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Objective: To investigate the epidemiology of injuries and risk factors in Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 selected wards of Raipur. Data were collected from injured individuals using a structured questionnaire. Socio-demographic characteristics, injury mechanisms, medical care-seeking behavior, and outcomes were assessed. Results: 312 individuals with injuries were included, with 193 men and 119 women. Males were more likely to be injured than females (61.86% v.s. 38.14%). Younger adults aged 21-30 were at highest risk (21.5%). The most common injuries were falls (38.8%) and road traffic accidents (34.9%). Injuries occurring on-road are the most frequent, followed by, at home with a highly significant association (P

To evaluate the pattern of renal artery Doppler indices in patients with sickle cell disease who do not have laboratory evidence of renal impairment.

For many living in remote areas, accessing quality health care remains a significant hurdle. Long distances, limited specialists, and transportation challenges create a gap in care that telehealth has the potential to bridge. This article explores how telehealth, the use of telecommunication technologies for health-care delivery, can revolutionize rural health care. Telehealth consultations can connect patients with specialists in distant locations, reducing travel burdens and wait times. It can also enhance preventative care through remote monitoring and medication management. However, the success of telehealth hinges on digital health literacy. Equipping rural communities with the skills to navigate these technologies is crucial for maximizing their benefits. This article delves into the challenges and opportunities presented by telehealth in rural areas. It discusses how initiatives promoting digital health literacy can empower communities and ensure equitable access to quality health care. Ultimately, it argues that by embracing technological advancements and fostering digital literacy, we can create a future where location no longer dictates the quality of health care received.

Introduction: Reflection facilitates the enhancement of critical thinking and profound learning through obtaining a greater understanding of oneself and the circumstances at hand. There is a limited amount of published literature evaluating the reflective abilities of medical students in India. Aim: To evaluate and compare the reflective abilities of Competency-based Medical Education (CBME) batch MBBS students in Phase III, part 2, with non CBME batch MBBS students currently undertaking their internship by administering the Reflective Practice Questionnaire (RPQ) and via Focus Group Discussions (FGD). Materials and Methods: The present mixed-method cross-sectional study was conducted from January to August 2023 among 171 CBME batch and 129 non CBME batch MBBS students studying at Pt. JNM Medical College, Chhattisgarh, India. The RPQ consists of 40 items designed to evaluate not just the reflective abilities of a study group but also to gauge various other related psychological attributes. The mean values of each subscale were estimated and compared between the CBME and non CBME batches and analysed using the non parametric Mann-Whitney U test, with a p-value

Background: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a hydroalcoholic extract derived from the bark of Moringa oleifera in facilitating the healing process of second-degree burns wounds. Moreover, a comprehensive assessment was carried out on standardized M. oleifera bark to ascertain its physiochemical characteristics, botanical compound layout, and antioxidant activity, all of which play a crucial role in its capacity to facilitate the healing process of burns. Methods: For 14 days, the efficacy of ointments containing a hydroalcoholic extract of M. oleifera bark at concentrations of 5% and 10% was evaluated for treating second-degree burns in rats. Additionally, histological analysis was conducted on skin tissue samples. Results: The M. oleifera bark extract exhibited TPC (52.56 mg/gm of dried extract) and TFC (84.33 mg/gm of dried extract) value along with antioxidant activity (IC50 value of 0.98 µg/ml) for radical scavenging, in the presence of several phytochemicals. The most favorable outcomes were achieved using a 10% ointment composition, demonstrating a wound closure and tissue repair rate of 83.04 ± 0.89%, along with a noteworthy decrease in tissue oxidative stress indicators. Histological investigations have verified the wound-healing properties of M. oleifera bark extract. Conclusion: Due to its significant antioxidant properties and its capacity to create a moist environment for wounds, M. oleifera has the potential to serve as a natural treatment for burns. Additional clinical trials are recommended to validate the efficacy of M. oleifera bark extract as a therapeutic agent for wound healing.

