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Introduction The top research priority for cavernoma, identified by a James Lind Alliance Priority setting partnership was ‘Does treatment (with neurosurgery or stereotactic radiosurgery) or no treatment improve outcome for people diagnosed with a cavernoma?’ This pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT) aims to determine the feasibility of answering this question in a main phase RCT.Methods and analysis We will perform a pilot phase, parallel group, pragmatic RCT involving approximately 60 children or adults with mental capacity, resident in the UK or Ireland, with an unresected symptomatic brain cavernoma. Participants will be randomised by web-based randomisation 1:1 to treatment with medical management and with surgery (neurosurgery or stereotactic radiosurgery) versus medical management alone, stratified by prerandomisation preference for type of surgery. In addition to 13 feasibility outcomes, the primary clinical outcome is symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage or new persistent/progressive focal neurological deficit measured at 6 monthly intervals. An integrated QuinteT Recruitment Intervention (QRI) evaluates screening logs, audio recordings of recruitment discussions, and interviews with recruiters and patients/parents/carers to identify and address barriers to participation. A Patient Advisory Group has codesigned the study and will oversee its progress.Ethics and dissemination This study was approved by the Yorkshire and The Humber—Leeds East Research Ethics Committee (21/YH/0046). We will submit manuscripts to peer-reviewed journals, describing the findings of the QRI and the Cavernomas: A Randomised Evaluation (CARE) pilot trial. We will present at national specialty meetings. We will disseminate a plain English summary of the findings of the CARE pilot trial to participants and public audiences with input from, and acknowledgement of, the Patient Advisory Group.Trial registration number ISRCTN41647111.

This article introduces a miniaturized antenna for 5G-II band millimeter-wave communication. The antenna’s performance is meticulously examined through comprehensive simulations carried out using CST Microwave Studio, employing an FR-4 substrate with dimensions measuring 12 × 14 × 1.6 mm3. The proposed design exhibits exceptional qualities, featuring an impressive impedance bandwidth of 70.4% and a remarkable return loss of −35 dBi. The operational frequency range of this antenna extends from 16.2 GHz to 33.8 GHz, featuring a central frequency of 25 GHz, positioning it effectively within the 5G-II Band. The antenna consistently maintains polar patterns throughout this spectrum, which guarantees dependable and efficient performance. It showcases a substantial gain of 3.85 dBi and an impressive efficiency rating of 82.9%. Renowned for its versatility, this antenna is well suited for a diverse range of applications, including but not limited to Ka band, Ku band, 5G-II bands, and various other purposes in microwaves.

