Search

The interfacial stability is highly responsible for the longevity and safety of sodium ion batteries (SIBs). However, the continuous solid-electrolyte interphase(SEI) growth would deteriorate its stability. Essentially, the SEI growth is associated with the electron leakage behavior, yet few efforts have tried to suppress the SEI growth, from the perspective of mitigating electron leakage. Herein, we built two kinds of SEI layers with distinct growth behaviors, via the additive strategy. The SEI physicochemical features (morphology and componential information) and SEI electronic properties (LUMO level, band gap, electron work function) were investigated elaborately. Experimental and calculational analyses showed that, the SEI layer with suppressed growth delivers both the low electron driving force and the high electron insulation ability. Thus, the electron leakage is mitigated, which restrains the continuous SEI growth, and favors the interface stability with enhanced electrochemical performance.

In Li-ion batteries, functional cosolvents could significantly improve the specific performance of the electrolyte, for example, the flame retardancy. In case the cosolvent shows strong Li

Chemical modification of electrode materials by heteroatom dopants is crucial for improving storage performance in rechargeable batteries. Electron configurations of different dopants significantly influence the chemical interactions inbetween and the chemical bonding with the host material, yet the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We revealed competitive doping chemistry of Group IIIA elements (boron and aluminum) taking nickel-rich cathode materials as a model. A notable difference between the atomic radii of B and Al accounts for different spatial configurations of the hybridized orbital in bonding with lattice oxygen. Density functional theory calculations reveal, Al is preferentially bonded to oxygen and vice versa, and shows a much lower diffusion barrier than B

Endangered plant species are an important part of global biodiversity. To understand the competition patterns and mechanisms of endangered tree species from plant growth forms in the middle subtropical forest ecosystems, we examined the differences in intra- and inter-specific competitions between Toona ciliate var. pubescens (an intolerant of shade, deciduous species) and Taxus chinensis var. mairei (a tolerant of shade, evergreen species) in the Jiulingshan National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi Province. The results showed that intra-specific competition was dominant in the T. ciliate var. pubescens population, accounting for 66.4% of the total competition intensity. In contrary, the competitive intensity of T. chinensis var. mairei was dominated by the inter-specific competition, which accounted for 68.7% of the total competition intensity. The intra- and inter-specific competition intensity of both species decreased gradually with increasing tree diameter, indicating that competitive pressure was prevalent in small trees. T. ciliate var. pubescens was mainly affected by self-thinning due to intra-specific competition, whereas T. chinensis var. mairei was dominated by alien-thinning due to inter-specific competition. The small individuals of both species could develop into mature stage only after experiencing intense competitive selection during stand regeneration. Considering the substantial difference in the sources of competition pressures, different biodiversity conservation measures should be taken for the two endangered species with contrasting growth forms in the middle subtropical regions.濒危植物是全球生物多样性的重要组成部分,为了弄清中亚热带地区不同生长型濒危乔木树种的竞争模式及其机制,研究了江西九岭山国家级自然保护区毛红椿和南方红豆杉的种内与种间竞争差异。结果表明: 阳性落叶树种毛红椿种群的竞争压力主要来自于同种个体,种内竞争指数占总竞争指数的66.4%,耐阴常绿树种南方红豆杉种群主要受种间竞争的影响,种间竞争指数占总竞争指数的68.7%。2种濒危植物受到的种内、种间以及总竞争强度均随着林木径级的增大而逐渐减小,表明竞争压力由幼林向成熟林逐渐降低。在生长过程中,毛红椿以种内竞争引起的自疏作用为主导,南方红豆杉则由种间竞争引起的他疏作用为主导。毛红椿和南方红豆杉种群在更新过程中,小径级个体都要经历强度较大的种内或种间竞争选择才能发育为成树。由于主要竞争压力的来源差异,对于生活在中亚热带同一区域内不同生长型的濒危植物应该采取不同的生物多样性保育措施。.

