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ABSTRAK Lampu adalah alat penerangan yang sangat penting dalam aktivitas sehari-hari, namun seringkali pengguna lupa atau lalai dalam mematikannya saat tidak digunakan. Akibatnya, penggunaan daya listrik menjadi berlebihan. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, diperlukan sebuah teknologi yang mampu mengendalikan lampu secara otomatis. Dalam penelitian ini dibangun sebuah sistem kendali otomatisasi lampu berdasarkan kebiasaan pengguna dengan menerapkan algoritma backpropagation. Struktur jaringan algoritma ini terdiri dari 1 neuron input, 6 neuron pada hidden layer, dan 6 neuron output. Data yang digunakan pada 6 buah lampu dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari 620 data latih dan 72 data uji. Penerapan sistem otomatis menggunakan algoritma backpropagation menunjukkan tingkat keberhasilan yang tinggi, dengan menggunakan confusion matrix menghasilkan akurasi mencapai 95,83%, recall 93,75%, dan precision 96,77%. Rata-rata waktu klasifikasi yang didapat adalah 0,979055 detik dari 72 percobaan. Kata Kunci: Otomatis, Lampu, Kebiasaan, Backpropagation, Klasifikasi ABSTRACT Lights are a very important lighting tool in daily activities, but often users forget or neglect to turn them off when not in use. As a result, the use of electric power becomes excessive. To solve this problem, a technology is needed that is able to control lights automatically. In this research, a light automation control system based on user habits is built by applying the backpropagation algorithm. The network structure of this algorithm consists of 1 input neuron, 6 neurons in the hidden layer, and 6 output neurons. The data used on 6 lamps in this study consists of 620 training data and 72 test data.The implementation of an automated system using the backpropagation algorithm shows a high level of success, using a confusion matrix resulting in accuracy reaching 95,83%, recall 93,75%, and precision 96,77%. The average classification time obtained is 0,79055 seconds from 72 test trials. Keywords: Automatic, Lights, Habits, Backpropagation, Classification

African trypanosomes cause disease in humans and livestock, avoiding host immunity by changing the expression of variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs); the major glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored antigens coating the surface of the bloodstream stage. Proper trafficking of VSGs is therefore critical to pathogen survival. The valence model argues that GPI anchors regulate progression and fate in the secretory pathway and that, specifically, a valence of two (VSGs are dimers) is critical for stable cell surface association. However, recent reports that the MITat1.3 (M1.3) VSG N‐terminal domain (NTD) behaves as a monomer in solution and in a crystal structure challenge this model. We now show that the behavior of intact M1.3 VSG in standard in vivo trafficking assays is consistent with an oligomer. Nevertheless, Blue Native Gel electrophoresis and size exclusion chromatography‐multiangle light scattering chromatography of purified full length M1.3 VSG indicates a monomer in vitro. However, studies with additional VSGs show that multiple oligomeric states are possible, and that for some VSGs oligomerization is concentration dependent. These data argue that individual VSG monomers possess different propensities to self‐oligomerize, but that when constrained at high density to the cell surface, oligomeric species predominate. These results resolve the apparent conflict between the valence hypothesis and the M1.3 NTD VSG crystal structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Recent clinical trials indicate that combining an alpha blocker for rapid symptom improvement and a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor (5-ARI) to reduce the risk of clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) may be an optimal approach to management; however, few studies have evaluated the effect of combination therapy on clinical progression in a real-world setting. The purpose of our study was to assess the clinical and economic impact of early versus delayed 5-ARI therapy in patients treated with an alpha blocker for BPH.Materials and Methods: A retrospective database analysis included men 50 years of age and older who were treated for BPH between 2003 and 2007. Clinical outcomes were evaluated for patients using 5-ARIs early (within 30 days of starting an alpha blocker) compared with those using delayed 5-ARI therapy (between 30 and 180 days after starting an alpha blocker). We assessed the likelihood of clinical progression (defined as the occurrence of acute urinary retention or prostate surgery) for each group over a one-year period following the start of alpha-blocker therapy.Data Source: The MarketScan Database, which was used to identify patients, contains medical and pharmacy claims data obtained directly from Medicare and commercial health plans and employers, representing 18 to 20 million lives annually.Results: Of 8,617 men included in the analysis, 64.5% began 5-ARI therapy within 30 days of alpha-blocker therapy (the early cohort). These patients were less likely than those receiving delayed 5-ARI treatment to have clinical progression (12.8% vs. 17.4% respectively; P < 0.0001), acute urinary retention (10.2% vs. 13.8%, P < 0.0001), and prostate surgery (5% vs. 7%, P = 0.0002). The early group also incurred lower BPH-related medical costs ($572 vs. $730, P < 0.0001). Even though BPH-related pharmacy costs were significantly higher ($1,137 vs. $1,263, P = 0.0313), their total BPH-related costs were lower ($1,834 vs. $1,867, P = 0.0068).Conclusion: These results suggest that early 5-ARI therapy for men with symptomatic BPH who receive an alpha blocker may significantly reduce the risk of clinical progression (i.e., acute urinary retention or prostate surgery) over the next 12 months as well as lower BPH-related medical costs and BPH-related total costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]