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Pancreatic alpha amylase (P-AMY) is used as a biomarker of acute pancreatitis (AP) in human medicine. To our knowledge, there are no studies evaluating the usefulness of P-AMY in dogs with AP. In this study, we evaluated the diagnostic value of P-AMY, currently not verified in veterinary medicine. The AP group (n = 40) consisted of dogs with AP diagnosed using clinical signs and laboratory examinations, including abnormal canine pancreatic lipase (cPL) concentration, and compatible abdominal ultrasound examination at first presentation. Evaluation of the canine AP severity (CAPS) score was performed. The control group (n = 38) was composed of normal dogs without any abnormalities in clinical findings, blood exams or diagnostic imaging. The correlation of P-AMY with cPL was confirmed by Pearson’s correlation analysis (r = 0.564, p

Abstract Controlling large-scale many-body quantum systems at the level of single photons and single atomic systems is a central goal in quantum information science and technology. Intensive research and development has propelled foundry-based silicon-on-insulator photonic integrated circuits to a leading platform for large-scale optical control with individual mode programmability. However, integrating atomic quantum systems with single-emitter tunability remains an open challenge. Here, we overcome this barrier through the hybrid integration of multiple InAs/InP microchiplets containing high-brightness infrared semiconductor quantum dot single photon emitters into advanced silicon-on-insulator photonic integrated circuits fabricated in a 300 mm foundry process. With this platform, we achieve single-photon emission via resonance fluorescence and scalable emission wavelength tunability. The combined control of photonic and quantum systems opens the door to programmable quantum information processors manufactured in leading semiconductor foundries.

Abstract Canine mammary gland tumors (MGT) have a poor prognosis in intact female canines, posing a clinical challenge. This study aimed to establish novel canine mammary cancer cell lines from primary tumors and characterize their cellular and molecular features to find potential therapeutic drugs. The MGT cell lines demonstrated rapid cell proliferation and colony formation in an anchorage-independent manner. Vimentin and α-SMA levels were significantly elevated in MGT cell lines compared to normal canine kidney (MDCK) cells, while CDH1 expression was either significantly lower or not detected at all, based on quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Functional annotation and enrichment analysis revealed that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotypes and tumor-associated pathways, particularly the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, were upregulated in MGT cells. BYL719 (Alpelisib), a PI3K inhibitor, was also examined for cytotoxicity on the MGT cell lines. The results show that BYL719 can significantly inhibit the proliferation of MGT cell lines in vitro. Overall, our findings suggest that the MGT cell lines may be valuable for future studies on the development, progression, metastasis, and management of tumors.

Poor clearances, misalignments, and carbon deposits in a turbocharger due to high running hours can decrease engine efficiency. This study analyzes the effects of turbocharger reconditioning on the performance and emissions formation of a marine diesel generator engine. The engine test experiments were performed on a university training ship's auxiliary diesel engine with 4309 running hours before and after the TC overhaul. As a result, cylinder peak pressure was increased by a maximum of 3.57 % while fuel saving of 5–8 g/kWh was realized. Lower exhaust gas temperatures and improved charge air pressure by up to 7.7 % were recorded. A significant CO emission reduction of 21.6 % was recorded at idle load whereas NOx and CO2 emissions were reduced to a maximum of 4.86 % and 7.30 % at 50 % engine load. The results indicate that scheduled TC overhaul and maintenance are very useful to improve the engine’s fuel economy, and performance and reduce exhaust emissions.

Abstract Spin qubits in gate-defined silicon quantum dots are receiving increased attention thanks to their potential for large-scale quantum computing. Readout of such spin qubits is done most accurately and scalably via Pauli spin blockade (PSB), however, various mechanisms may lift PSB and complicate readout. In this work, we present an experimental study of PSB in a multi-electron low-symmetry double quantum dot (DQD) in silicon nanowires. We report on the observation of non-symmetric PSB, manifesting as blockaded tunneling when the spin is projected to one QD of the pair but as allowed tunneling when the projection is done into the other. By analyzing the interaction of the DQD with a readout resonator, we find that PSB lifting is caused by a large coupling between the different electron spin manifolds of 7.90 μeV and that tunneling is incoherent. Further, magnetospectroscopy of the DQD in 16 charge configurations, enables reconstructing the energy spectrum of the DQD and reveals the lifting mechanism is energy-level selective. Our results indicate enhanced spin-orbit coupling which may enable all-electrical qubit control of electron spins in silicon nanowires.

Abstract Background Hypomagnesemia is associated with a poor prognosis in humans with congestive heart failure (CHF), but studies in veterinary medicine are limited. Hypothesis Serum ionized magnesium concentration [iMg2+] would decrease as CHF progresses compared with the initial diagnostic levels and that lower [iMg2+] would be negatively associated with prognosis in dogs with CHF. Animals A total of 181 client‐owned dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) were included. They were classified into the preclinical stage (NO‐CHF, n = 108), stage C (n = 42), and stage D (n = 31) based on the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine MMVD classification. Methods This is a retrospective study from 2 referral centers. The [iMg2+] was compared among the NO‐CHF, stage C, and stage D groups. Kaplan‐Meier curves and the log‐rank test were used to compare the incidence of death between groups. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the association of hypomagnesemia with the death. Results In the stage D group, the [iMg2+] was lower than that in the NO‐CHF (P

Rice blast is a destructive fungal disease affecting rice plants at various growth stages, significantly threatening global yield stability. Development of resistant rice cultivars stands as a practical means of disease control. Generally, association mapping with a diversity panel powerfully identifies new alleles controlling trait of interest. On the other hand, utilization of a breeding panel has its advantage that can be directly applied in a breeding program. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for blast resistance using 296 commercial rice cultivars with low population structure but large phenotypic diversity. We attempt to answer the genetic basis behind rice blast resistance among early maturing cultivars by subdividing the population based on its Heading date 1 (Hd1) functionality. Subpopulation-specific GWAS using the mixed linear model (MLM) based on blast nursery screening conducted in three years revealed a total of 26 significant signals, including three nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) genes (Os06g0286500, Os06g0286700, and Os06g0287500) located at Piz locus on chromosome 6, and one at the Pi-ta locus (Os12g0281300) on chromosome 12. Haplotype analysis revealed blast resistance associated with Piz locus was exclusively specific to Type 14 hd1 among japonica rice. Our findings provide valuable insights for breeding blast resistant rice and highlight the applicability of our elite cultivar panel to detect superior alleles associated with important agronomic traits.