In this paper, we consider the two dimensional Finsler space with generalized Matsumoto metric and derived the geodesics equation in the Weierstrass form of differential equation. Then we find the main scalar for generalized Matsumoto metric in the two dimensional Finsler space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of nonholonomic Finsler frame on space time was introduced by P. R. Holland in 1982, when he studied electromagnetism. Then R. G. Beil studied on gauge transformation viewed as a nonholonomic frame on the tangent bundle of a four dimensional manifold. In this paper we are determined the nonholonomic Finsler frame for Finsler space with special (α,β)-metric L = (α+β+β²/α+β³/α²)² and we discussed that Finsler nonholonomic frames acts as a gauge transformation of Finsler metric tensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Back ground and objective: With wide spread use of electricity at home and work place the amount of electrical related injuries are on the rise. The present study attempts to know distribution pattern of electrical injuries and Histo Pathological changes in skin with electrical contact mark and in internal organs. Methods: Study was conducted on deaths due to electrocution brought to Victoria hospital mortuary during the period of two years. Specimen of skin with contact mark and internal organs like heart, kidney was sent for Histo Pathological examination. Data will be collected from police inquest and photographic evidence from scene of occurrence. Result Total number of 61 cases was studied in two-year period. High voltage electrocution constituted 54% of cases. Low voltage electrocution constituted 46%. High voltage electrocution mainly presented as flash burns, while low voltage electrocution presented with contact mark. Typical Histo Pathological changes were seen in skin and heart specimen sent for examination. Histo Pathological changes in kidney were nonspecific. Conclusion Electric contact mark is diagnostic criteria for electrocution. Histo Pathological changes were used as supportive evidence in determining cause of death. Main reasons for electrocution deaths were found to be human negligence, faulty electrical equipments and connections and lack of protective measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, we study one of the central problems of Finsler-Geometry, namely the curvature properties of a certain class of homogeneous Finsler spaces. In the first part we describe the existence of some invariant vector fields on a homogeneous Finsler space. In the second part, we derive the formula of S-curvature and prove that homogeneous Finsler space with almost isotropic S-curvature must have vanishing Scurvature. Finally, we deduce the formula of the mean Berwald curvature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Man has to work for his livelihood, whatever may be his age and place of work, during which sometimes he suffers injuries as a result of his or others negligence or because of nature. This is a case of a man working in agricultural field near forest area who suffers injuries as a result of unprovoked wild boar attack and taken to hospital for treatment. After investigations and treatment sent home, but came back within 12 hours to die in hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pursuit of understanding the origins of life (OoL) on and off Earth and the search for extraterrestrial life (ET) are central aspects of astrobiology. Despite the considerable efforts in both areas, more novel and multifaceted approaches are needed to address these profound questions with greater detail and with certainty. The complexity of the chemical milieu within ancient geological environments presents a diverse landscape where biomolecules and non-biomolecules interact. This interaction could lead to life as we know it, dominated by biomolecules, or to alternative forms of life where non-biomolecules could play a pivotal role. Such alternative forms of life could be found beyond Earth, i.e., on exoplanets and the moons of Jupiter and Saturn. Challenging the notion that all life, including ET life, must use the same building blocks as life on Earth, the concept of contingency-when expanded beyond its macroevolution interpretation-suggests that non-biomolecules may have played essential roles at the OoL. Here, we review the possible role of contingency and non-biomolecules at the OoL and synthesize a conceptual model formally linking contingency with non-biomolecular OoL theories. This model emphasizes the significance of considering the role of non-biomolecules both at the OoL on Earth or beyond, as well as their potential as agnostic biosignatures indicative of ET Life.

ConspectusAll life on Earth is composed of cells, which are built from and run by biological reactions and structures. These reactions and structures are generally the result of action by cellular biomolecules, which are indispensable for the function and survival of all living organisms. Specifically, biological catalysis, namely by protein enzymes, but also by other biomolecules including nucleic acids, is an essential component of life. How the biomolecules themselves that perform biological catalysis came to exist in the first place is a major unanswered question that plagues researchers to this day, which is generally the focus of the origins of life (OoL) research field. Based on current knowledge, it is generally postulated that early Earth was full of a myriad of different chemicals, and that these chemicals reacted in specific ways that led to the emergence of biochemistry, cells, and later, life. In particular, a significant part of OoL research focuses on the synthesis, evolution, and function of biomolecules potentially present under early Earth conditions, as a way to understand their eventual transition into modern life. However, this narrative overlooks possibilities that other molecules contributed to the OoL, as while biomolecules that led to life were certainly present on early Earth, at the same time, other molecules that may not have strict, direct biological lineage were also widely and abundantly present. For example, hydroxy acids, although playing a role in metabolism or as parts of certain biological structures, are not generally considered to be as essential to modern biology as amino acids (a chemically similar monomer), and thus research in the OoL field tends to perhaps focus more on amino acids than hydroxy acids. However, their likely abundance on early Earth coupled with their ability to spontaneously condense into polymers (i.e., polyesters) make hydroxy acids, and their subsequent products, functions, and reactions, a reasonable target of investigation for prebiotic chemists. Whether "non-biological" hydroxy acids or polyesters can contribute to the emergence of life on early Earth is an inquiry that deserves attention within the OoL community, as this knowledge can also contribute to our understanding of the plausibility of extraterrestrial life that does not exactly use the biochemical set found in terrestrial organisms. While some demonstrations have been made with respect to compartment assembly, compartmentalization, and growth of primitive polyester-based systems, whether these "non-biological" polymers can contribute any catalytic function and/or drive primitive reactions is still an important step toward the development of early life. Here, we review research both from the OoL field as well as from industry and applied sciences regarding potential catalysis or reaction driven by "non-biological" polyesters in various forms: as linear polymers, as hyperbranched polyesters, and as membraneless microdroplets.