chronic treatment. These data suggest that Ω3FAs have a limited effect on EHLs, whereas SFA exert a negative effect on collagen synthesis resulting in smaller and weaker musculoskeletal tissues both in vitro and in vivo.

This article delves into why the United States and Singapore, despite their shared colonial history, democratic institutions, wealth, and global influence, have drastically different free speech models. This paper will look at three points of comparison: historical context, political theory, and evolution of judicial interpretation. By comparing the current events and the prevalent political theories at the time of drafting the Singaporean and American constitutions, this paper seeks to understand why the nations ratified contrasting free speech clauses.  However, the Constitution is only as meaningful as the courts interpret it, so this paper also explores how the respective Supreme Courts of Singapore and America have evolved their interpretation of the Constitution to shape their contrasting free speech models. While this paper will not argue which model of free speech is more effective, it will outline the underlying reasons for Singapore and America's drastically different free speech models.

The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite R (GOES-R) series of four satellites are the next generation NOAA GOES satellites. Once on orbit and commissioned, they are renamed GOES 16–19, making critical terrestrial and space weather measurements through 2035. GOES 16 and 17 are currently on orbit, having been launched in 2016 and 2018, respectively. The GOES-R satellites include the Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) and X-ray Irradiance Sensors (EXIS) instrument suite, which measures calibrated solar irradiance in eight lines or bands between 25 nm and 285 nm with the Extreme Ultraviolet Sensors (EUVS) instrument. EXIS also includes the X-Ray Sensor (XRS) instrument, which measures solar soft X-ray irradiance at the legacy GOES bands. The EUVS Measurements are used as inputs to the EUVS Model, a solar spectral irradiance model for space weather operations that predicts irradiance in twenty-two 5 nm wide intervals from 5 nm to 115 nm, and one 10 nm wide interval from 117 to 127 nm at 30 s cadence. Once fully operational, NOAA will distribute the EUVS Model irradiance with 1 min latency as a primary space weather data product, ushering in a new era of rapid dissemination and measurement continuity of EUV irradiance spectra. This paper describes the EUVS Model algorithms, data sources, calibration methods and associated uncertainties. Typical model (relative) uncertainties are less than ~5% for variability at time-scales longer than 6 h, and are ~25% for solar flare induced variability. The absolute uncertainties, originating from the instruments used to calibrate the EUVS Model, are ~10%. Examples of model results are presented at both sub-daily and multi-year timescales to demonstrate the model’s capabilities and limitations. Example solar flare irradiances are also modeled.

The Sun Coronal Ejection Tracker (SunCET) is an extreme ultraviolet imager and spectrograph instrument concept for tracking coronal mass ejections through the region where they experience the majority of their acceleration: the difficult-to-observe middle corona. It contains a wide field of view (0–4 R⊙) imager and a 1 Å spectral-resolution-irradiance spectrograph spanning 170–340 Å. It leverages new detector technology to read out different areas of the detector with different integration times, resulting in what we call “simultaneous high dynamic range”, as opposed to the traditional high dynamic range camera technique of subsequent full-frame images that are then combined in post-processing. This allows us to image the bright solar disk with short integration time, the middle corona with a long integration time, and the spectra with their own, independent integration time. Thus, SunCET does not require the use of an opaque or filtered occulter. SunCET is also compact – ~15 × 15 × 10 cm in volume – making it an ideal instrument for a CubeSat or a small, complementary addition to a larger mission. Indeed, SunCET is presently in a NASA-funded, competitive Phase A as a CubeSat and has also been proposed to NASA as an instrument onboard a 184 kg Mission of Opportunity.