The control system of oil-fired boiler units on ships plays a crucial role in reducing the emissions of atmospheric pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxides (SO2), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Traditional control methods using conventional measurement sensors face limitations in real-time control due to response delays, which has led to the growing interest in combustion control methods using flame images. To ensure the precision of such combustion control systems, the system model must be thoroughly considered during controller design. However, finding the optimal tuning point is challenging due to the changes in the system model and nonlinearity caused by environmental variations. This study proposes a controller that integrates an internal model control (IMC)-based PID controller with the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm of deep reinforcement learning to enhance the adaptability of image-based combustion control systems to environmental changes. The proposed controller adjusts the PID parameter values in real-time through the learning of the determination constant lambda (λ) of the IMC internal model. This approach reduces computational resources by shrinking the learning dimensions of the DDPG agent and limits transient responses through constrained learning of control parameters. Experimental results show that the proposed controller exhibited rapid adaptive performance in the learning process for the target oxygen concentration, achieving a reward value of −0.05 within just 105 episodes. Furthermore, when compared to traditional PID tuning methods, the proposed controller demonstrated superior performance, achieving a target value error of 0.0032 and a low overshoot range of 0.0498 to 0.0631, providing the fastest response speed and minimal oscillation. Additionally, experiments conducted on an actual operating ship verified the practical feasibility of this system, highlighting its potential for real-time control and pollutant reduction in marine applications.

This study proposes and validates a novel combustion control system for oil-fired boilers aimed at reducing air pollutant emissions through flame image prediction. The proposed system is easily applicable to existing ships. Traditional proportional combustion control systems supply fuel and air at fixed ratios according to the set steam load, without considering the emission of air pollutants. To address this, a stable and immediate control system is proposed, which adjusts the air supply to modify the combustion state. The combustion control system utilizes oxygen concentration predictions from flame images via SEF+SVM as control inputs and applies internal model control (IMC)-based proportional-integral (PI) control for real-time combustion control. Due to the complexity of modeling the image-based system, IMC filter constant tuning through experimentation is essential for achieving effective control performance. Experimental results showed that optimal control performance was achieved when the filter constant λ was set to 1.5. In this scenario, the peak overshoot Mp was reduced to 0.19245, and the Integral of Squared Error (ISE) was minimized to 10.1159, ensuring a stable response with minimal oscillation and maintaining a fast response speed. The results demonstrate the potential of the proposed system to improve combustion efficiency and reduce emissions of air pollutants. This study provides a feasible and effective solution for enhancing the environmental performance of marine oil-fired boilers. Given its ease of application to existing ships, it is expected to contribute to sustainable air pollution reduction across the maritime environment.

Drug-resistant infectious diseases pose a substantial challenge and threat to medical regimens. While adaptive laboratory evolution provides foresight for encountering such situations, it has inherent limitations. Novel drug delivery systems (DDSs) have garnered attention for overcoming these hurdles. Multi-stimuli responsive DDSs are particularly effective due to their reduced background leakage and targeted drug delivery to specific host sites for pathogen elimination. Bacterial infections create an acidic state in the microenvironment (pH: 5.0–5.5), which differs from normal physiological conditions (pH: 7.4). Infected areas are characterized by the overexpression of hyaluronidase, gelatinase, phospholipase, and other virulence factors. Consequently, several effective stimuli-responsive DDSs have been developed to target bacterial pathogens. Additionally, biofilms, structured communities of bacteria encased in a self-produced polymeric matrix, pose a significant challenge by conferring resistance to conventional antimicrobial treatments. Recent advancements in nano-drug delivery systems (nDDSs) show promise in enhancing antimicrobial efficacy by improving drug absorption and targeting within the biofilm matrix. nDDSs can deliver antimicrobials directly to the biofilm, facilitating more effective eradication of these resilient bacterial communities. Herein, this review examines challenges in DDS development, focusing on enhancing antibacterial activity and eradicating biofilms without adverse effects. Furthermore, advances in immune system modulation and photothermal therapy are discussed as future directions for the treatment of bacterial diseases.

In this study, nonlinear postbuckling analyses are performed using ABAQUS to derive the buckling knockdown factors (KDFs) for hemispherical foam core sandwich shells under external pressure. Two hemispherical foam core sandwich shells (dimple and flat models) with different inner sheet thicknesses are considered. The crushable foam modeling technique is used to represent the nonlinear compressive behavior of the foam material. The geometric initial imperfection modeling technique, the single dimple imperfection approach, is established to represent the geometric initial imperfection of the hemispherical foam core sandwich shells. The postbuckling analyses using the Riks method are carried out to predict the buckling behaviors of shells with geometric initial imperfections. The KDFs of the dimple and flat models are derived to be 0.20 and 0.22, respectively, which are up to 11.11% and 22.22% higher, respectively, than the previous NASA buckling design criteria. Therefore, the present KDFs provide a lightweight design for hemispherical foam core sandwich shells.

BackgroundA genome-wide association study (GWAS) is a valuable tool for investigating genetic and phenotypic variation in many diseases.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to identify variations in the genomes of Maltese dogs that are associated with the mammary gland tumor (MGT) phenotype and to assess the association between each biological condition and MGT phenotype in Maltese dogs.MethodsDNA was extracted from 22 tumor samples and 11 whole blood samples from dogs with MGTs. Genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping was performed, and the top 20 SNPs associated with various conditions and genetic variations were mapped to their corresponding gene locations.ResultsThe genotyping process successfully identified 173,662 loci, with an overall genotype completion rate of 99.92%. Through the quality control analysis, 46,912 of these SNPs were excluded. Allelic tests were conducted to generate Manhattan plots, which showed several significant SNPs associated with MGT phenotype in intergenic region. The most prominent SNP, located within a region associated with transcription and linked to the malignancy grade of MGT, was identified on chromosome 5 (p = 0.00001) though there may be lack of statistical significance. Other SNPs were also found in several genes associated with oncogenesis, including TNFSF18, WDR3, ASIC5, STAR, and IL1RAP.ConclusionTo our knowledge, this is the first GWAS to analyze the genetic predisposition to MGT in Maltese dogs. Despite the limited number of cases, these analyzed data could provide the basis for further research on the genetic predisposition to MGTs in Maltese dogs.

