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Objective: The American Heart Association (AHA) launched the 2022 guidelines for the diagnosis of hypertension (HT) by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). The present study aimed to evaluate the impacts of the 2022 AHA guidelines on the changes in the prevalence and phenotype of HT in children suspected of HT., Methods: Consecutive 100 children aged 6 to 20 suspected of HT who underwent 24-hour ABPM were recruited. The patients were separated into 3 groups: escalated, de-escalated, and unchanged. Demographic data were compared between the 3 groups. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the factors associated with the escalation in the diagnosis of HT., Results: The present study revealed that the prevalence of HT, including sustained and masked HT, increased from 48% by the 2014 AHA guidelines to 65% by the 2022 AHA guidelines. Patients in the escalated group tended to have a higher proportion of male gender, with an older age and a taller height compared to those in the de-escalated group. Multivariate analysis showed that height was the only factor associated with the escalation in the diagnosis of HT [OR 1.09 (1.01-1.19), P -value .04]. Five out of 6 (83.3%) patients in the escalated group with available echocardiographic results had left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)., Conclusion: Using the 2022 AHA guidelines resulted in more detection of patients with HT, and almost 30% of the escalated group had LVH. This finding supports using the 2022 AHA guidelines to detect children at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases early., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2024.)

Background: There have been few studies evaluating the control of hypertension (HT) in children. This study aimed to assess the control of HT using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and to compare the parameters between the uncontrolled HT and controlled HT groups., Methods: Hypertensive patients aged ≥ 5 years who underwent ABPM to assess the control of HT were enrolled. Demographics, office blood pressure (BP), ABPM, and echocardiographic data were collected. Controlled HT was defined using a BP goal recommended by the 2016 European Society of Hypertension guidelines., Results: There were 108 patients (64.8% males) with a mean age of 14.3 years and 51.9% had primary HT. Controlled HT was detected in 41.1% and 33.3% by office BP and ABPM, respectively. Based on ABPM, there was a greater prevalence of controlled HT in the primary HT than the secondary HT group (44.6% vs. 21.2%, P = 0.01). In the primary HT group, BMI z-score at the last follow-up had a significant decrease in the controlled HT than the uncontrolled HT group (-0.39 vs. 0.01, P = 0.032). Primary HT was negatively associated with uncontrolled HT by ABPM. In addition, ABPM showed greater sensitivity (77.8% vs. 55.8%) and negative predictive value (80.9% vs. 70.8%) to predict LVH than those of office BP measurement., Conclusion: Only one-third of patients achieved the BP goal by ABPM and most were in the primary HT group. Weight reduction is an important measure of BP control in patients with primary HT to attenuate the risk of LVH., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Infectious diarrhea is a common problem among post-transplant recipients. Compared to conventional tests, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based stool tests have been shown to improve diagnostic yield but the aforementioned data in children remain limited. Our aims were to assess the detection rate of PCR-based tests in post-transplant children and compare with the conventional tests; and to investigate how these stool tests help in managing these children. We enrolled children aged 1 to 19 years who underwent solid organ transplantation or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation that remained on immunosuppressive agents and developed diarrhea ≥ 24 hours between January 2015 and February 2023. Besides stool tests, data on demographics, clinical characteristics and management were collected. We analyzed 68 patients and 92 episodes of diarrhea with PCR-based tests. PCR-based tests provided a detection rate of 41.8% versus 16.5% for the conventional tests. While conventional tests may detect a higher proportion of Clostridiodes difficile infection, PCR-based tests showed greater yields in detecting Salmonella spp. and viruses especially norovirus. PCR-based tests had an impact in management among 22/38 (58%) diarrheal episodes especially with Campylobacter jejuni and C difficile; and among 16 episodes that positive PCR-based tests had a minimal impact, the most common reason was due to the need for continuation of antimicrobial agents for concomitant site-specific infection (69%). Among transplanted children presenting with diarrhea, PCR-based tests provide a higher yield when compared with the conventional tests. The PCR-based stool tests may also further guide clinicians for providing proper antimicrobial agents., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Background: Waist-to-height-ratio (WHtR) has been proposed as another indicator for cardiometabolic risk factors including hypertension. Normally, hypertension can be diagnosed in the office setting by detecting high blood pressure for three occasions. However, patients with high office blood pressure may not exhibit high blood pressure outside the office. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) is a procedure to measure blood pressure over 24-h. Sustained hypertension is characterized as hypertension detected by both office measurement and ABPM. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of WHtR in the diagnosis of sustained hypertension in patients with high office blood pressure., Materials and Methods: Demographic data, height, body weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference were retrospectively reviewed in children and adolescents who underwent ABPM due to persistently high office blood pressure. Patients were separated into two groups: a sustained hypertension group and a normal ABPM group. BMI was adjusted to z-score using the WHO Anthroplus software. WHtR was calculated by the formula: waist circumference (cm)/height (m). The performances of different parameters were analyzed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and multivariate logistic regression., Results: Sixty patients (63% male) with a mean age of 12.9 ± 3.7 years had persistently high office blood pressure. Twenty-nine (48.3%) had high ambulatory blood pressure parameters so-called "sustained hypertension." The sustained hypertension group had a higher mean BMI z-score (2.32 vs. 1.31, p = 0.01) and a higher mean WHtR (57.7 vs. 49.2 cm/m, p < 0.001) than those of the normal ABPM group. For the diagnosis of sustained hypertension, the ROC analysis revealed that WHtR had a greater area under the ROC curve (AUC) than that of BMI z-score (0.772 vs. 0.723). WHtR remained associated with sustained hypertension (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.022-1.408, p = 0.026) after adjusting for age, gender, and BMI z-score., Conclusions: Apart from being a more user-friendly metric, WHtR tended to outperform BMI z-score in predicting sustained hypertension in children and adolescents with persistently high office blood pressure., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Nimkarn, Sewarit, Pirojsakul, Paksi, Chantarogh, Saisawat and Tangnararatchakit.)