Abstract Breast cancer is the most common malignancy affecting women worldwide and is notable for its morphologic and biologic diversity, with varying risks of recurrence following treatment. The Oncotype DX Breast Recurrence Score test is an important predictive and prognostic genomic assay for estrogen receptor positive/HER2 negative breast cancer that guides therapeutic strategies; however, such tests can be expensive, delay care, and are not widely available. The aim of this study was to develop a multi-model approach integrating the analysis of whole-slide images and clinicopathologic data to predict their associated breast cancer recurrence risks and categorize these patients into two risk groups according to the predicted score: low-risk and high-risk. The proposed novel methodology uses convolutional neural networks for feature extraction and vision transformers for contextual aggregation, complemented by a logistic regression model that analyzes clinicopathologic data for classification into two risk categories. This method was trained and tested on 956 hematoxylin and eosin-stained whole-slide images of 950 ER+/HER2− breast cancer patients with corresponding clinicopathological features that had prior Oncotype DX testing. The model’s performance was evaluated using an internal test set of 192 patients from Dartmouth Health and an external test set of 405 patients from the University of Chicago. The multi-model approach achieved an AUC of 0.91 (95% CI: 0.87–0.95) on the internal set and an AUC of 0.84 (95% CI: 0.78–0.89) on the external cohort for predicting low- and high-breast cancer recurrence risk categories based on the Oncotype DX recurrence score. With further validation, the proposed methodology could provide an alternative to assist clinicians in personalizing treatment for breast cancer patients and potentially improving their outcomes.

Mathematical learning has an important role and is often prioritized in education. In K-16 education, algebra is one of the most vital mathematical content domains: it represents one of the top barriers for students pursuing a postsecondary education. Game-based learning has been effective in fostering classroom math learning environments that are collaborative and focused on conceptual understanding. Sandbox games provide open-ended learning environments where players can set their own goals and level of effort. As part of the project "Math Snacks," the team designed Agrinautica, a sandbox game to enable constructivist-informed early algebra learning. This article identifies design recommendations for creating meaningful sandbox games for learning, considering students' and teachers' needs. Researchers discuss the decisions to create a sandbox game and describe challenges inherent in math learning through sandbox-type gameplay. This study provides impact results from a large-scale study of users of the game, and shares recommendations for developing future sandbox learning games.

Abstract Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by Schistosoma parasites. Schistosoma are obligate parasites of freshwater Biomphalaria and Bulinus snails, thus controlling snail populations is critical to reducing transmission risk. As snails are sensitive to environmental conditions, we expect their distribution is significantly impacted by global change. Here, we used machine learning, remote sensing, and 30 years of snail occurrence records to map the historical and current distribution of forward-transmitting Biomphalaria hosts throughout Brazil. We identified key features influencing the distribution of suitable habitat and determined how Biomphalaria habitat has changed with climate and urbanization over the last three decades. Our models show that climate change has driven broad shifts in snail host range, whereas expansion of urban and peri-urban areas has driven localized increases in habitat suitability. Elucidating change in Biomphalaria distribution—while accounting for non-linearities that are difficult to detect from local case studies—can help inform schistosomiasis control strategies.

Language learning classrooms are sites of discovery not only of language, but of identity, culture, and community. The pedagogical approach described here, critical media work (CMW), integrates language teaching and social issues by using media literacy as a bridge. CMW explores antiracist discourse in popular media (digital and analog) to dismantle simplified, binary thinking about race. CMW encourages semiotic analyses of antiracist discourse and examines messages along continuums that emphasize complexities and intersections of race, language, and culture. We share how language teachers at two urban colleges that serve immigrant populations integrate CMW into their classes, and we discuss the effectiveness of this pedagogy in terms of language learning and antiracist education. We maintain that language teaching and social justice education can support each other and that media literacy provides a meaningful and effective foundation for engaged antiracist pedagogy.

For teachers to provide students with meaningful instruction in area measurement, teachers need robust understandings of area. Here, I describe two cycles of a "lesson experiment" used to investigate prospective teachers' understandings of area units in an undergraduate mathematics class. For each cycle, I collected and analyzed the prospective teachers' written work and videotaped class discussions. The first cycle yielded a learning trajectory for helping prospective teachers better understand area units, which led to more teachers attaining the lesson goals in the second cycle. The paper articulates these classroom lessons and the lesson experiment process for fellow mathematics instructors and teacher educators.