Two new metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) based on cadmium(II) ions, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (BDC), flexible ligand 1,4-bi(1H-imidazol-1-yl)butane (BIIM), coordinated water molecules, [(BIIM)(BDC)(H2O)Cd]3n (1) and copper(II) ions, BIIM, coordinated water, free thiophene-2,5-dicarboxylate (TDC), free water, {[(BIIM)4(H2O)4Cu2]·(TDC)2·(H2O)12}n (2) are prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared (IR) spectrum and the photoluminescence property for complex (1). The X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the structures of complexes 1 and 2 are 2D structures through the C–H···π stacking interactions (for 1) and the BIIM bridging connections (for 2). The IR spectrum for 1 and 2 are presented in the paper, for 1, the strong peaks at 1399 and 1573 cm−1 are owing to the carboxylic CO2 − symmetry and asymmetry stretching vibrations of BDC. The features of the IR spectrum are consistent with the single crystal structures. The TGA reveal the water is the first lost material from complex, then the ligands removed, and finally the residues of these two complexes are the metal oxide.

Composite coatings of PTFE/PEEK (Polytetrafluoroethylene/Polyetheretherketone) were prepared by electrostatic powder spraying method. The frictional coefficient were investigated by the orthogonal experimental method. The results show that 250°C preheating temperature and 150°C working temperature are better conditions for frictional coefficient.

Composite coatings of PTFE/PEEK (Polytetrafluoroethylene/Polyetheretherketone) were prepared by electrostatic powder spraying method. The factors were investigated on the preheating temperature and working temperature by the orthogonal experimental method. The results show that 250°C preheating temperature and 100°C working temperature are better conditions for playing good performance of PTFE/PEEK coatings.

In order to meet the sorting and packing needs of the drug and food industries, a novel parallel robot mechanism named 3-R2H2S is proposed in this study, the kinematics equation of the robot was deduced and the inverse kinematics was calculated. The workspace model of the robot is analyzed by the boundary search method through the MATLAB and ADAMS kinematics software. The analysis results show that the robot has a large effective workspace with smooth boundary and can be widely applied in the field of industrial robots, the kinematics of micro robots and 3D coordinate measurements and the workspace of the robot can meet the needs of drug and food automation production line.

Switched Reluctance Motor has become one of hot topics of the international transmission for its simple structure,wide speed range and low cost, etc. In this thesis, based on TI's 32-bit DSP (TMS320F240) and following the principles of structure matching, high efficiency, easy to control, switched reluctance motor speed control system is designed using a minimum program of the main switching device. The parts of design include power converter, controller and software components.

The problem of the oxy-fuel combustion flue gas condensation is the condensation of vapor in the presence of high concentration non-condensable gas. The vapor condensing at dew point temperature releases heat and diffuses on to the surface of the pipe through a non-condensable gas film. Thus it is treated as combined heat and mass transfer problem governed by mass, momentum and energy balance equations for the vaporgas mixture and diffusion equation for the vapor species. The flow of the falling condensate film is governed by the momentum and energy balance equations. The temperature at the gas-to-liquid interface, at which the condensation takes place, is estimated with the help of the heat balance and mass balance equations at the interface. The local values of the condensation Nusselt number, condensate Reynolds number, gasliquid interface temperature and pressure drop are estimated from the numerical results for different values of the system parameters at inlet, such as vapor component, temperature of vaporgas mixture, gas phase Reynolds number and total pressure. The thermodynamic calculations were made and analyzed using numerical calculation method under different conditions.

The oxy-fuel combustion is recognizing one of the most promising available technologies that zero emission accomplishment may be in the offing. With coal burned at the pressure of 6MPa and oxygen-enriched conditions, the high temperature and high pressure gaseous combustion product is composed of mainly CO2and water-vapor that belonging to real gases. However, once lauded as classic approach of resolving fuel gas enthalpy calculation pertaining to ideal gas at atmospheric pressure was restrained by pressure limitations. In this paper, the flue gas was assumed as an ideal mixture of real gases system, and the equations for calculating the flue gas enthalpy were derived by using deviation function method based on the virial equation. Consequently, comparing with the results simulated by the flow-sheet simulation 2éÕÒ: software" software-ASPEN PLUS, it showed that calculation method on the basis of virial equation appears to be a reasonable enthalpy values for the pressurized oxygen-enriched coal combustion.

