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Background: An efficient sampling is one of the key methods to identify all those affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Objectives: To analyze how efficient setting up of a central sampling team would be to prevent any outbreak within the institution by minimizing the movement of suspected COVID-19 patients admitted in the inpatient wards. The secondary objective was to train maximum resident doctors to collect samples of admitted patients. Methodology: A central sampling team comprising of resident doctors from various departments was made who did sampling of the suspected COVID-19 inpatients admitted under various specialties. Results: There were a total of 341 patients [209 males (61.29%), 132 females (38.7%)] and 335 patients underwent sampling. There was a positive correlation between: (1) number of calls from a department vs percentage of positive samples in that department [Pearson correlation coefficient (R) = 0.47; P = 0.026], (2) number of samples taken by resident of a particular department from central sampling team vs number of positive samples taken by resident of that department [R = 0.8739, P = 0.01] and (3) number of visits to a department vs number of residents trained in that department [R = 0.93; P = 0.00001]. Conclusion: Formulation of a central sampling team led to changes like a separate donning and doffing area in each ward and training of many resident doctors posted in different wards. This made each ward self-sufficient in collection of samples. This venture also ensured minimal movement of suspected COVID-19 patients in the hospital and thus least exposure to the hospital staff.

An efficient rhodium catalyzed Sommelet-Hauser type rearrangement of sulfur ylides derived from α-thioesters and N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles has been successfully accomplished for the synthesis of various functionalized enamides. The developed reaction involves the unprecedented [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of sulfur ylides with the imine motif. Importantly, the method works well with various substituted α-thioesters/-amides/-ketones and substituted N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles and allows the synthesis of diverse enamide derivatives in good to excellent yields. The reaction was also successfully extended to the one-pot synthesis of enamides from terminal alkynes.

An efficient rhodium-catalyzed unprecedented oxa-[2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of sulfur ylide derived from α-thioesters/ketones and diazo carbonyl compounds has been accomplished for the synthesis of various sulfur-tethered vinylogous carbonates in good to excellent yields. Important features of the developed reaction include wide functional group tolerance, excellent chemo- and regioselectivity, and efficient rearrangement involving the carbonyl motif. The present reaction also equally works well with α-selenoesters for the synthesis of seleno-containing vinylogous carbonates.

Efficient rhodium-catalyzed Sommelet-Hauser type rearrangement of 3-diazoindolin-2-ones with α-thioesters has been accomplished for the synthesis of C4-thioalkylated oxindoles. The developed reaction offers the selective functionalization of C4-position of oxindole via generation of S-ylide and [2, 3]-sigmatropic rearrangement and allows access to diverse C4-thioalkylated oxindoles in good to excellent yield. Furthermore, the method was successfully extended to the synthesis C4-selenoalkylated oxindoles employing the corresponding α-selenoester. Efficient rhodium-catalyzed Sommelet-Hauser type rearrangement of 3-diazoindolin-2-ones with α-thio/α-seleno-esters have been disclosed for the synthesis of C4-thio/selenoalkylated oxindoles.

Efficient and general copper catalyzed oxidative cyclization of ortho-vinylaniline has been accomplished employing N-tosylhydrazone as coupling partner. Various substituted quinoline derivatives of biological importance were achieved in good to excellent yield. The important features are the high functional group tolerates, up-gradation to gram scale synthesis and possible one-pot synthesis of quinoline from corresponding carboxaldehyde. Synthetic potential of the obtained quinoline derivatives was demonstrated through C H bond functionalization reaction. Furthermore, preliminary mechanistic investigation revealed the possible generation of non-stabilized diazo compound and imine derivative as potential intermediates as well as copper catalyzed electrocyclic reaction and oxidative aromatization.

An efficient and novel rhodium-catalyzed transannulation of N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles with in situ generated o-quinone methides ( o-QMs) from 2-hydroxybenzyl alcohols has been achieved for the synthesis of substituted benzopyrans in good yields. The developed reaction involves nucleophilic attack of o-QM to α-imino rhodium carbenoid to generate a carbonyl ylide followed by 6π-electrocyclization and isomerization. Furthermore, the utility of the methodology was demonstrated in the one-pot synthesis and construction of polyheteroaromatics.