Children with severe acute kidney injury (AKI) have had a high mortality rate despite the use of advanced renal replacement therapy (RRT). This study aims to determine the clinical outcomes and the predictors of survival in pediatric AKI requiring RRT in Thailand. All patients aged 1 month to 18 years with AKI requiring RRT in the Department of Pediatrics, Ramathibodi Hospital from January 1st, 2010 to December 31st, 2019 were enrolled. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained through a medical record review. There were 92 patients with a 45% survival rate. Five factors associated with mortality included multi-organ dysfunction syndrome, presence of sepsis, high pediatric risk of mortality III, use of nephrotoxic drugs, and use of vasopressors. By multivariate analysis, the presence of sepsis and the use of nephrotoxic drugs were independently associated with mortality. Patients with fluid overload ≥10% was associated with poor survival., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2022.)

Abstract: Diarrhea is common in adults after solid organ transplantation (SOT) and bone marrow transplantation (BMT), but data in children are limited. Therefore, we aimed to determine the incidence and etiology of pediatric early-onset diarrhea in post SOT and BMT.We reviewed children aged 6 months to 18 years who underwent liver transplantation, kidney transplantation or BMT between January 2015 and December 2019 with duration of diarrhea > 72 hours within the first 6 months after transplantation. Clinical data and diarrheal course were collected. Regression analyses were performed to define factors associated with the interested outcomes.Among 252 transplanted patients, 168 patients (66.6%) had 289 documented episodes of diarrhea. A diagnosis of 68.2% of post-transplant diarrhea remained 'indefinite'. Enteric infection in SOT and gastrointestinal acute graft-versus-host disease (GI-aGVHD) in BMT were the commonly identified etiologies. Among 182 episodes among BMT children, skin rash was more pronounced when compared the ones with diarrhea > 7 days vs ≤ 7 days (odds ratio [OR] 13.9; 95% CI 1.8, 107.6). Males were more likely to develop GI-aGVHD as compared to females (OR 8.9). We found that GI-aGVHD was more common in the ones with skin rash and the presence of white blood cells in stool examination (OR 8.4 and 3.1, respectively). Deaths occurred in 7.7%.Two-thirds of post-transplant children experienced at least one episode of early-onset diarrhea, of which the etiology mainly remains undefined. Various clinical factors of prolonged/chronic diarrhea and GI-aGVHD may help clinicians when managing these children., Competing Interests: The authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2021 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Background: Adequate BP control in RT recipients should not rely only by normal office BP but also on normal 24-hour BP. This study aims to assess adequacy of BP control by ABPM and to assess ABPM parameters associated with LVMI in pediatric RT recipients., Materials and Methods: Patients aged 5-20 years who have been followed after RT were enrolled. Demographic data and BP assessed by office and ABPM were collected. Echocardiography was performed to detect LVMI., Results: Thirty RT recipients (18 males) with median age of 15 years (IQR 13-18.5) were included. Among 23 patients who were taking antihypertensive drugs, uncontrolled hypertension was detected in 34.8% and 78.3% by office BP measurement and ABPM, respectively. Thus, the difference in prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension observed by ABPM versus office BP was 43.5%. Those seven patients who were not taking antihypertensive drugs because of normal office BP, four patients (57.1%) had masked hypertension and one patient had elevated BP. Fifteen patients have progression of LVH after RT. Multivariate analysis revealed that age (OR 1.369, 95%CI 0.985-1.904, P-value = 0.062) had a trend to be associated with progression of LVH. Moreover, nighttime systolic BP z-score was significantly correlated with LVMI (r = 0.551, P-value = 0.002)., Conclusion: The difference in prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension uncovered by ABPM was 43.5%. Nighttime SBP z-score was significantly correlated with LVMI., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

This is the case of a 5-year-old girl diagnosed with end-stage renal disease due to bilateral renal hypoplasia who developed anemia of unknown cause.

Background: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a common rheumatic disease in children and adolescents. Although JIA may cause secondary amyloidosis, this is a rare complication in patients with JIA and other rheumatic diseases. Many previous studies have revealed that common heterozygous or homozygous mutations in the MEFV gene are associated with systemic-onset JIA (SJIA)., Case Presentation: We herein report a case involving a 19-year-old female patient with difficult-to-control SJIA. She developed progressive proteinuria without clinical signs or symptoms of edema. Renal amyloidosis was diagnosed by renal pathologic examination, which demonstrated deposition of eosinophilic amorphous material in the interlobular arteries, arterioles, and interstitium. Electron microscopy showed fibrillary material deposits with a diameter of 8 to 10 nm. A heterozygous E148Q mutation in the MEFV gene was identified. Conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and etanercept had been used to treat the SJIA, but the disease could not be controlled. Therefore, we decided to start tocilizumab to control the disease activity. However, the patient was unable to receive a standard dose of tocilizumab in the early period of treatment because of socioeconomic limitations. Her disease course was still active, and proteinuria was found. Therefore, tocilizumab was increased to a dose of 8 mg/kg every 2 weeks (standard dose of SJIA), and the patient exhibited a clinical response within 3 months., Conclusion: Refractory SJIA associated with renal amyloidosis is an uncommon cause of proteinuria in adolescents. Tocilizumab may be a beneficial treatment for renal amyloidosis in patients with SJIA.