Exaggerated Type 2 immune responses play critical roles in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases including asthma, allergy, and pulmonary fibrosis. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of innate type 2 immune responses and innate lymphoid 2 cells (ILC2s) in these disorders. However, the mechanisms that control the development of pulmonary innate type 2 responses (IT2IR) and the recruitment and/or activation of ILC2 cells are poorly understood. In mouse models of pulmonary IT2IR, we demonstrated that phospholipid scramblase-1 (PLSCR1), a type II transmembrane protein that mediates bidirectional and nonspecific translocation of phospholipids between the inner and outer leaflets of the plasma membrane, was a critical regulator of IT2IR in the lung. We further suggested that (a) PLSCR1 bound to and physically interacted with chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule(CRTH2), which is a G-protein-coupled receptor that is expressed on TH2 cells and on multiple immune cells and is commonly used to identify ILC2 cells, and (b) the effects of PLSCR1 on ILC2 activation and IT2IR were mediated via CRTH2-dependent mechanisms. Overall, our studies demonstrated that PLSCR1 played an essential role in the pathogenesis of ILC2 responses, providing critical insights into biology and disease pathogenesis and identifying targets that can be manipulated in attempts to control IT2IR in chronic diseases such as asthma.

IntroductionAdrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) with metastasis has a grave prognosis, and adrenalectomy is associated with a high perioperative mortality rate in dogs. A favorable outcome following trilostane treatment in patients with metastatic ACC confirmed by a decreased size of the adrenal tumor and metastatic lesions has not been reported in dogs.Case descriptionA 12-year-old neutered male Maltese dog was diagnosed with a right adrenal tumor and a hepatic mass. Adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (ADH) was diagnosed based on clinical signs and an adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test (ACTHST). In addition, tests for plasma metanephrine and normetanephrine ruled out a pheochromocytoma. Based on cytology and computed tomography, unresectable metastatic ACC was confirmed. The dog was managed with trilostane due to the presence of distant metastasis. Medical management improved the clinical signs and post-ACTHST cortisol concentrations. One year after the first presentation, the clinical signs and ACTHST test showed a favorable outcome. In addition, computed tomography revealed a decreased size of the right adrenal tumor and resolution of the hepatic mass.ConclusionsTrilostane could be considered as a treatment option for unresectable metastatic ACC. A decrease in tumor size following treatment with trilostane has not been reported in dogs. This case report is the first to demonstrate a favorable outcome of metastatic ACC following trilostane mono therapy for >1 year.

A new method of dose calculation algorithm, called GPU-accelerated Monte Carlo and collapsed cone Convolution (GMCC) was developed to improve the calculation speed of BNCT treatment planning system. The GPU-accelerated Monte Carlo routine in GMCC is used to simulate the neutron transport over whole energy range and the Collapsed Cone Convolution method is to calculate the gamma dose. Other dose components due to alpha particles and protons, are calculated using the calculated neutron flux and reaction data. The mathematical principle and the algorithm architecture are introduced. The accuracy and performance of the GMCC were verified by comparing with the FLUKA results. A water phantom and a head CT voxel model were simulated. The neutron flux and the absorbed dose obtained by the GMCC were consistent well with the FLUKA results. In the case of head CT voxel model, the mean absolute percentage error for the neutron flux and the absorbed dose were 3.98% and 3.91%, respectively. The calculation speed of the absorbed dose by the GMCC was 56 times faster than the FLUKA code. It was verified that the GMCC could be a good candidate tool instead of the Monte Carlo method in the BNCT dose calculations.

The stability of cultivation and production in terms of crop yield has been threatened by climate change due to global warming. Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is a threat to crops, especially staple foods, including rice, because of reductions in yield and quality. To address the problem of precocious germination before harvest, we performed quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis for PHS using F8 RILs populations derived from japonica weedy rice in Korea. QTL analysis revealed that two stable QTLs, qPH7 and qPH2, associated with PHS resistance were identified on chromosomes 7 and 2, respectively, explaining approximately 38% of the phenotypic variation. The QTL effect in the tested lines significantly decreased the degree of PHS, based on the number of QTLs included. Through fine mapping for main QTL qPH7, the region for the PHS was found to be anchored within 23.575–23.785 Mbp on chromosome 7 using 13 cleaved amplified sequence (CAPS) markers. Among 15 open reading frames (ORFs) within the detected region, one ORF, Os07g0584366, exhibited upregulated expression in the resistant donor, which was approximately nine times higher than that of susceptible japonica cultivars under PHS-inducing conditions. Japonica lines with QTLs related to PHS resistance were developed to improve the characteristics of PHS and design practical PCR-based DNA markers for marker-assisted backcrosses of many other PHS-susceptible japonica cultivars.

IntroductionPrealbumin (PAB) is a plasma protein synthesized in the hepatic parenchymal cells. PAB has a short half-life (~2 days), and its concentration is affected by changes in transcapillary escape. Measurement of PAB is widely used in hospitalized patients in human medicine due to its decreasing concentration in states of inflammation and malnutrition. However, only a few studies are available in dogs. The aim of this study is to determine whether the plasma PAB concentration decreases in dogs with inflammation and to evaluate the relationship between the plasma PAB concentration and inflammation-related parameters in dogs.MethodsA total of 94 dogs were divided into healthy (n = 33) and diseased (n = 61) groups. These were further divided into group A (n = 24) and group B (n = 37) according to plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Group A included dogs with a plasma CRP 0.05). A plasma PAB

Over the last decade, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has severely affected poultry production systems across the globe. In particular, massive pre-emptive depopulation of all poultry within a certain distance has raised concerns regarding animal welfare and food security. Thus, alternative approaches to reducing unnecessary depopulation, such as risk-based depopulation, are highly demanded. This paper proposes a data-driven method to generate a rule table and risk score for each farm to identify preventive measures against HPAI. To evaluate the proposed method, 105 cases of HPAI occurring in a total of 381 farms in Jeollanam-do from 2014 to 2023 were evaluated. The accuracy of preventive measure identification was assessed for each case using both the conventional culling method and the proposed data-driven method. The evaluation showed that the proposed method achieved an accuracy of 84.19%, significantly surpassing the previous 10.37%. The result was attributed to the proposed method reducing the false-positive rate by 83.61% compared with the conventional method, thereby enhancing the reliability of identification. The proposed method is expected to be utilized in selecting farms for monitoring and management of HPAI.

The accumulation of oxidative stress is one of the important factors causing cellular senescence. Oxymatrine (OM) is a natural quinolizidine alkaloid compound known for its antioxidant effects. This study aimed to investigate the anti-senescence potential of OM through oxidative stress-induced in vitro and in vivo models. By treating 600 μM of H2O2 to the HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line and by administering 150 mg/kg D-galactose to mice, we generated oxidative stress-induced senescence models. After providing 1, 2, and 4 μg/mL of OM to the HT22 mouse cell line and by administering 50 mg/kg OM to mice, we evaluated the enhancing effects. We evaluated different senescence markers, AMPK activity, and autophagy, along with DCFH-DA detection reaction and behavioral tests. In HT22 cells, OM showed a protective effect. OM, by reducing ROS and increasing p-AMPK expression, could potentially reduce oxidative stress-induced senescence. In the D-Gal-induced senescence mouse model, both the brain and heart tissues recovered AMPK activity, resulting in reduced levels of senescence. In neural tissue, to assess neurological recovery, including anxiety symptoms and exploration, we used a behavioral test. We also found that OM decreased the expression level of receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). In heart tissue, we could observe the restoration of AMPK activity, which also increased the activity of autophagy. The results of our study suggest that OM ameliorates oxidative stress-induced senescence through its antioxidant action by restoring AMPK activity.