3D-printing (3DP) is a rapidly evolving sector and is advancing at an unmatched pace. Integrating digital-based approaches to disseminate knowledge within institutional curricula is crucial for mainstreaming knowledge. This work explores the development of a virtual lab (VL) for additive manufacturing (AM), using an interactive VL simulator. The VL's experiments encompass anatomy, assembly, techniques, preprocessing, and postprocessing modules on AM. The aim of this dedicated AM VL is to facilitate digital education on 3DP among educational institutions. A case study compares the efficacy of VL to physical experimentation. Two groups of 30 students each provided feedback before and after conducting experiments in the physical laboratory and on the VL, respectively. The comparison elucidates how integrating the VL with traditional teaching pedagogy can be a progressive step in teaching AM in educational institutions. The teaching pedagogy approach is both cost-effective and time efficient. The developed VL offers unlimited access and availability for students to learn at their own pace. The design of the 3DP virtual simulation lab incorporates an inclusive align-act-assess approach, wherein each module includes related theory, aim, procedure, simulator interface, pretest, and posttest to align with this approach.

Spindle cell carcinoma is a rare biphasic tumour composed of squamous cell epithelial and spindle cell mesenchymal components. This variant of squamous cell carcinoma masquerades as sarcoma with a high-risk of recurrence and metastasis. Metastatic lesions to the chest wall of squamous cell carcinoma from a distant primary are rare. The most common sites for metastasis from head and neck cancers are usually seen in the lungs, liver, bone, and brain. In this present case, the patient presented with complaints of an ulcerated mass on the left buccal mucosa with limited mouth opening. Despite wide excision of the mass and postoperative radiation, it resulted in distant metastases to the chest wall after a disease-free survival of four months. The metastasis of the chest wall appearing as red, inflamed, small, multiple, subcutaneous nodules is even rarer. The diagnosis of subcutaneous metastatic nodules of squamous cell carcinoma on Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) appearing in the literature is infrequent. The primary in this case was oral squamous cell carcinoma, which in follow-up after wide local excision of the mass with marginal mandibulectomy, presented as multiple inflamed appearing nodules on the chest wall. The primary site of the tumour showing classical squamous cell carcinoma and its metastatic lesion appearing on morphology as the spindle cell variant of squamous cell carcinoma are also infrequently reported in the literature. Herein, one such unusual case of subcutaneous metastasis on the chest wall cytodiagnosed on FNAC is reported.

Background: Endometrial disorders are among the most common gynecological conditions globally. Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) refers to any irregularity in the timing, volume, or pattern of menstrual blood flow. This study investigates the histopathological spectrum of endometrial changes across various age groups in patients presenting with AUB as their primary symptom. Materials and Methods: The study analyzed 226 endometrial biopsies/specimens collected over two years from patients with AUB as the main complaint. These specimens were processed, and slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) were examined to determine the endometrial patterns. A chi-square test assessed the relationship between age and specific endometrial pathologies. Observations and Results: Most of the 226 cases were from perimenopausal women (40–49 years), representing 57% of the total, with proliferative endometrium being the most common pattern (40.9%). About 20% of the cases were in the reproductive age group (49 years), with endometrioid carcinoma being the most frequent pattern observed. Other endometrial patterns included disordered proliferative endometrium, endometritis, endometrial polyps, Arias–Stella reaction, and progesterone effects. Conclusion: Patients with AUB present with a wide range of endometrial patterns, from normal cyclic endometrium to malignancies. Histopathological examination remains the gold standard for diagnosing AUB, showing a significant association between endometrial lesions and age.

A 36-year-old female patient was referred from a secondary rural hospital to the outpatient department, presented with a gradually increasing lump in the abdomen associated with dull aching pain and discomfort, along with weight loss since three months. Physical examination revealed a palpable diffuse mass of about 14×14 centimeters in the epigastric region extending to the right hypochondrium as well as a mild shift towards the left hypochondrium. Routine haematological and biochemical parameters, including complete blood count, liver function tests, and renal function tests, were normal. Chest radiography was normal.

