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Ya-Ting Yang,1,2 Han-Yun Chang,1 Chung-Yao Hsu,3 Jamie M Zeitzer2,4 1Institute of Education, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan; 2Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; 3Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; 4Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USACorrespondence: Jamie M Zeitzer Email jzeitzer@stanford.eduPurpose: The Cleveland Adolescent Sleepiness Questionnaire was originally developed and published in English and has served as a valid and effective tool for the assessment of adolescents’ experiences with sleepiness in a variety of situations. To allow for comparisons between sleepiness in adolescents from different cultures, and with different linguistic backgrounds, reliable and valid measurement tools are necessary. The purpose of this study was to translate and validate a Chinese version of the Cleveland Adolescent Sleepiness Questionnaire (C-CASQ).Materials and Methods: Sensitivity, specificity, internal consistency, and criterion validity data for the C-CASQ were tested using 458 adolescents in Taiwan. Data from 191 participants were used to establish internal consistency reliability and conduct exploratory factor analysis (EFA), while data from 267 participants were used to establish criterion validity and conduct confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Initial criterion validity was established through a comparison of the C-CASQ with scores from the Chinese version of the Morningness-Eveningness Scale for Children, a measure of chronotype.Results: EFA resulted in four factors, consistent with the original English version of the CASQ, while CFA established goodness of fit. The scale demonstrated acceptable to good internal consistency (α = 0.77∼ 0.86). Initial criterion validity was evident as the total score and each of the subscale scores on the C-CASQ was significantly higher (greater sleepiness) in evening-types.Conclusion: The C-CASQ appears to be a psychometrically sound measure to evaluate sleepiness in Chinese-speaking adolescents.Keywords: teens, sleep, alertness, chronotype

Silicon and oxide membranes were fabricated using an ion-cut layer transfer process, which is suitable for sub-micron-thick membrane fabrication with good thickness uniformity and surface micro-roughness. After hydrogen ions were implanted into a silicon wafer, the implanted wafer was bonded to another wafer that has patterned cavities of various shapes and sizes. The bonded pair was then heated until hydrogen-induced silicon layer cleavage occurred along the implanted hydrogen peak concentration, resulting in the transfer of the silicon layer from one wafer to the other. Using this technique, we have been able to form sealed cavities and channels of various shapes and sizes up to 50-/spl mu/m wide, with a 1.6-/spl mu/m-thick silicon membrane. As a process variation, we have also fabricated silicon dioxide membranes for optically transparent applications.