In December 2014, a novel foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus was introduced to a pig farm in South Korea, despite the animals being vaccinated. A marginal antigenic matching between the novel and vaccine strains potentially led to the infection of the vaccinated animals. To understand the impact of using an FMD vaccine on the transmission dynamics of an unmatched field strain, simulation models were employed using daily reported data on clinical cases from the farm. The results of this study indicated that immunisation with the FMD vaccine reduced the shedding of the novel FMD virus in pigs. However, there was no evidence to suggest that the immunisation had a significant effect in reducing the development of clinical signs. These findings highlight that the use of an unmatched FMD vaccine can confound the outbreak by altering the disease dynamics of the novel virus. Based on this study, we emphasise the importance of continuous testing to ensure antigenic matching between the circulating strains and the vaccine pool.

The International Maritime Organization strives to improve the atmospheric environment in oceans and ports by regulating ship emissions of air pollutants and promoting energy efficiency. This study deals with the prediction of eco-friendly combustion in boilers to reduce air pollution emissions. Accurately measuring air pollutants from ship boilers in real-time is crucial for optimizing boiler combustion. However, using data obtained through an exhaust gas analyzer for real-time control is challenging due to combustion process delays. Therefore, a real-time predictive modeling approach is proposed to enhance the accuracy of prediction models for NOx, SO2, CO2, and O2 by analyzing the color spectrum of flame images in a quasi-instantaneous combustion state. Experimental investigations were carried out on an oil-fired boiler installed on an actual ship, where the air damper was adjusted to create various combustion conditions. This algorithm is a saturation-based feature extraction filter (SEF) through color spectrum analysis using RGB (red, green, and blue) and HSV (hue, saturation, and value). The prediction model applying the proposed method was verified against exhaust gas analyzer data using a new data set, and real-time prediction performance and generalization were confirmed.

Abstract Background The exploitation of useful genes through interspecific and intersubspecific crosses has been an important strategy for the genetic improvement of rice. Postzygotic reproductive isolation routinely occurs to hinder the growth of pollen or embryo sacs during the reproductive development of the wide crosses. Result In this study, we investigated the genetic relationship between the hybrid breakdown of the population and transferred resistance genes derived from wide crosses using a near-isogenic population composed of 225 lines. Five loci (qSS12, qSS8, qSS11, ePS6-1, and ePS6-2) associated with spikelet fertility (SF) were identified by QTL and epistatic analysis, and two out of five epistasis interactions were found between the three QTLs (qSS12, qSS8 and qSS11) and background marker loci (ePS6-1 and ePS6-2) on chromosome 6. The results of the QTL combinations suggested a genetic model that explains most of the interactions between spikelet fertility and the detected loci with positive or negative effects. Moreover, the major-effect QTLs, qSS12 and qSS8, which exhibited additive gene effects, were narrowed down to 82- and 200-kb regions on chromosomes 12 and 8, respectively. Of the 13 ORFs present in the target regions, Os12g0589400 and Os12g0589898 for qSS12 and OS8g0298700 for qSS8 induced significantly different expression levels of the candidate genes in rice at the young panicle stage. Conclusion The results will be useful for obtaining a further understanding of the mechanism causing the hybrid breakdown of a wide cross and will provide new information for developing rice cultivars with wide compatibility.

ICOS/ICOSL and CD28/B7-1/B7-2 are T cell co-stimulators and CTLA-4 is an immune checkpoint inhibitor that play critical roles in the pathogenesis of neoplasia. Chitinase 3-like-1 (CHI3L1) is induced in many cancers where it portends a poor prognosis and contributes to tumor metastasis. Here we demonstrate that CHI3L1 inhibits the expression of ICOS, ICOSL and CD28 while stimulating CTLA-4 and the B7 moieties in melanoma lung metastasis. We also demonstrate that RIG-like helicase innate immune activation augments T cell co-stimulation, inhibits CTLA-4 and suppresses pulmonary metastasis. At least additive antitumor responses were seen in melanoma lung metastasis treated with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-CHI3L1 antibodies in combination. Synergistic cytotoxic T cell-induced tumor cell death and the heightened induction of the tumor suppressor PTEN were seen in co-cultures of T and tumor cells treated with bispecific antibodies that target both CHI3L1 and CTLA-4. Thus, CHI3L1 contributes to pulmonary metastasis by inhibiting T cell co-stimulation and stimulating CTLA-4. The simultaneous targeting of CHI3L1 and the CTLA-4 axis with individual and, more powerfully with bispecific antibodies, represent promising therapeutic strategies for pulmonary metastasis.

Rice cultivars with floury endosperm provide a useful raw material for producing dry-milled rice flour, helping to enhance the processed rice food industry. To expand the genetic resources for breeding floury endosperm rice cultivars, we developed Samkwang(SA)-flo3 (SK-flo3), a floury endosperm mutant line derived from the chemical mutagenesis of Samkwang, an elite Korean japonica rice cultivar. Compared with Samkwang, SK-flo3 showed significantly lower grain hardness, which is suitable for producing dry-milled flour without the soaking and drying processes required in regular wet rice milling. The dry-milled flour of SK-flo3 exhibited excellent physicochemical properties with less damaged starch and finer flour particles relative to Samkwang. Genetic analyses revealed a G-to-A point mutation in exon 7 of cyOsPPDKB, substituting glycine with aspartic acid as a causative mutation for the floury endosperm of SK-flo3. We named this allele flo4-6 and developed a molecular marker to efficiently transfer it to commercial rice cultivars. Our results provide useful genetic resources and information for developing specialty rice cultivars for high-quality rice flour production with reduced milling costs.

As the development of autonomous ships is underway in the maritime industry, the automation of ship spare part management has become an important issue. However, there has been little development of dedicated devices or applications for ships. This study aims to develop a Raspberry Pi-based embedded application that identifies the type and quantity of spare parts using a transfer learning model and image processing algorithm suitable for ship spare part recognition. A newly improved image processing algorithm was used to select a transfer learning model that balances accuracy and training speed through training and validation on a real spare parts dataset, achieving a prediction accuracy of 98.2% and a training time of 158 s. The experimental device utilizing this model used a camera to identify the type and quantity of spare parts on an actual ship. It displayed the spare parts list on a remotely connected computer. The ASSM (Automated Ship Spare-Part Management) device utilizing image processing and transfer learning is a new technology that successfully automates spare part management.