Living systems are intrinsically nonequilibrium: They use metabolically derived chemical energy to power their emergent dynamics and self-organization. A crucial driver of these dynamics is the cellular cytoskeleton, a defining example of an active material where the energy injected by molecular motors cascades across length scales, allowing the material to break the constraints of thermodynamic equilibrium and display emergent nonequilibrium dynamics only possible due to the constant influx of energy. Notwithstanding recent experimental advances in the use of local probes to quantify entropy production and the breaking of detailed balance, little is known about the energetics of active materials or how energy propagates from the molecular to emergent length scales. Here, we use a recently developed picowatt calorimeter to experimentally measure the energetics of an active microtubule gel that displays emergent large-scale flows. We find that only approximately one-billionth of the system's total energy consumption contributes to these emergent flows. We develop a chemical kinetics model that quantitatively captures how the system's total thermal dissipation varies with ATP and microtubule concentrations but that breaks down at high motor concentration, signaling an interference between motors. Finally, we estimate how energy losses accumulate across scales. Taken together, these results highlight energetic efficiency as a key consideration for the engineering of active materials and are a powerful step toward developing a nonequilibrium thermodynamics of living systems.

The valuable chemical 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA), the phenolic compound of carboxylic acid possesses promise as an antioxidant, antifungal, anticancer, antidiabetic, and cardioprotective properties. 4-HBA has promising uses in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and plastic sectors, making it worthwhile to recover. Using renewable solvent like Karanja oil and traditional solvents like n-Butanol, and Di-chlorobenzene, the experimental tests were carried out to separate 4-hydroxybenzoic acid from solute mixed aqueous solution. Parameters including the distribution coefficient KD, the percentage extraction efficiency %E, the partition coefficient P, and the dimerization constant D were discovered and associated with several solvent physicochemical features while evaluating the equilibrium for this physical extraction experiment. The following parametric values were obtained for KD and %E: n-Butanol (1.704, 63.02%)> Karanja oil (0.810, 44.75%) > Di-chlorobenzene (0.555, 35.69%).

Understanding disturbances that are of significant significance requires a critical focus on preventing forest degradation and addressing problems related to vegetation loss. Hence, the primary objective of this work was to examine the structure of species and the patterns of regeneration at various density gradients within the Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve in India. This study involved the selection of one closed site (CS) and one open site (OS) from both the Mixed Sal Forest (MSF) and the Pure Sal Forest (PSF). In order to ascertain population structure and regeneration status, plants were classified into seedlings, saplings, and adults based on their Girth at breast height (GBH). The results of our study revealed that the population density of seedlings, saplings, and trees was higher in MSFCS (49250, 980, and 920 ind/ha) compared to PSFCS (41500, 740, 890 ind/ha), MSFOS (16750, 580, and 370 individuals ind/ha), and PSFOS (9750, 180, and 334 ind/ha). Both forests exhibited a reverse-J shaped curve in the CS and an interrupted reverse-J shaped curve in the OS of overall tree species. Nevertheless, the distribution curve at the species level displayed diverse patterns. For instance, Shorea robusta displayed irregular shapes in the OS of both forests, while Terminalia tomentosa displayed a bell-shaped GBH density distribution population curve across all the sites. Differences in regeneration status were observed among different tree species. At the four sites, 18.75% of the species showed good regeneration, 21.87% showed fair regeneration, and a substantial portion, 35.94%, displayed poor to no regeneration. Additionally, 23.44% of the species showed new regeneration. Among these species, Diospyros melanoxylon and Syzygium cumini showed strong regeneration capabilities, while Shorea robusta shown moderate regeneration potential. In the future, the population structure, dominance, and richness of the present tree community may undergo changes. Hence, it is imperative to conduct study on the survival of seedlings and use appropriate management techniques in order to guarantee the long-term viability of the forests.