BackgroundSchistosomiasis, a chronic parasitic disease, remains a public health issue in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in low and moderate-income countries lacking assured access to safe water and proper sanitation. A national prevalence survey carried out by the Brazilian Ministry of Health from 2011 to 2015 found a decrease in human infection rates to 1%, with 19 out of 26 states still classified as endemic areas. There is a risk of schistosomiasis reemerging as a public health concern in low-endemic regions. This study proposes an integrated landscape-based approach to aid surveillance and control strategies for schistosomiasis in low-endemic areas.Methodology/principal findingsIn the Middle Paranapanema river basin, specific landscapes linked to schistosomiasis were identified using a comprehensive methodology. This approach merged remote sensing, environmental, socioeconomic, epidemiological, and malacological data. A team of experts identified ten distinct landscape categories associated with varying levels of schistosomiasis transmission potential. These categories were used to train a supervised classification machine learning algorithm, resulting in a 92.5% overall accuracy and a 6.5% classification error. Evaluation revealed that 74.6% of collected snails from water collections in five key municipalities within the basin belonged to landscape types with higher potential for S. mansoni infection. Landscape connectivity metrics were also analysed.Conclusions/significanceThis study highlights the role of integrated landscape-based analyses in informing strategies for eliminating schistosomiasis. The methodology has produced new schistosomiasis risk maps covering the entire basin. The region's low endemicity can be partly explained by the limited connectivity among grouped landscape-units more prone to triggering schistosomiasis transmission. Nevertheless, changes in social, economic, and environmental landscapes, especially those linked to the rising pace of incomplete urbanization processes in the region, have the potential to increase risk of schistosomiasis transmission. This study will help target interventions to bring the region closer to schistosomiasis elimination.

ABSTRACT Introduction Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a significant global health burden, with late presentation leading to complex treatment. While human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been implicated in HNC, data from low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) are limited. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and role of HPV in head and neck cancers diagnosed in Rwanda. Methods A retrospective cross‐sectional study was conducted using Rwanda Cancer Registry from January 2011 through December 2020. p16 immunohistochemistry as a surrogate for HPV was performed on a randomly selected case. p16‐positive cases were genotyped. Results A total of 1001 patients with HNC were identified; 82% (n = 819) had squamous cell carcinoma. The mean age at diagnosis was 51.1 years, with a majority being males (58%). Oral cavity and lip (27%) were the most common primary cancer sites. Stage was unknown in most cases (75%, n = 747). HIV status was known in 33% (n = 334) of patients with 10% (n = 33) HIV‐positive; 22% of 202 randomly selected cases were p16‐positive; 34% of the p16‐positive cases were oropharynx. PCR analysis of p16‐positive cases showed 19% HPV positivity, and HPV16 was the most common high‐risk HPV strain, and 55.5% were recorded HPV‐positive by PCR. Conclusions HNC cases in Rwanda have been increasing from 2011 to 2020, with a significant portion being HPV‐positive. Strategies to implement routine testing for p16, especially in oropharynx cancer patients, improved preservation of tissue samples, collection of comprehensive information including cancer risk factors, staging, and treatment are needed in Rwanda.

The school food environment is a key intervention point for influencing children’s and adolescents’ diets. As more countries establish school meal programs to provide critical nourishment to students, establishing standards for the foods served can increase the consumption of key nutrients and limit the consumption of foods that do not build health. This global scoping review explores the prevalence and basic characteristics of national policies that regulate food served through school meals across 193 countries, particularly by restricting the provision of categories, nutrients, or ingredients of nutritional concern. We gathered evidence from policy databases, grey literature, peer-reviewed literature, and primary policy documents. We included nationally mandated policies that included restrictions on categories, nutrients, or ingredients of concern served in school meals. Policies that were sub-national, voluntary, and/or did not include restrictive language were excluded from this review. Data was collected in research electronic data capture then extracted into Microsoft Excel and analyzed for policy frequency, prevalence by world region or country income group, and prevalence of certain policy characteristics. Globally, only 15% of countries were found to have a national-level policy restricting foods served through school meals in some capacity, including either nutritional or categorical restrictions. The majority of these policies were found in high-income countries, and no low-income countries had a policy meeting inclusion criteria. Policies in Latin-American and Caribbean countries limited the content of more nutrients of concern than in other regions. Although many policies included explicit guidelines to monitor implementation, few outlined mechanisms for policy enforcement. Future research should evaluate the impact of various school meal regulatory approaches, including implementation of similar policies at sub-national levels, and other elements that affect the impact of school meal programs, such as procurement, infrastructure, costs to school and to students and their families, and acceptability and consumption of foods provided.