Chitinase 1 (CHIT1) and chitinase 3-like-1 (CHI3L1), two representative members of 18-Glycosyl hydrolases family, are significantly implicated in the pathogenesis of various human diseases characterized by inflammation and remodeling. Notably, dysregulated expression of CHIT1 and CHI3L1 was noted in the patients with pulmonary fibrosis and their levels were inversely correlated with clinical outcome of the patients. CHIT1 and CHI3L1, mainly expressed in alveolar macrophages, regulate profibrotic macrophage activation, fibroblast proliferation and myofibroblast transformation, and TGF-β signaling and effector function. Although the mechanism or the pathways that CHIT1 and CHI3L1 use to regulate pulmonary fibrosis have not been fully understood yet, these studies identify CHIT1 and CHI3L1 as significant modulators of fibroproliferative responses leading to persistent and progressive pulmonary fibrosis. These studies suggest a possibility that CHIT1 and CHI3L1 could be reasonable therapeutic targets to intervene or reverse established pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we will discuss specific roles and regulatory mechanisms of CHIT1 and CHI3L1 in profibrotic cell and tissue responses as novel therapeutic targets of pulmonary fibrosis.

Grain shape is one of the key factors deciding the yield product and the market value as appearance quality in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The grain shape of japonica cultivars in Korea is quite monotonous because the selection pressure of rice breeding programs works in consideration of consumer preference. In this study, we identified QTLs associated with grain shape to improve the variety of grain shapes in Korean cultivars. QTL analysis revealed that eight QTLs related to five tested traits were detected on chromosomes 2, 5, and 10. Among them, three QTLs—qGL2 (33.9% of PEV for grain length), qGW5 (64.42% for grain width), and qGT10 (49.2% for grain thickness)—were regarded as the main effect QTLs. Using the three QTLs, an ideal QTL combination (qGL2P + qGW5P + qGT10B) could be constructed on the basis of the accumulated QTL effect without yield loss caused by the change in grain shape in the population. In addition, three promising lines with a slender grain type were selected as a breeding resource with a japonica genetic background based on the QTL combination. The application of QTLs detected in this study could improve the grain shape of japonica cultivars without any linkage drag or yield loss.

Multi-environment trials (METs) are essential in plant breeding programs to evaluate crop productivity and adaptability in diverse environments. In this study, we demonstrated the practical use of METs to evaluate grain yield and yield-related traits using 276 Korean rice cultivars, divided into three maturity groups (81 early-, 90 medium-, and 105 medium–late-maturing cultivars) grown in three regions (Jeonju, Suwon, and Miryang) and two planting seasons (early and regular planting) for two years. Due to the narrow genetic variability of the commercial cultivars, which are cultivated in relatively similar environmental conditions, genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI) effects were not statistically significant. However, genotype and environment evaluation using GGE biplot analysis exhibited distinct patterns of mega-environment formation, winning genotypes, ranking genotypes, discriminating power, and representativeness according to the differences in planting seasons and regions. Moreover, the simultaneous selection of stable high-performance genotypes using a weighted average of absolute scores from the singular-value decomposition of the matrix of BLUPs (WAASB) and a multi-trait stability index (MTSI) revealed six recommended genotypes each for early-maturing (Manho, Namil, Unkwang, Odae 1ho, Sinunbong 1ho, and Jonong) and medium-maturing (Sobi, Cheongdam, Shinbaeg, Boramchal, Mimyeon, and Saemimyeon) cultivars, and four genotypes for medium–late-maturing cultivars (Hanmauem, Dami, Baegseolchal, and Hangangchalbyeo). The winning genotypes of each trait can be used as parents to develop regional specialty cultivars by fine-tuning favorable traits, and recommended genotypes can be utilized as elite climate-resilient parents that can aid breeders in improving yield potential and stability across the planting seasons and regions.

COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2 (SC2) and is more prevalent and severe in elderly and patients with comorbid diseases (CM). Because chitinase 3-like-1 (CHI3L1) is induced during aging and CM, the relationships between CHI3L1 and SC2 were investigated. Here, we demonstrate that CHI3L1 is a potent stimulator of the SC2 receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and viral spike protein priming proteases (SPP), that ACE2 and SPP are induced during aging, and that anti-CHI3L1, kasugamycin, and inhibitors of phosphorylation abrogate these ACE2- and SPP-inductive events. Human studies also demonstrate that the levels of circulating CHI3L1 are increased in the elderly and patients with CM, where they correlate with COVID-19 severity. These studies demonstrate that CHI3L1 is a potent stimulator of ACE2 and SPP, that this induction is a major mechanism contributing to the effects of aging during SC2 infection, and that CHI3L1 co-opts the CHI3L1 axis to augment SC2 infection. CHI3L1 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of and is an attractive therapeutic target in COVID-19.

Abstract Background Rice is one of the few cereals consumed as a whole grain, and therefore the appearance of the final milled product, both before and after cooking, strongly influences the consumer’s perception of product quality. Matching consumer preference for rice grain quality is a key component of rice variety development programs, as the quality drives demand, which in turn drives variety adoption, market price, and profitability. The quality of cooked rice is normally evaluated indirectly, through measurement of key elements driving quality as well as more directly by sensory evaluation, but remains a complex trait conditioned by the genetic complexity of factors driving quality, changes wrought by environment, and the complexity of consumer preferences. Result In this study, we evaluated 17 traits, including the taste value obtained by glossiness of cooked rice (TV), to explain rice eating quality by statistical methods and identified QTLs associated with TV. To explain the correlation among traits, exploratory factor analysis was performed for 2 years. The overall eating quality (OE) was correlated with TV and protein content loading at the same factor (PA1) in 2017, and there was a relationship between the OE (PA1) and the TV (PA2) in 2018 (PA1:PA2, r = 0.3). In QTL analysis using 174 RILs, three QTLs for TV derived from Wandoaengmi6 were detected on chromosomes 4, 6, and 9. The QTL qTV9 delimited within Id9007180 and 9,851,330 on chromosome 9 was detected in both years, explaining approximately 17% of the variation, on average. Through the use of fine mapping, qTV9 was delimited to an approximately 34-Kbp segment flanked by the DNA markers CTV9_9 and CTV9_13, and nine ORFs were listed in the target region as candidate genes associated with TV. In the evaluation of qTV9’s effect on OE, the lines with qTV9 showed a significant increase in correlation coefficiency compared to the negative lines. These data will apply to functional analysis on the glossiness and the MAS breeding program to improve the eating quality of japonica as a donor line. Conclusion In this paper we report a number of QTL associated with changes in glossiness of cooked rice, and these may have utility in the development of MAS in breeding programs with a specific focus on cooked grain quality.