Telangiectatic Osteosarcoma (TO) is a rare variant of osteosarcoma, accounting for 0.4-12% of cases. It is a high-grade malignancy occurring in adolescence and the adult population. It commonly occurs in the bones of the limbs but rarely in the humerus. It is assumed to originate in stem cells of the mesenchyme or from transformed osteoblasts. The initial X-ray of TO would show an osteolytic lesion over the metaphysis of the long bone. However, the radiographic imaging techniques may not correlate with the histological variant of osteosarcoma. It has been rarely diagnosed and reported in the literature in terms of diagnostic modality using Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC). Its cytological as well as histological diagnosis is challenging. However, the diagnosis of TO has numerous implications such as prognosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment options. The present clinical and pathological case images depict the unusual features of TO involving the upper humerus by an osteolytic lesion. Its clinical and diagnostic chronology is interesting due to the occurrence of TO in a case that underwent surgery for a fractured humerus with plating. The plate fixation in this particular case was surrounded by osteolytic tumour tissue extending into the soft tissue. The FNAC under Ultrasonography (USG) guidance was carried out. The smears of the aspirated material typically showed malignant spindle cell fragments with a few gaps of remnant sinusoids entrapping sparse red blood cells. The smears also showed osteoid material which was lacy in character. This case has several noteworthy features in the form of cytomorphological description of the telangiectatic variant of osteosarcoma, its occurrence following plating, and subsequent confirmation on histology and Immunohistochemistry (IHC).

There is little doubt that the COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on people’s mental health all around the world. The impact has been felt by various groups, including health-care workers, patients, children, and marginalized communities. Coping strategies have been identified to mitigate the psychological effects of the crisis and promote resilience. These strategies include psychological first aid, telemental health, self-help resources, peer support, community mobilization, social protection, and mental health advocacy. There is still much work to be done in the field of global mental health about COVID-19. In addition to collaborative and interdisciplinary methods, attention to mental health fairness and human rights, and more integration of mental health into the COVID-19 response and rehabilitation, more robust and representative studies are required. Collaboration among policymakers, program implementers, donors, and researchers is crucial in addressing mental health issues and improving coping techniques during and after the COVID-19 epidemic. Priorities include tackling stigma and prejudice, expanding access to mental health services, and making that mental health is included into larger health and social policy. During and after the COVID-19 pandemic, it is imperative that we keep making mental health a top priority and investing in it. We can encourage well-being and resilience in people and communities all throughout the world.

A 32-year-old female presented to the Outpatient Department of Surgery with complaints of swelling in the right breast and similar complaints in the right axillary region for the past three months. The patient was fine three months ago but developed swelling in the upper outer quadrant of the right breast that gradually increased, along with swelling in the right axilla and multiple small nodules in it. On local examination, the swelling in the right breast was initially small, painless, and gradually increasing in size, with a soft to firm consistency. The right axillary swelling was soft in consistency, non tender on palpation, and had multiple small skin-coloured to yellow nodules.

A field experiment was conducted during July to November of 2021 to assess the effect of nano-urea on growth and productivity of rice at ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design consisting eight treatments viz., Recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through urea (T1), 50% of RDN (urea)+two foliar sprays of nano-urea @ 0.2% at Active tillering (AT) and Panicle initiation (PI) stages (T2), 75% of RDN+two foliar sprays of nano-urea @ 0.2% at AT and PI (T3), 50% of RDN+two foliar sprays of nano-urea @ 0.4% at (AT and PI) (T4), 75% of RDN+two foliar sprays of nano-urea @ 0.4% at AT and PI (T5), 25% of RDN+Four foliar sprays of nano-urea @ 0.2% at 20,33,50 and 65 DAT (T6), 25% of RDN+Four foliar sprays of nano-urea @ 0.4% 20,33,50 and 65 DAT (T7) and control (no fertilizer application) (T8). Results showed that foliar spray of nano-urea resulted in higher plant height (120.1 cm), tillers number m-2 (265) and dry matter accumulation (741.9 kg ha-1). Yield attributes viz., panicle number m-2, number of grains panicle-1, number of filled grains panicle-1 were significantly influenced by the application of nano-urea. The highest grain yield (5.39 t ha-1) and straw yield (6.73 t ha-1) was recorded with the application of 75% of RDN+two foliar sprays of nano-urea @ 0.4% at AT and PI stages. The application of nano-urea resulted in saving of nitrogen (urea) to an extent of 25%.