Welding robot has the advantages that welding quality stability, high efficiency, improving the working conditions of workers, and it is widely applied in the manufacturing sector. A six degree of freedom welding robot configuration is presented in this paper. The kinematics model of the robot is established by DH method and its kinematics was analyzed. At last the error model of the position-pose of the robot end-effecter, produced by the influence of robot joint movement variables deviation and structure deviation, was established by the differential method. The deviation influence on the end-effecter was analyzed by numerical simulation. The results prove the error model is right, and they will provide a reliable basis for robot position error compensation and accuracy optimum design.

Relying on the research of highway engineering of Sichuan province, the disadvantage influence of continuing and strong rainfall on bedding rock slop along the highway in this research is taken into account. In the numerical calculation, both limiting equilibrium analysis and numerical calculation method are used to evaluate the body of landslide stability. According to the result of synthesized methods, the conclusion can be summarized: under the continuing and strong rainfall circumstance, the bedding landslide is easy to lose stability, and this condition becomes an important influence element. The solution schemes of construction based on the conditions of rainfall can be determined.

The phage display technology (PDT) was unique in genetic engineering and recombinant expression. The phage display systems (PDS) were platforms (kits) composed of genetic modified phages, helper phages, and host bacteria. This review concisely summarized the development of four types of PDS, based on M13, λ, T4, and T7 phages, in terms of phage molecular genetics and genetic (gene or genome) engineering. We addressed on the key components and their genetic (genomic) engineering for modifications, the technical features of different anchors, and the development progress and selection reference of those different kits.

With the development of human resource management, the function of human resource becomes more prominent in performance management in enterprises. By using strategic and coherent approach, we can measure the performance of employees which individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the business. Because human resource management (HRM) is a multiple dimensional system, the HRM performance evaluation should be taken peer variables into account. So, we proposed a peer appraisal method, denoted as TOPSIS, to evaluate the performance of human resource in enterprises. Before we applied TOPSIS methodology, the indexes for measuring the HR performance should be identified firstly. Based on the basic traits of HRM, the indexes are identified by grey correlation analysis. A peer performance evaluation frame based on grey theory and TOPSIS methodology is proposed in this paper. Using the HRM performance evaluation frame, we applied in 45 scientific material enterprises in Jilin province and drew corresponding constructive conclusions.

The relationship between the wettability and the roughness structure on silicon surface is studied. The unitary microscale square pillar arrays are fabricated by the way of inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The wettability of water droplets on the silicon surface is changed from hydrophilic to hydrophobic only by introducing microscale pillarlike structure. Furthermore, the scale effects of the unitary rough structure on hydrophobicity are investigated. For those silicon surfaces with a fixed pillar height, the relatively larger scale of grooves leads the droplets wettability state to unstable Cassie state and the contact angle will initially get larger and then decrease with the increase of groove width. The research could provide further insights into the design of functional surface with controllable roughness-induced hydrophobic.

Aqueous solutions have found broad usages as lubricants, in conjunction with other possible utilizations, such as in metal working and other industries. Due to the inferior lubricity, functional additives are needed to improve their tribological performances among which aqueous surfactants are exclusively included. The film forming property of aqueous solution with polyethoxylated ether added (PEOE) is measured, taking consideration of the influences of the temperature and the concentration. The addition of PEOEs into aqueous solutions will largely increase the film forming capacity. But the concentration has only a minor influence on the lubrication property of the aqueous solutions with PEOEs. The cloud point will strongly alter the film forming characteristics.