For the purpose of breeding documentation, researchers and breeders kept handwritten records of the breeding history, including parental information and breeding methods. The cultivars were used again as parents for further breeding, and modern cultivars of rice have a wide range of alleles from many generations of parents and ancestors. To understand such a breeding history, it is necessary to ask around for relevant information, which is then usually documented in Excel or Word by multiple breeders or breeding institutes. Here, we constructed RicePedigree, which contains the breeding history of rice based on the documents provided by the Rural Development Administration (RDA) in Korea. We devised a simple method for collecting a breeding history and storing it in a database. RicePedigree is a web-based application on the database that facilitates researchers’ and breeders’ utilization of the breeding history of rice. Based on the query cultivar name, it will return a hierarchical tree of breeding histories and a list of cultivars and breeding lines that contain query cultivars in their breeding histories. This app would be a good way to review and keep track of information about current and future cultivars.

Eco-friendliness is an important global issue, and the maritime field is no exception. Predicting the composition of exhaust gases emitted by ship engines will be of consequence in this respect. Therefore, in this study, exhaust gas data were collected from the generator engine of a real ship along with engine-related data to predict emission characteristics. This is because installing an emission gas analyzer on a ship has substantial economic burden, and, even if it is installed, the accuracy can be increased by a virtual sensor. Furthermore, data were obtained with and without operating the SCR (often mounted on ships to reduce NOx), which is a crucial facility to satisfy environment regulation. In this study, four types of datasets were created by adding cooling and electrical-related variables to the basic engine dataset to check whether it improves model performance or not; each of these datasets consisted of 15 to 26 variables as inputs. CO2 (%), NOx (ppm), and tEx (°C) were predicted from each dataset using an artificial neural network (ANN) model and a support vector machine (SVM) model with optimal hyperparameters selected by trial and error. The results confirmed that the SVM model performed better on smaller datasets, such as the one used in this study compared to the ANN model. Moreover, the dataset type, DaCE, which had both cooling and electrical-related variables added to the basic engine dataset, yielded the best overall prediction performance. When the performance of the SVM model was measured using the test data of a DaCE on both no-SCR mode and SCR mode, the RMSE (R2) of CO2 was between 0.1137% (0.8119) and 0.0912% (0.8975), the RMSE (R2) of NOx was between 17.1088 ppm (0.9643) and 13.6775 ppm (0.9776), and the RMSE (R2) of tEx was between 4.5839 °C (0.8754) and 1.5688 °C (0.9392).

Mammalian cells do not produce chitin, an insoluble polymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc), although chitin is a structural component of the cell wall of pathogenic microorganisms such as Candida albicans. Mammalian cells, including cells of the innate immune system elaborate chitinases, including chitotriosidase (Chit1), which may play a role in the anti-fungal immune response. In the current study, using knockout mice, we determined the role of Chit1 against systemic candidiasis. Chit1-deficient mice showed significant decrease in kidney fungal burden compared to mice expressing the functional enzyme. Using in vitro anti-candidal neutrophil functional assays, the introduction of the Chit1:chitin digestion end-product, chitobiose (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine dimer, GlcNAc2), decreased fungal-induced neutrophil swarming and Candida killing in vitro. Also, a role for the lectin-like binding site on the neutrophil integrin CR3 (Mac-1, CD11b/CD18) was found through physiological competitive interference by chitobiose. Furthermore, chitobiose treatment of wild type mice during systemic candidiasis resulted in the significant increase in fungal burden in the kidney. These data suggest a counterproductive role of Chit1 in mounting an efficient anti-fungal defense against systemic candidiasis.

Beige adipocytes, which consume energy mainly in an uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-dependent manner, are risen in white adipose tissue (WAT) depots. Since beige adipocyte development is gaining attention as a potential strategy for conquering obesity, worldwide researchers are making efforts to study its biological aspects. However, assessing UCP1 protein levels in beige adipocytes is challenging because of the high level of lipid contaminants in WAT. This study showed that an acetone precipitation method had advantages over conventional methods for eliminating lipid contaminants, achieving clear Western blot bands for WAT proteins, especially UCP1. Our results suggest that the acetone precipitation cleaning method could be useful for the clear analysis and precise evaluation of WAT proteins.

Large ships adopt a central fresh water-cooling system that indirectly cools waste heat with seawater to discharge the ship′s waste heat out of the ship. Such a central fresh water-cooling system is essential for future electric powered ships. Since 2010, shipping companies have attempted to save energy by applying variable-speed cooling pumps to the central FW cooling system, but due to the minimum-required discharge pressure of the pump, they have applied the existing 3-way valve system alongside. However, since the control systems of the variable-speed cooling pump and the 3-way valve are controlled by the same output variable, the two control systems collide during operation. Therefore, for efficient energy-saving control, it is important to accurately model the central fresh water-cooling system and find the optimal control method on this basis. In this study, a ship’s central cooling system was mathematically modeled and verified by comparing it with the actual ship′s operation data. A control solution method to effectively save energy for the central cooling system was proposed

Bacterial blight (BB) disease, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is among the major factors that can cause rice yields to decrease. To address BB disease, researchers have been looking for ways to change pesticides and cultivation methods, but developing resistant cultivars is the most effective method. However, the resistance and genetic factors of cultivars may be destroyed due to the emergence of new Xoo species caused by recent and rapid climate changes. Therefore, breeders need to identify resistance genes that can be sustained during unpredictable climate changes and utilized for breeding. Here, qBBR11, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for resistance to BB disease, was detected in KJ (Korea Japonica varieties) 11_067 to KJ11_068 on chromosome 11 in a population derived by crossing JJ (Jeonju) 623 and HR(High resistant)27,195, which possess similar genetic backgrounds but different degrees of resistance to BB disease. qBBR11 was reduced from 18.49–18.69 Mbp of chromosome 11 to 200 kbp segment franked. In this region, 16 candidate genes were detected, and we identified 24 moderate-impact variations and four high-impact variations. In particular, high-impact variations were detected in Os11g0517800 which encode the domain region of GCN2 which is the eIF-2-alpha kinase associated with the resistance of abiotic/biotic stress in rice. In JJ623, which is moderately resistant to BB disease, a stop codon was created due to single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Therefore, compared with HR27195, JJ623 has weaker resistance to BB disease, though the two have similar genetic backgrounds. The results suggest that variation in the qBBR11 region regulates an important role in improving resistance to BB diseases, and qBBR11 is useful in providing an important resource for marker-assisted selection to improve mechanisms of resistance to BB disease.