A 28-year-old male patient presented with a 5-day history of sudden vision loss and swelling of the right eye along with a history of cough and fever. He denied any previous ocular trauma or nasal symptoms. His previous medical charts ruled out any cause for immunosuppression except a history of

Metal-catalyzed in situ functionalization of ammonium ylides has emerged as a mild and atom/step economy strategy for the construction of complex building blocks. Despite the success, these trapping reactions are limited to activated polar double bonds such as (α,β-unsaturated) carbonyl derivatives. Trapping of ammonium ylides with nonpolar double bonds, which allows the all-carbon quaternary center, is unprecedented. In this article, an efficient stereoselective palladium-catalyzed intramolecular trapping of N-ylides derived from o-vinylaniline and α-diazocarbonyl compounds has been accomplished, a carbenylative hydroamination of alkenes. The present reaction allows the synthesis of various tri- and tetrasubstituted indolines in good yield with high diastereoselectivity. Important features are the construction of two contiguous quaternary carbon centers via the formation of C–N and C–C bonds in a single operation, high diastereoselectivity, wide functional group tolerance, and high atom and step economy....

With the advent of COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a myriad of long-term complications in post-COVID patients. In these patients, one of the rare but dreaded symptoms reported is sudden onset sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) that has been reported mostly during active infection. We followed up with these patients in our outpatient department and came across one patient of SNHL. We conducted a literature search in PubMed and Google Scholar but couldn’t come across any such care report from India. We are hereby reporting the first case of SNHL in a post-hospitalised COVID-19 from India presenting after 3 months of hospital discharge, with no history prior otologic illness, intake of ototoxic drugs or any head injury. Post-COVID patients can present with weird symptoms including hearing loss apart from other commonly reported post COVID 19 sequelae.

A 29-year-old male patient presented with a history of voice change and feeling of a lump in throat for the last 20 years. He was tracheostomised at the age of 10 years. Endolaryngeal examination showed a mucosal bulge in supraglottic region arising predominantly from right side. He had multiple healed scar marks on neck, arms and elbows, and had dystrophic nail changes. MRI of the neck showed a supraglottic cyst covering glottis. The patient was diagnosed as a case of laryngo-onycho-cutaneous syndrome which is also known as Shabbir syndrome. He underwent supraglottic cyst excision via transoral ultrasonic surgery. Glottic scarring along with subglottic stenosis was found intraoperatively, which was released using carbon dioxide laser and finally Montgomery (MT) tube was inserted. The patient got his tracheostomy tube removed for the first time in 20 years. He tolerated corking of MT tube. He was able to breathe through nose and phonate using false cords.

An efficient diastereoselective rhodium catalyzed synthesis of indolines possessing two contiguous tetrasubstituted carbon centers has been achieved with good to excellent yields using ortho-vinylanilines and iminocarbenes derived from N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles. The reaction affords excellent cis-diastereoselectivity through the initial formation of a N-ylide followed by intramolecular trapping with unactivated alkenes via an ene-type reaction with a well-organized transition state, namely intramolecular carbenylative amination of alkenes. The developed transformation was further extended to the successful synthesis of tricyclic compounds, imidazoindolines, through reduction and hypervalent iodine mediated oxidative cyclization.

An efficient divergent functionalization of N-alkylated ortho-alkenylanilines to substituted indoles and quinolines has been accomplished by employing rhodium-catalyzed cross-dehydrogenative coupling and silver-mediated oxidative cyclization, respectively. The developed methods tolerate various functional groups and allow the synthesis of substituted indoles and quinolines in good to excellent yield. Synthetic utility is demonstrated through conversion to an indole with antimicrobial activity and C-H bond functionalization of 2-arylquinolines. Furthermore, a plausible mechanism was proposed based on preliminary mechanistic investigations.

image segmentation is often used to trace the thing and bounds like line and curves in a picture. The segmentation of the text dependability is critical to perform the classification and Recognition. the most aim of segmentation is to partition the document image into varied homogenous regions like text block, image block, line and word. during this paper we\'ve got introduced a cluster based mostly} neighbor technique and Direction based line segmentation technique for the image segmentation. First, scan the input image and take away the noise. Second, apply the highest down phaseation approach to segment a document image into text lines. Third, the results of segmentation is about of segments that conjointly cowl entire pictures. Keywordssegmentation, Histogram based Algorithm, Edge Detection algorithm Preprocessing, Image acquisition.

