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Nowadays the screens collected by the official e-waste schemes in France are mostly comprised of Cathode Ray Tube (CRT). Nevertheless, Flat Panel Display (FPD) collection should increase in the following years. Among other differences in material compositions, FPD screens have higher plastic content. In order to keep complying with the recycling targets for screens, as well as to increase the recycling performance per material, it is necessary to improve plastics recycling. The goal of this study is to quantify the plastic flows in screens generated, collected and recycled in France and to identify the current scenario of plastic recycling. The presence of flame retardants and additives in the plastics, the variety of polymer types, as well as the high volumes of black plastics are among the main challenges in plastics sorting and recycling. From the economic outlook, it is necessary to develop the market that uses secondary raw materials to ensure the profitability of the WEEE chain.

In the context of a circular economy, one can observe that (i) recycling chains are not adapted enough to the end-of-life products they have to process and that (ii) products are not sufficiently well designed either to integrate at best their target recycling chain. Therefore, a synergy between product designers and recycling-chains stakeholders is lacking, mainly due to their weak communication and the time-lag between the product design phase and its end-of-life treatment. Many Design for Recycling approaches coexist in the literature. However, to fully develop a circular economy, Design from Recycling also has to be taken into account. Thus Re-Cycling, a complete circular design approach, is proposed. First, a design for recycling methodology linking recyclability assessment to product design guidelines is proposed. Then, a design from recycling methodology is developed to assess the convenience of using secondary raw materials in the design phase. The recyclability of a smartphone and the convenience of using recycled materials in a new cycle are both analyzed to demonstrate our proposal. The Fairphone 2&reg, and its treatment by the WEEE French takeback scheme are used as a case study.

This work presents a case study for a tablet treated in France. The objective was to assess the impacts of the end-of-life stage and its influence in the final results when considering different waste management scenarios. After a first analysis of the global electronic waste management scenario, three scenarios were selected: (1) optimistic scenario, in which the tablet is recycled considering the best available technologies; (2) a conservative scenario, which considers only the best referenced recycling channels; (3) a pessimist scenario considering the worst situation in terms of recycling. For some impact categories, the recycling activities result in higher environmental impacts than the scenarios with poor recycling, among others due to the increase in energy consumption during recycling. When the benefits of recycling are considered in the assessment, the advantage of recycling is evident, reinforcing the importance of the recycling channels as a provider of secondary materials that have lower environmental impacts. The differences in the results of the three scenarios reinforce the importance of clearly report the scenario considered in the end-of-life. The authors acknowledge the financial support from the French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME) and Ecologic (a French compliance scheme).