Humans and animals are both susceptible to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. In the future, HPAI has the potential to be a source of zoonoses and pandemic disease drivers. It is necessary to identify areas of high risk that are more vulnerable to HPAI infections. In this study, we applied unbiased predictions based on known information to find points of localities with a high probability of point prevalence rate. To carry out such predictions, we utilized the inverse distance weighting (IDW) and kriging method, with the help of the R statistical computing program. The provinces of Jeollanam-do, Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongbuk-do and Ulsan have high anticipated risk. This research might aid in the management of avian influenza threats associated with various potential risks.

Chitinase-3-like-1 (Chi3l1) has been involved in inflammation and pulmonary metastasis. Here the authors show that Chi3l1 inhibits the T cell response by negatively regulating their activation and that, in a mouse model of melanoma, T cell-targeted silencing of Chi3l1 results in reduced lung metastasis.

Optimizing flowering time in crop plants is critical for maximizing yield and quality under target environments. While there is a wide range of heading date variation in Korean rice cultivars, the underlying gene mechanisms are unclear. Here, we sequenced the protein coding regions of Hd1, the major rice heading date gene, from 293 Korean rice cultivars and investigated the associations between Hd1 allele types and major agronomic traits under four different environments. There were four functional Hd1 and five nonfunctional hd1 alleles distributed among the 293 Korean rice cultivars. The effects of the Hd1 allele types were highly significant for days to heading in all four environments, explaining 51.4–65.8% of the phenotypic variation. On average, cultivars carrying nonfunctional hd1 headed 13.7 days earlier than those carrying functional Hd1. While the Hd1 allele types exhibited highly significant effects on culm length and protein content under all four environments, the differences between cultivars carrying Hd1 and hd1 were minimal. The effects of the Hd1 allele types on amylose content were significant in only one of the four environments. Our results provide useful information for fine-tuning rice heading dates by utilizing different Hd1 alleles in rice breeding programs.

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) originates from the combustion of coal and is found in the exhaust of fumes of diesel vehicles. PM2.5 readily penetrates the skin via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, causing skin senescence, inflammatory skin diseases, DNA damage, and carcinogenesis. In this study, we investigated whether fisetin, a bioactive flavonoid, prevents PM2.5-induced apoptosis in HaCaT human keratinocytes. The results demonstrated that fisetin significantly downregulated PM2.5-induced apoptosis at concentrations below 10 μM. Fisetin strongly inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins. The PM2.5-induced apoptosis was associated with the induction of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, mediated via the protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK)–eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α)–activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)–CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP) axis. Additionally, the cytosolic Ca2+ levels were markedly increased following exposure to PM2.5. However, fisetin inhibited the expression of ER stress-related proteins, including 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), phospho-eIF2α, ATF4, and CHOP, and reduced the cytosolic Ca2+ levels. These data suggest that fisetin inhibits PM2.5-induced apoptosis by inhibiting the ER stress response and production of ROS.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), affects 25% of the global population. Despite the prevalence of NAFLD worldwide, effective therapeutics are currently lacking. Amomum villosum var. xanthioides (Wall. ex Baker) T.L.Wu & S.J.Chen (AX) is a medicinal herb traditionally used for treating digestive tract disorders in countries across Asia. We aimed to examine the pharmacological effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of AX (AXEF) against tunicamycin (TM)-induced ER stress in a NASH mouse model using C57/BL6J male mice. Following TM injections (2 mg/kg), the mice were orally administrated AXEF (12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg), silymarin (50 mg/kg), or distilled water daily for 5 days, and the outcomes for fatty liver, inflammation, and oxidative stress were measured in serum or liver tissue levels. AXEF drastically attenuated hepatic ER stress-induced NASH as indicated by decreases in lipid droplet accumulations, serum liver enzymes, hepatic inflammations, and cell death signals in the hepatic tissue and/or serum levels. Interestingly, AXEF showed potent antioxidant effects by quenching reactive oxidative stress and its final product lipid peroxide in the hepatic tissue, specifically an increase in metallothionein (MT). To confirm the underlying actions of AXEF, we observed that AXEF increases MT1 gene promoter activities in the physiological levels. Collectively, AXEF showed antioxidant properties on TM-induced ER stress in a NASH mice model through the improvement of MTs.

We report fast charge-state readout of a double quantum dot in a CMOS split-gate silicon nanowire transistor via the large dispersive interaction with microwave photons in a lumped-element resonator formed by hybrid integration with a superconducting inductor. We achieve a coupling rate g_{0}/(2π)=204±2MHz by exploiting the large interdot gate lever arm of an asymmetric split-gate device, α=0.72, and by inductively coupling to the resonator to increase its impedance, Z_{r}=560Ω. In the dispersive regime, the large coupling strength at the double quantum-dot hybridization point produces a frequency shift comparable to the resonator linewidth, the optimal setting for maximum state visibility. We exploit this regime to demonstrate rapid dispersive readout of the charge degree of freedom, with a SNR of 3.3 in 50 ns. In the resonant regime, the fast charge decoherence rate precludes reaching the strong coupling regime, but we show a clear route to spin-photon circuit quantum electrodynamics using hybrid CMOS systems.

Since fuel prices account for approximately 40% of a ship’s operating costs, shipping companies worldwide have made significant efforts to save energy on board such as introducing new technologies or machine operation methods. Many ship operators have adopted an advanced control system using a variable-speed pump and/or an optimizing control system of a three-way valve on the outlet side of the central cooling system. It is often considered that the best way to control a central cooling system is to integrate the two control systems. However, when applied in practice, there is a frequent uncontrollable phenomenon in which the three-way valve is opened to its minimum and the variable-speed seawater pump is operated at its maximum, resulting in a large amount of energy consumption. Therefore, in this study, the speed of the variable-speed seawater pump is set to the minimum, and the feed-forward controller is adopted for the three-way valve control system. The input variable of the feed-forward controller is the Main Engine load, and it is designed to directly control the bypass openness with the three-way valve controller. Using this design, it was demonstrated that the variable-speed seawater pump was operated at a minimum and energy was saved.

Chitinase 3-like 1 regulates cell death, inflammation and tissue remodelling via IL-13receptorα2. Here, the authors show that TMEM219 is a IL-13Rα2 co-receptor and modulates oxidant-induced apoptosis and lung injury, melanoma metastasis and TGF-β1 signalling, downstream of Chi3l1-IL-13Rα2.