An efficient diastereoselective rhodium catalyzed synthesis of indolines possessing two contiguous tetrasubstituted carbon centers has been achieved with good to excellent yields using ortho-vinylanilines and iminocarbenes derived from N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles. The reaction affords excellent cis-diastereoselectivity through the initial formation of a N-ylide followed by intramolecular trapping with unactivated alkenes via an ene-type reaction with a well-organized transition state, namely intramolecular carbenylative amination of alkenes. The developed transformation was further extended to the successful synthesis of tricyclic compounds, imidazoindolines, through reduction and hypervalent iodine mediated oxidative cyclization.

An efficient cobalt(III)-catalyzed intramolecular cross-dehydrogenative C-H/N-H coupling of ortho-alkenylanilines has been developed utilizing O2 as a terminal oxidant. The developed reaction tolerates various reactive functional groups and allows the synthesis of diverse indole derivatives in good to excellent yield. The method was successfully extended to the synthesis of benzofuran via intramolecular cross-dehydrogenative C-H/O-H coupling of ortho-alkenylphenols.

The variable nature of wind and solar will be a challenge for any grid which is not supported with enough flexibility. This issue of variability can be resolved to some extent through utilization of complementary nature of these two resources, which may be better achieved by having optimal mix of these resources. This paper addresses the optimal mix of wind and solar PV capacities for wind-solar PV hybrid power plant subject to constraint of minimum variability in its output power generation, while increasing its mean power output and base load power generation compared to ‘equal distribution’ scenario. This is being addressed through moving-window optimization method, utilizing historical wind and solar PV output power generation data. Based on practical data in Karnataka State system in India, case study has been performed for 42.5 MW wind-solar PV hybrid power plant and it resulted in optimal mix of 22.22 MW and 20.28 MW respectively for wind and solar PV.

Message authentication is a mechanism to verity the integrity of a message and it can be achieved using Message Authentication code (MAC) also called as keyed hash function. An ideal Hash algorithm will require a cryptanalytic effort greater than or equal to the brut-force effort. In the recent time, there have been enough efforts in developing cryptanalytic attacks on Hash algorithms. The hash algorithms contain a compression function which takes n-bit input from the chaining variable taken from previous step, b-bit block from the input message and produce an n-bit output. The initial value of chaining variable is specified as part of the algorithm and the final value of the chaining variable becomes hash value or message digest which is attached the message being transmitted. In this paper, we have implemented HMAC-SHA256 and HMAC-SHA512 algorithms for the Data Integrity of the information being sent using a hybrid routing algorithm for Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). The hybrid routing algorithm which we have taken here is Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) and the tool used for simulation was NS2.33. The metrics that we have considered to analyze the performance of the protocol were Throughput, Packet delivery fraction and End-to-End Delay.

Congenital choanal atresia is due to failure in the development of communication between the nasal cavity and nasopharynx in newborns. This condition is life threatening when it is bilateral and causes severe respiratory distress immediately after birth as children are obligatory nose breathers. We present a one day old child who presented to us with severe respiratory distress, which we diagnosed as choanal atresia. The child also had tertology of fallot with pulmonary atresia and had to be intubated as oxygen saturation was not adequate. Surgery was undertaken on emergency basis on day one of life which helped in extubation of the child. This case highlights the importance of prompt diagnosis of a case bilateral choanal atresia, and also the importance of early surgery which can lead to significant improvement.

Chondroid syringoma, is a benign neoplasm of sweat gland origin with an overall reported incidence of 0.01-0.098 percent. These tumours being rare can easily be misdiagnosed and should be included in the differential diagnosis of any slowly growing nodule in the skin of the face. The diagnosis is confirmed after histopathologic examination of tissue obtained by excisional biopsy. Treatment of choice is local surgical excision with a cuff of normal tissue, in order to prevent recurrence. We present a case of chondroid syringoma of the face (nasomaxillary groove), highlighting the rarity of the tumour and the surgical incision resulting in excellent cosmetic result.