Abstract Variability of ice microphysical properties like crystal size and density in cirrus clouds is important for climate through its impact on radiative forcing, but challenging to represent in models. For the first time, recent laboratory experiments of particle growth (tied to crystal morphology via deposition density) are combined with a state‐of‐the‐art Lagrangian particle‐based microphysics model in large‐eddy simulations to examine sources of microphysical variability in cirrus. Simulated particle size distributions compare well against balloon‐borne observations. Overall, microphysical variability is dominated by variability in the particles' thermodynamic histories. However, diversity in crystal morphology notably increases spatial variability of mean particle size and density, especially at mid‐levels in the cloud. Little correlation between instantaneous crystal properties and supersaturation occurs even though the modeled particle morphology is directly tied to supersaturation based on laboratory measurements. Thus, the individual thermodynamic paths of each particle, not the instantaneous conditions, control the evolution of particle properties.

A subcutaneous infection in the form of pseudomycetoma is rare. Acremonium species are rarely considered to be pathogenic in subcutaneous infections due to their ubiquitous nature. We report a case of subcutaneous pseudomycetoma over the dorsolateral aspect of the left knee caused by Acremonium species in a 55-year-old diabetic male who was treated successfully with oral itraconazole.

Abstract Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are essential for the formation of high affinity antibodies after vaccination or infection. Although the signals responsible for initiating Tfh differentiation from naïve T cells have been studied, the signals controlling sequential developmental stages culminating in optimal effector function are not well understood. Here we use fate mapping strategies for the cytokine IL-21 to uncover sequential developmental stages of Tfh differentiation including a progenitor-like stage, a fully developed effector stage and a post-effector Tfh stage that maintains transcriptional and epigenetic features without IL-21 production. We find that progression through these stages are controlled intrinsically by the transcription factor FoxP1 and extrinsically by follicular regulatory T cells. Through selective deletion of Tfh stages, we show that these cells control antibody dynamics during distinct stages of the germinal center reaction in response to a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Together, these studies demonstrate the sequential phases of Tfh development and how they promote humoral immunity.

Abstract Anomalous increase in sea surface temperature and its impact on natural ecosystems greatly interests the research community. Here we investigate the causes, impacts, and trends of marine heat wave (MHW) events in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) from 1982 to 2021. A total of 107 MHW events have been isolated (> 90th percentile threshold) in this Indian Ocean region, and their variation in intensity, duration, and frequency has been investigated. Our research unveils that an average of three MHW events/year accompanied by a linearly increasing trend of 1.11 MHW events/decade has been observed over the study region. It was also found that the most intense event was observed in 2016, which continued for 69 days, and had a maximum intensity of 5.29 °C and a mean intensity of 2.03 °C (above climatology mean). Moreover, it was observed that the net heat flux, along with anticyclonic eddies, was the primary cause of MHW events. Anticyclonic eddies associated with positive sea surface height anomaly were observed (> 0.20 m) in the vicinity of the most intense MHW event. Additionally, climate change and climate modes like El Niño and Indian Ocean Dipole show a high positive influence on the MHW events. Furthermore, we have examined the MHW event recurrence patterns in various regions of the BoB. From the monthly analysis, it was found that August and November had the most occurrences of MHWs, while April and May had the most extreme MHW events.

Background Cancer is a leading public health problem worldwide and a growing problem in India. Factors contributing to the morbidity and mortality burden include lack of awareness regarding cancer risk factors and symptoms and barriers to seeking help. This study was conducted in selected areas of Raipur City, India to assess cancer awareness with regard to nine early warning signs selected for the project study, associated risk factors and barriers patients were likely to encounter in seeking help.

Aim: This study was performed with the idea of assessing age and gender utilizing differences in osseous microanatomy in human jawbones. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted retrospectively among human jawbone samples. Various morphometric assessments such as trabecular width, marrow space, and their corelation were studied. In the samples, variations among osteon numbers, differences in the shapes of the osteocytes of jawbones, and amount of inflammation in the bony areas were recorded. Results: It was noted in this study that mean values of the diameter of the Haversian canal and vessel density had a noteworthy increase in female jawbone samples. The amount of osteocytes in both female and male bone samples was also statistically significant in terms of the correlation coefficient. Conclusion: We concluded that more sensitive identification of human remains, that is, age and gender analysis, can be performed by histomorphometric evaluation of bone remains.