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. enzyme, respiration intensity, cultivation, Pleurotus ostreatus SUMMARY. We investigated a practical method for immobilizing liquid spawn of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) to prolong the storage time and provide convenient transportation of liquid spawn of edible mushrooms. The method was based on the mycelial pellets of liquid spawn adsorbed in carriers. Selected carriers were similar to cultivation substrates, and the best carrier was a mixture of cottonseed hull, corn core, and wheat bran with a ratio of 4.5:4.5:1 by weight. Immobilized spawn were prepared by mixing the pellets from liquid spawn with carriers using a ratio of 1:8 by weight. Within the first 15 days of storage at 20‐25 � C, the immobilized spawn grew strongly, respiration intensity and cellulase activitiesroserapidly,andthecountandbrightnessoftheisozymebandsofesterase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase increased remarkably as well. From days 30 to 60, the cellulase activities fell and the brightness of the peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase bands gradually decreased, whereas the respiration intensity and the band count of esterase and peroxidase remained constant. After 60 days, the cultivated characteristics of the immobilized spawn were same as the fresh conventional solid cottonseed hull spawn. The results showed that immobilized spawn on the basis of the mycelial pellets of liquid spawn adsorbed in carrier can be used to extend the storage time and simplify transportation of liquid spawn of edible mushroom.

When two surfaces are brought into contact or at small separations, the liquid between them forms meniscus, which contributes to adhesion and friction. The increased adhesive force and friction are always the substantial cause leading to micro/nanodevices’s failure. In this study, a dynamic contact model of sphere-on-sphere surfaces during nanoscale separation is presented. A numerical analysis of meniscus and viscous forces based on the dynamic contact model has been carried out. During the separation process, the effects of separation distance, initial meniscus height, surface wettability and separating time on meniscus and viscous forces between the contact surfaces are investigated. The results of numerical solution revealed the adhesion mechanism of sphere-on-sphere surfaces during the separation with liquid mediated. The analyses provide a fundamental understanding of the separating process of two sphere surfaces. It is also useful for the design of the de-wetting and antisticking micro/nanoscale surfaces in various devices.

Slurry preparation is of paramount importance in chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) process. It couples the combination effects of chemical and mechanical ones. In this paper, the characteristics of the slurry particles used in CMP are firstly modeled, which includes the size and the concentration with primary priority. And then, the model is validated by experiments during hard disk wafer polishing. The slurry prepared contributes to a high quality hard disk surface processed with CMP, which leads to low waviness Wa and roughness Ra with suitable material removal rate (MRR) as well. The study will surely lay a feasible foundation to the CMP mechanism.

A simplified one-dimensional model, accounting for thermal errors related to high speed spindle of 5-axis CNC machine tools, is developed, and the relationship between heat sources of rotating spindle and thermal deformation in axial direction is found with the help of Fourier’s law for heat transfer under two different boundary conditions. Based on the theory of homogeneous coordinate transformation in robotic, the transformation matrixes between the coordinate system of kinematic pairs and the relationship between errors and compensations are obtained, through which the compensation of thermal errors in high speed motorized spindle is obtainable.

A bimetal composite material is a variant of the typical composite that is composed of two materials joined at their interface surface. The advantage of clad material is that the combination of different properties of materials can satisfy both the need of good mechanical properties and the demand of user such as electrical properties simultaneously. This paper is concerned with the hydrostatic extrusion process of copper-clad aluminum rod. The commercially available finite element program ANSYS was used to simulate the process of hydrostatic extrusion for Cu/Al bimetal composite through the equal-strain contour concave dies. The relative slippage between the inner and outer metals under the condition of different friction factors is studied, and the stress-strain distribution in the billet was analyzed. Experiment test was carried out; it was found that the experimental result has good agreement with relative slippage from the finite element analysis.

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is a widely adopted technique to achieve high level of global and local planarity required in modern integrate circuit (IC) industries, wherein the pad properties weigh heavily on the final performance. A preliminary two-dimensional wafer-scale flow model for CMP is presented considering the roughness, the elasticity, as well as the porosity of the pad. Numerical simulations were conducted to show the slurry flow features’ variations due to pad parameters change. The results show that the porosity of the pad is conducive to slurry delivering, and small porous parameter will lead to prominent increase of load capability, accounting for larger material removal rate (MRR) whilst the elasticity of the pad has a more complex influence. The rough surface carries additional fluid in the valleys of the polishing pad thereby provide some chemical reactions. The model will shed lights on the mechanism of CMP process, which is for a long time considered as a difficult circle to square.