The cationic lipid 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP) is one of the original synthetic cationic lipids used for the liposomal transfection of oligonucleotides in gene therapy. The key structural element of DOTAP is its quaternary ammonium headgroup that is responsible for interactions with both nucleic acids and target cell membranes. Because these interactions are fundamental to the design of a major class of transfection lipids, it is important to understand the structure of DOTAP and how it interacts with halide counterions. Here, we use x-ray and neutron diffraction techniques to examine the structure of DOTAP and how chloride (Cl-) and iodide (I-) counterions alter the hydration properties of the DOTAP headgroup. A problem of particular interest is the poor solubility of DOTAP/I- in water solutions. Our results show that the poor solubility results from very tight binding of the I- counterion to the headgroup and the consequent expulsion of water. The structural principles we report here are important for assessing the suitability of DOTAP and its quaternary ammonium derivatives for transfection.

Although research has explored how in-class pedagogical practices and narrative feedback affect student engagement and motivation, questions remain on the impact of grading systems (i.e. multi-interval grades vs pass/fail and narrative evaluation) on academic motivation. Here, we compared the motivation of students who received multi-interval grades to students who were evaluated with a pass/fail and end of course narrative evaluation. In addition, we compared academic motivation at institutions with different grading systems. Grades did not enhance academic motivation. Instead, grades enhanced anxiety and avoidance of challenging courses. In contrast, narrative evaluations supported basic psychological needs and enhanced motivation by providing actionable feedback, promoting trust between instructors and students and cooperation amongst students. Even when accounting for potential confounding factors, students in universities that used narrative evaluations experienced higher intrinsic and autonomous motivation compared to students who received multi-interval grades. Given the potential for grades to thwart basic psychological needs and academic motivation, institutions should re-evaluate when and in which programs grades may be appropriate or necessary.

Introduction: Despite the wide availability of clinical decision rules for imaging of the cervical spine after a traumatic injury (eg, NEXUS C-spine rule and Canadian C-spine rule), there is significant overutilization of computed tomography (CT) imaging in patients who are deemed to be at low risk for a clinically significant cervical spine injury by these clinical decision rules. The purpose of this study was to identify the major factors associated with the overuse of CT cervical spine imaging using a logistic regression model.Methods: This was a retrospective review of all adult patients who underwent CT cervical spine imaging for evaluation of a traumatic injury at a tertiary academic emergency department (ED) and three affiliate community EDs in January and February 2019. We performed multivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with obtaining CT cervical spine imaging despite low-risk classification by the NEXUS C-spine Rule.Results: A total of 1,051 patients underwent CT cervical spine imaging for traumatic indications during the study period, and 889 patients were included in the analysis. Of these patients, 376 (42.3%) were negative by the NEXUS C-spine rule. Variables that were associated with increased likelihood of unnecessary imaging included age over 65, Emergency Severity Index (ESI) score 2 and 3, arrival as a walk-in, and anticoagulation status. Patients who presented to the tertiary academic ED had a significantly lower likelihood of unnecessary imaging. Twenty-one patients (2.4%) were found to have cervical spine fractures on imaging, two of whom were negative by the NEXUS C-spine rule, but neither had a clinically significant fracture.Conclusion: Cervical spine imaging is vastly overused in patients presenting to the ED with traumatic injuries, as adjudicated using the NEXUS C-spine rule as a reference standard. Older age, ESI level, arrival as a walk-in, and taking anticoagulation drugs were associated with overutilization of CT imaging. Conversely, presenting to the tertiary academic ED was associated with a lower likelihood of undergoing unnecessary imaging. This model can guide future interventions to optimize ED CT utilization and minimize unnecessary testing.