Genetic similarity and diversity of catfish Clarias batrachus (Linn.1758) populations collected from three regions of Indian riverine system were examined using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR). Out of 22 random primers tested, six primers produced 462 RAPD bands ranging from 105 to 128 polymorphic bands per primer in size between 100 and 1,200 bp. The polymorphic bands in these populations ranged from 26.5 to 30.5. Polymorphic bands within populations ranged from 25 to 35.7%. The degree of similarity within Hussainabad population varied from 0.125 to 0.842 based on average level of band sharing (BS) values. The level of band sharing values within the catfish populations were 0.26 +/- 0.021 for Banaras, 0.60 +/- 0.033 for Bhubaneshwar and 0.377 +/- 0.058 for Hussainabad respectively. The results from the present study indicate that there is great degree of genetic similarity between Bhubaneshwar and Hussainabad populations where as Banaras catfish population is distinct. It may appear that Bhubaneshwar and Hussainabad are geographically connected by rivers and most of the major catfish hatcheries are located in this region, therefore the individuals from these populations are get reared in the same environmental conditions, migration or by inbreeding during several generations may be possible. This may be the reason that catfish population is lacking genetic diversity in major riverine system of India. In nearer future, the lack in genetic diversity can lead to inbreeding which can be resulted in poor growth and disease susceptibility, Bhubaneshwar and Hussainabad catfish population may have this problem.

The syntheses of a number of novel oxazolidinone analogues possessing an urea functionality are reported. While the urea derivatives possessing aliphatic and aromatic groups were prepared by the more conventional isocyanate method, the derivatives possessing heterocyclic rings were synthesized by a relatively uncommon but otherwise efficient carbamate chemistry. Though the SAR resulted in novel compounds possessing in vitro activity equivalent to Linezolid, the compounds possess a range of substituents that are amenable for altering physicochemical properties of the resultant drug. The antibacterial activity was found to be not sensitive to the functional groups attached to the urea site regardless of the size and electronic characteristics. Based on in vivo results, one molecule has been identified as a candidate and additional work such as salt selection, scale-up, etc., are currently underway to take the molecule further through development.

The purpose of a hash function is to produce a "fingerprint" of a message or data for authentication. The strength of the Hash code against brute-force attacks depends on the length of the hash code produced by the algorithm. Constructing the Message Authentication Codes (MAC) from Cryptographic hash functions (SHA-256) gives faster execution in software than symmetric block ciphers like Data Encryption Standard (DES) and also the library code for cryptographic hash functions are widely available. Here we implemented the HMAC-SHA 256 Algorithm for the message authentication and Data Integrity. This algorithm is introduced in hybrid routing protocol for Mobile network environment and the performance of the protocol is analyzed by calculating throughput, packet delivery ration and end-to-end delays of the network The simulation is carried out using Network Simulator 2 (NS2). We observed that there is an improvement in throughput and packet delivery ratio at the cost of more processing time.

Ad hoc networks are wireless networks without a fixed infrastructure, which are usually assembled on a temporary basis to serve a specific deployment such as emergency rescue or battlefield communication. Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) is one of the hybrid routing protocols in MANETs, which is vulnerable to a number of security threats that come from internal malicious nodes which have authorization credentials to participate in the network. Malicious nodes deliberately drop routing and data packets and disrupt the correct operation of the routing protocol. To overcome this problem, we proposed Secured ZRP (SZRP) based on efficient key management, secure neighbor discovery, secure routing packets, detection of malicious nodes, and preventing these nodes from destroying the network. We proposed a new technique to deal with malicious nodes, and prevent them from further destroying the network. We demonstrate the performance of SZRP using NS2 Simulator. Furthermore, we compared the performance of SZRP and ZRP by considering performance metrics like Packet Delivery Fraction, Routing Overhead and End-to-End Delay. We also simulated the performed the detection of malicious nodes using the trust value and alarm packets and observed that the packet delivery fraction of SZRP is considerably high even the number of malicious nodes is 35% of the Network size.

Ad hoc networks are wireless networks without a fixed infrastructure, and are usually established on a temporary basis for a specific application like emergency rescue or battle field communication. Energy management in wireless networks is the process of managing the sources and consumers of energy in a node or in the network as a whole for enhancing the lifetime of the network. Since, most of the mobile nodes in the network are equipped with low power batteries, it could be difficult for a mobile device to sustain for a long time if it send and receive data more often. To solve this problem here we describe the power management issues in mobile nodes using modified Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) and it was simulated using NS2 simulator.

An ad hoc wireless network has a dynamic nature that leads to constant changes in its network topology. As a consequence, the routing problem becomes more complex and challengeable, and it probably is the most addressed and studied problem in ad hoc networks. Based on the routing information update mechanism Ad hoc wireless networks routing protocols are classified into Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid Routing Protocols. Out of these, Hybrid Routing Protocol combines the best futures of the first two categories. The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) is one of the hybrid routing protocols in which every network node proactively maintaining routing information about its routing zone, while reactively acquiring routes to destinations beyond the routing zone. In this paper, we proposed the Independent Zone Routing Protocol (IZRP) an enhancement of the Zone Routing Protocol which allows adaptive and distributed configuration for the optimal size of each node's routing zone, on per-node basis. We demonstrate the performance of IZRP with various performance metrics. Furthermore, we compared the performance of IZRP and ZRP by considering performance metrics Packet Delivery Fraction, Normalized Routing Overhead and End-to-End Delay.