Product end-of-life management must be considered in product design. To reach the European End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV) directive objectives and in view of the growing plastics' use in vehicles, the automotive Supply Chain must now set up reliable recovery scenarios for its products and therefore for these materials. The plastics industry, material technically unavoidable in our society, is subject to societal pressures, environ mental regulations. An answer to the se pressures is the development of recycling industries to save resources by making the waste a raw material. These networks are emerging systems whose development criteria must be defined. The automotive industry implemented many tools of design for recycling. But these tools do not take into account recycled plastics, that is to say the recycling networks characteristics, producers and suppliers don't see them as potential recycled material users. The limits of recycling networks' integration in the automotive Supply Chain find their origin in lack of knowledge on recycling industries characteristics by stakeholders involved in their development. We thus propose in this research a recycling networks' modelling tool - ODEFIRE- corresponding through network capabilities measures to a decision aid for stakeholders, including the Supply Chain Automotive. This aid concerns the implementation of the right actions to develop recycling industries. We also propose an approach for creating knowledge on recycling networks-DAIMRE-for automotive suppliers. This method authorizes, through the use of ODEFIRE, to promote the use of recycled plastics in high value parts. The aim is to sustain recycling industries integration in the automotive Supply Chain.; La prise en compte de la gestion des produits en fin de vie est devenue incontournable dans la conception de produits complexes. Ainsi, pour atteindre les objectifs de la réglementation sur l'élimination des véhicules hors d'usage et compte-tenu de l'augmentation croissante de la part de matières plastiques dans les véhicules, la Supply Chain automobile doit désormais justifier de scénarios de valorisation fiables pour leurs produits et par conséquent pour ces matières. L'industrie des matières plastiques, matière techniquement incontournable dans la société de consommation actuelle, est soumise à des pressions sociétales, environnementales et réglementaires fortes remettant en cause leur devenir dans la société. Pour répondre aux pressions environnementales, une des voies de recherche proposée est le développement de filières de recyclage permettant d'économiser des ressources en faisant du déchet une matière première. Ces filières sont des systèmes émergents dont les critères d'évolution doivent être définis. L'industrie automobile a développé de nombreux outils de conception pour le recyclage. Mais ces outils ne prennent pas en compte le devenir des matières plastiques suite au recyclage soit les caractéristiques propres aux filières, les producteurs et équipementiers ne se voyant pas comme utilisateurs de celles-ci. La problématique de l'intégration des filières de recyclage dans la Supply Chain automobile trouve son origine dans le manque de connaissances sur les filières des parties impliquées dans leur développement. Nous proposons donc, dans ce travail de recherche un outil de modélisation des filières- ODEFIRE- constituant par l'intermédiaire des mesures des performances des filières, une aide à la décision à destination des parties prenantes, dont la Supply Chain automobile, pour mettre en place les actions nécessaires pour stabiliser les filières. Nous proposons également une démarche d'acquisition des connaissances sur les filières- DAIMRE- à destination des équipementiers et s'appuyant sur ODEFIRE, permettant de favoriser l'utilisation de matières plastiques recyclées dans des pièces à haute valeur ajoutée et par ce biais de pérenniser l'intégration des filières dans la Supply Chain Automobile.

The many uses of plastics in our society are now compromised because of the social and environmental impacts they generate: exhaustion of petroleum resources, waste management... Plastics recycling appears to be one of the best ways to solve these problems. But Plastics Recycling Chains (PRC) are still emerging system. The automotive industry is directly concerned by plastic recycling through the End of Life Vehicles (ELV) directive which compels it to respect recycling rate for their products and to increase the use of recycled materials. But at present the use of recycled plastics in this industry is strictly limited to low-quality products. Main reasons for this situation are that recycled plastics' characteristics are often underestimated and can differ importantly from one supplier to another and also in time. It results in a lack of confidence in PRC's capabilities. In order to increase the recycled plastics' rate in new vehicles, especially in high-quality parts, PRC must respond to the supplier selection criteria. This implies that PRC must supply large quantity of high-quality materials with stable properties. As many stakeholders will be involved in PRC's efficiency, we have built a dynamic model of these PRC, named ODEFIRE, to determine in which technical and economic conditions they might better satisfy the automotive industry requirements. On the other side, we have also developed for the automotive design departments an approach called DAIMRE based on accumulation of knowledge of recycled plastics' characteristics and PRC's capabilities which are, for a part, fed by ODEFIRE simulations.

Chains for recycling the plastics used in the automotive industry are complex systems just emerging. In this paper we propose to explain the reasons which have so far prevented these recycling chains from achieving a sufficiently regulated state to make them reliable partners for automotive manufacturers. On the basis of this, and taking recycling polypropylene as an example, we propose to use a dynamic flow model of this chain to identify the critical parameters on which achieving this regulated state depends. The results are at two levels. They establish the major role played by changes in the price of oil (an uncontrollable element but one where economic pressures are tending to increase its benefiting the development of these recycling chains) and the necessity for recycling companies to have a flow of quality input sufficient to saturate their production systems and achieve profitable sales. To achieve these results we intend to explore various solutions. Moreover, our study has shown that the development of the chain is also suffering from the lack of cooperation between those involved and the absence of a global vision of the system (which could have been the role of an official eco-organisation if France had chosen to provide these recycling industries with a body of this type). In our project we have been able to experiment using our modelling system to fill this gap. It proved to be an effective way of creating around it a multi-participant area in which exchanges occurred allowing all the parties concerned to understand the aims and requirements of the other participants and the impact of their own actions. This research has thus resulted in the creation of a multi-party working group continuing to develop this tool.