Social cognition is shaped by cultural and social-psychological contexts. Depending on the social cues displayed, the cognitive processes that emerge during embodied social interactions can vary. This study explored the influence of gender diverse social cues on interpersonal coordination and decision-making during dyadic interaction in virtual reality. Participants embodied either a transgender or cisgender avatar and interacted with a transgender confederate (human-controlled virtual agent). Results suggest that transgender embodied women and men displayed more interpersonal affiliation, via their coordination dynamics with the confederate, after an explicit gender identity disclosure. Additionally, cognitive flexibility for ambiguous decisions was influenced by attributions of responsibility made toward the confederate. However, cisgender embodied men did not substantially change their decision-making behaviours or increase their coordination with the confederate. Viscerally taking on the perspective and appearance of a transgender person, achieved through virtual embodiment and interaction, may support positive interactions between cisgender and transgender communities.

Fish oils rank among the world’s most popular nutritional supplements and are purported to have numerous health benefits. Previous work suggested that fish oils increase collagen production; however, the effect of fish oils on musculoskeletal health is poorly understood. Further, the divergent effects of omega-3 (Ω3FA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) remains poorly understood. We tested the effects of Ω3FA and SFAs on in vitro-engineered human ligament (EHL) function. EHLs were treated with bovine serum albumin (BSA)-conjugated eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5(n-3)), palmitic acid (PA, 16:0), or a BSA control for 6 days. EPA did not significantly alter, whereas PA significantly decreased EHL function and collagen content. To determine whether this was an in vitro artifact, mice were fed a control or high-lard diet for 14 weeks and musculoskeletal mass, insulin sensitivity, and the collagen content, and mechanics of tendon and bone were determined. Body weight was 40 % higher on a HFD, but muscle, tendon, and bone mass did not keep up with body weight resulting in relative losses in muscle mass, tendon, and bone collagen, as well as mechanical properties. Importantly, we show that PA acutely decreases collagen synthesis in vitro to a similar extent as the decrease in collagen content with chronic treatment. These data suggest that Ω3FAs have a limited effect on EHLs, whereas SFA exert a negative effect on collagen synthesis resulting in smaller and weaker musculoskeletal tissues both in vitro and in vivo.

Background and purpose: Daily target re-delineation in online adaptive radiotherapy (oART) introduces uncertainty. The aim of this study was to evaluate artificial intelligence (AI) generated contours and inter-observer target variation among radiotherapy technicians in cone-beam CT (CBCT) guided oART of bladder cancer. Materials and methods: For each of 10 consecutive patients treated with oART for bladder cancer, one CBCT was randomly selected and retrospectively included. The bladder (CTV-T) was AI-segmented (CTV-TAI). Seven radiotherapy technicians independently reviewed and edited CTV-TAI, generating CTV-TADP. Contours were benchmarked against a ground truth contour (CTV-TGT) delineated blindly from scratch. CTV-TADP and CTV-TAI were compared to CTV-TGT using volume, dice similarity coefficient, and bidirectional local distance. Dose coverage (D99%>95 %) of CTV-TGT was evaluated for treatment plans optimized for CTV-TAI and CTV-TADP with clinical margins. Inter-observer variation among CTV-TADP was assessed using coefficient of variation and generalized conformity index. Results: CTV-TGT ranged from 48.7 cm3 to 211.6 cm3. The median [range] volume difference was 4.5 [−17.8, 42.4] cm3 for CTV-TADP and −15.5 [−54.2, 4.3] cm3 for CTV-TAI, compared to CTV-TGT. Corresponding dice similarity coefficients were 0.87 [0.71, 0.95] and 0.84 [0.64, 0.95]. CTV-TGT was adequately covered in 68/70 plans optimized on CTV-TADP and in 6/10 plans optimized on CTV-TAI with clinical margins. The median [range] coefficient of variation was 0.08 [0.05, 0.11] and generalized conformity index was 0.78 [0.71, 0.88] among CTV-TADP. Conclusions: Target re-delineation in CBCT-guided oART of bladder cancer demonstrated non-isotropic inter-observer variation. Manual adjustment of AI-generated contours was necessary to cover ground truth targets.