The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) is a hybrid routing protocol that proactively maintains routes within a local region of the network (which we refer to as the routing zone). Here, we describe the motivation of ZRP and its architecture also the query control mechanisms, which are used to reduce the traffic amount in the route discovery procedure. In this paper, we address the issue of configuring the ZRP to provide the best performance for a particular network, at any time. Through NS2 simulation, we draw conclusions about the performance of the protocol.

Wireless technology based on the IEEE 802.11 standard is used to support multiple types of communication services (data, voice, and image) with different QoS requirements. Node mobility creates a continuously changing communication topology in which paths break and new one form dynamically. The routing table of each router in an adhoc network must be kept up-to-date. MANET uses Distance Vector or Link State algorithms which insure that the route to every host is always known. However, this approach must take into account the adhoc networks specific characteristics: dynamic topologies, limited bandwidth, energy constraints, and limited physical security. Two main routing protocols categories are studied in this paper: proactive protocols (e.g. Optimized Link State Routing-OLSR) and reactive protocols (e.g. Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector — AODV, Dynamic Source Routing — DSR). The present paper focuses on study and performance evaluation of these categories using NS2 simulations. We have considered qualitative and quantitative criteria. The first one concerns distributed operation, loop-freedom, security, sleep period operation. The second are used to assess performance of different routing protocols presented in this paper. We can list end-to-end data delay, packet delivery ratio, routing load. Comparative study will be presented with number of networking context consideration and the results show the appropriate routing protocol for two kinds of communication services (data and voice).

A variety of allyl acrylates possessing electron-withdrawing groups undergo RCM using the second generation Grubbs’ catalyst in the presence of a Lewis acid resulting in diverse butenolides in high isolated yields. This methodology provides a general route to the natural products of paraconic acids class, exemplified by a total synthesis of (±)-phaseolinic acid.

Hash functions are used in information security applications for the generation and verification of digital signatures, key derivation, and pseudorandom bit generation. Hash algorithms are secure because, for a given algorithm, it is computationally infeasible to find a message that corresponds to a given message digest, or to find two different messages that produce the same message digest. Any change to a message will result in a different message digest with a very high probability. This will result in a verification failure when the secure hash algorithm is used with a digital signature algorithm or a keyed-hash message authentication algorithm. In our work, first we implemented the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP), a hybrid MANET protocol is being implemented in Network Simulator 2 (NS2) and hashing algorithm, keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code – Secure Hashing Algorithm 512 (HMAC-SHA512) is implemented for the Authentication and Data Integrity of the information being sent. In addition to that a Trust-Based system is formulated for preventing the Denial-of-Services (DoS) Attacks. The first part of this paper introduces the HMAC-SHA512 for ensuring that the data packets are received by the destination only and in its original form but at the expense of the increased processing time at the source and the destination. The second part uses the Trust-Based system with those nodes that act maliciously being broadcasted in the network and isolated to render a higher throughput and packet delivery fraction but at the expense of the increased end to end delay.

Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) is an infrastructure independent network with every mobile node acting as the router in the network formation. These networks are most useful when the present infrastructure is destroyed or at remote locations which are deprived of these amenities. One of the biggest challenges of these networks is the security of the data being sent and that is the main objective of our work. In this paper, security of the routing information is of the maximum priority. Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP), a hybrid MANET protocol is being implemented in Network Simulator 2 (NS2) and a hashing algorithm, keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code – Secure Hashing Algorithm 256 (HMAC-SHA256) is implemented for the Authentication and Data Integrity of the information being sent. In addition to that a Trust-Based system is formulated for preventing the Denial-of-Services (DoS) Attacks. The first part of this paper introduces the HMAC-SHA256 for ensuring that the data packets are received by the destination only and in its original form but at the expense of the increased processing time at the source and the destination. The second part uses the Trust-Based system with those nodes that act maliciously being broadcasted in the network and isolated to render a higher throughput and packet delivery fraction but at the expense of the increased end to end delay.