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) has been widely accepted in modern integrated circuit (IC) industries and hard disk manufacturing processes, to insure wafer surface with high level of global and local planarity required. In CMP process, temperature rise has two-edged influences: temperature-rise accelerates the chemical activity and the motion of nano-particles contained in the slurry through which material removal ratio (MRR) is enhanced; the other side of the same coin is, however, that it will soften the pad surface and subsequently reduce the MRR. Furthermore, it is found that temperature-rise would cause agglomeration of nano-particles, which would cause the wafer surface defect. The net effects of temperature thus should be under investigation with scrutiny. In an attempt to study the temperature variation and influencing rule, in this paper we firstly establish the flow equation considering pad roughness, coupling the energy equation on the basis of thermodynamics. Then, by taking numerical simulation which is carried out to give out the temperature distribution of conventional CMP process. The results show that temperature-rise in the CMP process is very minor. The research will surely shed some lights on the mechanism of CMP and lay a feasible foundation for possible future utilization.

Temperature rise has two-edged influences on chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process: temperature-rise facilitates the chemical activity and the motion of the nano particles contained in the slurry through which material removal ratio (MRR) is enhanced; to the other side of the same coin, however, it will soften the pad surface and subsequently reduce the MRR. Thus the research on temperature distribution of CMP process will be conducive to discovering the mechanism of polishing, and acquiring stable MRR and improving surface quality. With the help of the knowledge of tribology, hydrodynamics, and thermodynamics, flow equation considering the temperature variation in the fine step of CMP process, wherein high surface quality is the main concern and usually operates in contact free state, is set up, based on which the temperature field in contact is investigated in detail by taking advantage of the simulation technique, and the heat energy production and transition relations are obtained. Due to the slurry used, a small viscous heating effect is acknowledged by simulated results, and the temperature rise is negligible in contact-free flows, which is very conducive to the promotion of the final polished wafer/disk surfaces. The research will surely shed some lights in the mechanism of CMP and lay a feasible foundation for possible future utilization.

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is a widely used technique to achieve high level of global and local planarity required in modern integrate circuit (IC) industries and hard disk manufacturing process, etc., which pleas for concentrate researches. The main purpose of the present research is in an attempt to express the counterintuitive experimental aftermath: the ‘negative’ pressure, i.e., a suction force occurred in conventional commercial CMP process. A preliminary two tiers wafer-scale flow model for CMP is presented considering the roughness as well as the elasticity of the bulk pad substrate. Numerical simulations were conducted to elucidate the contact pressure and flow pressure distributions. The results show that a divergence region appears near the leading edge, which contributes to the suction pressure. A stress-richened area near the edges will give rise to over polishing. The research aftermaths agree well with the experiments, that validate the proposed analysis to some extend. This will shed lights on the mechanism of CMP process, which for a long time is considered as a black art where empirical or semi-empirical data are dependent upon to optimize the CMP parameters.

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is a widely used technique to achieve high level of global and local planarity required in integrate circuit (IC) areas, which pleas for concentrate researches. A preliminary wafer-scale flow model for CMP is presented considering the roughness as well as the porosity and compressibility of the pad. Pressure distributions for three kinds of pad roughness: cosine shape, two-scale cosine shape and actual roughness were given with the help of numerical simulation by solving the corresponding two-dimensional slurry flow model. Pressure fluctuations and peaks can be seen from the results. The model predictions will be conducive to the removal rate and mass transport computation. The research is a qualitative one and will pave the way for further explorations of mechanisms of CMP process.