Inflammation is a defense mechanism that protects the body from infections. However, chronic inflammation causes damage to body tissues. Thus, controlling inflammation and investigating anti-inflammatory mechanisms are keys to preventing and treating inflammatory diseases, such as sepsis and rheumatoid arthritis. In continuation with our work related to the discovery of bioactive natural products, a polyphenol, catechin-7,4′-O-digallate (CDG), was isolated from Woodfordia uniflora, which has been used as a sedative and remedy for skin infections in the Dhofar region of Oman. Thus far, no study has reported the anti-inflammatory compounds derived from W. uniflora and the mechanisms underlying their action. To investigate the effects of CDG on the regulation of inflammation, we measured the reduction in nitric oxide (NO) production following CDG treatment in immortalized mouse Kupffer cells (ImKCs). CDG treatment inhibited NO production through the downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated ImKCs. The anti-inflammatory effects of CDG were mediated via the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation, an important inflammatory-response-associated signaling pathway. Moreover, CDG treatment has regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-1β. These results suggested the anti-inflammatory action of CDG in LPS-stimulated ImKCs.

Air pollution, particularly caused by Asian sand dust (ASD) and particulate matter (PM), has become one of the leading threats to public health. However, the majority of studies have primarily focused on epidemiological assessment, and in vivo toxicities of certain air pollutants have been poorly elucidated in medium/large-size laboratory animals. To investigate the impact of ASD in domestic animals, 16 Landrace pigs were exposed to an artificial ASD sandstorm for 6 h. All animals were divided in four cages, and a commercial yellow soil was used for generating artificial mineralogical particles. Blood samples were collected, and necropsies were performed before exposure and 6, 12, 24, and 72 h after exposure. Complete blood cell count and the levels of serum biochemical enzymes, blood gas, electrolytes, and a variety of inflammatory cytokines were evaluated. In addition, histopathological examination was conducted. Various test results proved acute lower airway disorders with systemic inflammation in pigs. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe experimental research in domestic animals concerning the damage caused by artificial ASD exposure. The results of this study suggest that ASD has importance in terms of not only public health but also of ultimate economic losses in the pork industry.

Spins in gate-defined silicon quantum dots are promising candidates for implementing large-scale quantum computing. To read the spin state of these qubits, the mechanism that has provided the highest fidelity is spin-to-charge conversion via singlet-triplet spin blockade, which can be detected in situ using gate-based dispersive sensing. In systems with a complex energy spectrum, like silicon quantum dots, accurately identifying when singlet-triplet blockade occurs is hence of major importance for scalable qubit readout. In this work, we present a description of spin-blockade physics in a tunnel-coupled silicon double quantum dot defined in the corners of a split-gate transistor. Using gate-based magnetospectroscopy, we report successive steps of spin blockade and spin-blockade lifting involving spin states with total spin angular momentum up to S=3. More particularly, we report the formation of a hybridized spin-quintet state and show triplet-quintet and quintet-septet spin blockade, enabling studies of the quintet relaxation dynamics from which we find T_{1}∼4 μs. Finally, we develop a quantum capacitance model that can be applied generally to reconstruct the energy spectrum of a double quantum dot, including the spin-dependent tunnel couplings and the energy splitting between different spin manifolds. Our results allow for the possibility of using Si complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor quantum dots as a tunable platform for studying high-spin systems.

Recent ferromagnetic resonance experiments and theory of Pt/Nb/Ni_{8}Fe_{2} proximity-coupled structures strongly suggest that spin-orbit coupling (SOC) in Pt in conjunction with a magnetic exchange field in Ni_{8}Fe_{2} are the essential ingredients to generate a pure spin supercurrent channel in Nb. Here, by substituting Pt for a perpendicularly magnetized Pt/Co/Pt spin sink, we are able to demonstrate the role of SOC and show that pure spin supercurrent pumping efficiency across Nb is tunable by controlling the magnetization direction of Co. By inserting a Cu spacer with weak SOC between Nb and Pt/(Co/Pt) spin sink, we also prove that Rashba-type SOC is key for forming and transmitting pure spin supercurrents across Nb. Finally, by engineering these properties within a single multilayer structure, we demonstrate a prototype superconductor spin-wave device in which lateral spin-wave propagation is gateable via the opening or closing of a vertical pure spin supercurrent channel in Nb.

Lignans are known to be an important class of phenylpropanoid secondary metabolites. In the course of our studies on the chemodiversity of lignans, the necessity arose to develop a method for the fast detection and identification of bioactive lignan subclasses. In this study, we detected 10 lignan derivatives of different extracts of F. viridissima by UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. Lignan glycosides (1 and 2), lignans (3 and 4), and lignan dimers (5−10) were identified by analysis of their exact masses and MSe spectra along with the characteristic mass fragmentation patterns and molecular formulas. We further investigated NO inhibitory effects of F. viridissima fractions and their major lignan derivatives to evaluate those anti-inflammatory effects. The methylene chloride fraction of F. viridissima as well as compounds 8 and 10 showed potent dose-dependent NO inhibitory effects on RAW 264.7 cells. Corresponding to the NO inhibition by compounds 8 and 10, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression was notably reduced by both compounds. Our combined data with the bioactive results and the component analysis by UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS suggest that the methylene chloride fraction of F. viridissima roots could be potential anti-inflammatory agents and these are related to major lignans including dimeric dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans.

Members of the 18 glycosyl hydrolase (GH 18) gene family have been conserved over species and time and are dysregulated in inflammatory, infectious, remodeling, and neoplastic disorders. This is particularly striking for the prototypic chitinase-like protein chitinase 3-like 1 (Chi3l1), which plays a critical role in antipathogen responses where it augments bacterial killing while stimulating disease tolerance by controlling cell death, inflammation, and remodeling. However, receptors that mediate the effects of GH 18 moieties have not been defined. Here, we demonstrate that Chi3l1 binds to interleukin-13 receptor α2 (IL-13Rα2) and that Chi3l1, IL-13Rα2, and IL-13 are in a multimeric complex. We also demonstrate that Chi3l1 activates macrophage mitogen-activated protein kinase, protein kinase B/AKT, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling and regulates oxidant injury, apoptosis, pyroptosis, inflammasome activation, antibacterial responses, melanoma metastasis, and TGF-β1 production via IL-13Rα2-dependent mechanisms. Thus, IL-13Rα2 is a GH 18 receptor that plays a critical role in Chi3l1 effector responses.