Tao-Hong-Si-Wu-Tang (THSWT) is a famous traditional Chinese herbal medicine formula, which has traditionally been used in China for about one thousand years. The present study investigated the effect of THSWT on physical fatigue. 32 male mice were randomly divided into 4 groups with 8 in each group. All were administered orally and daily for 28 days. Group I received isotonic saline solution as control; Group II, III and IV obtained 5, 10 and 20ml/ kg body weight of THSWT solutions, respectively. After 28 days, the anti-physical fatigue effect of THSWT was evaluated by using a forced swimming test, along with the determination of blood lactic acid, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), liver glycogen and muscle glycogen contents. The data showed that THSWT could extend exhaustive swimming time of mice, as well as decrease the BLA and BUN contents and increase the liver glycogen and muscle glycogen contents. The results support that THSWT had anti-physical fatigue effect.

The phage display technology (PDT) was unique in genetic engineering and recombinant expression. The phage display systems (PDS) were platforms (kits) composed of genetic modified phages, helper phages, and host bacteria. This review concisely summarized the development of four types of PDS, based on M13, λ, T4, and T7 phages, in terms of phage molecular genetics and genetic (gene or genome) engineering. We addressed on the key components and their genetic (genomic) engineering for modifications, the technical features of different anchors, and the development progress and selection reference of those different kits.

Four dsRNA bands were extracted from Pleurotus ostreatus TD300 by the dsRNA isolation technique with sizes of 8.2 kb, 2.5 kb, 2.1 kb, and 1.1 kb, respectively. Four virus-eliminated methods, i. e. hyphal tips cut (HTC), protoplast regeneration (PR), single spore hybridization (SSH), and frozen and lyophilized (FL), were applied to prepare virus-eliminated strains, and one virus-eliminated strain was selected for each virus-elimination method. The virus-eliminated strains were named as HTC8, PR15, FL01, and SSH11, respectively. There were low concentration of 8.2 kb dsRNA remained in HTC8, as well as low concentration of 8.2 kb and 2.5 kb dsRNA remained in FL01. However, no dsRNA remained in PR15 and SSH11. The hyphal growth rate and laccase activity of the virus-eliminated strains increased, especially HTC8 and PR15, whose hyphal growth rate was higher by 22.73% and 18.18%, and laccase activities higher by 145.83% and 134.38% than that of the original strain, respectively. The conclusion is that hyphal tips cut and protoplast regeneration are suitable to prepare virus-eliminated strains of edible fungi.

A preliminary one-dimensional model taking the wafer tilt into consideration is put forward in an attempt to facilitate the analysis of contact stress and flow features of chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process, which is mainly based on the contact theories and tribology principles. The model provides an explanation for counter intuitive experimental results, i.e., the existence of negative fluid pressure (subambient pressure), and predictions of the pad substrate deformation, contact stress, and fluid pressure, etc. In CMP process, contact pressure will result in a divergence area in the leading part and a converging area in the trailing part, by which the larger subambient area than the positive one is formed, due to the minor tilt of the wafer resulted from an moments due to the fluid pressure. The prediction accords with experiment results very well, which validates the model.

Textured silicon (Si) substrates decorated with regular microscale square pillar arrays of nearly the same side length, height, but different intervals are fabricated by inductively coupled plasma, and then silanized by self-assembly octadecyl-trichlorosilane (OTS) film. The systematic water contact angle (CA) measurements and micro/nanoscale hierarchical rough structure models are used to analyze the wetting behaviors of original and silanized textured Si substrates each as a function of pillar interval-to-width ratio. On the original textured Si substrate with hydrophilic pillars, the water droplet possesses a larger apparent CAs (> 90°) and contact angle hysteresis (CAH), induced by the hierarchical roughness of microscale pillar arrays and nanoscale pit-like roughness. However, the silanized textured substrate shows superhydrophobicity induced by the low free energy OTS overcoat and the hierarchical roughness of microscale pillar arrays, and nanoscale island-like roughness. The largest apparent CA on the superhydrophobic surface is 169.8°. In addition, the wetting transition of a gently deposited water droplet is observed on the original textured substrate with pillar interval-to-width ratio increasing. Furthermore, the wetting state transition is analyzed by thermodynamic approach with the consideration of the CAH effect. The results indicate that the wetting state changed from a Cassie state to a pseudo-Wenzel during the transition.