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Workplace spirituality is recognised as the inner state of individuals and an aspect of their working life. In the study reported on here we aimed to unearth the effects of teachers' demographic factors (gender, age, nature of job, academic qualification, marital status, designation, teaching experience, and district) towards workplace spirituality in secondary schools. This study was a descriptive research and a cross-sectional survey research design was applied. The participants were 3,050 secondary school teachers. The participants were selected using stratified proportionate random sampling. The Workplace Spirituality Scale (WPS) developed by Petchsawang and Duchon (2009) was used along with a list of demographic variables to meet the study objectives. Different statistical techniques (t-test, mean, SD, one-way ANOVA and post hoc analysis) were applied for data analysis. The results indicate that teachers were satisfied and agreed with the practices of workplace spirituality in secondary schools. Moreover, the results reveal that the teachers' demographic factors (gender, designation, nature of job, academic qualification, marital status, teaching experience, and district) had significant effects on their workplace spirituality. From the results we recommend that the management of educational institutions should treat teachers equally and fairly without any discrimination for equal nurturing of workplace spirituality among teachers.

Workplace Spirituality (WS) is recognized as the inner state of individuals and an aspect of their working life. This study was conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Workplace Spirituality Scale (WPS) developed by Petchsawang and Duchon (2009) in Pakistani context school teachers. The present study was quantitative research and used a cross-sectional survey design. The sample for the study consisted of four hundred public school teachers. The data was collected personally by researchers and necessary guidelines were shared with the respondents. EFA and CFA were applied to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Workplace Spirituality Scale (WPS) in the Pakistani context. The results of the statistical analysis confirmed the four factors model (transcendence, mindfulness, compassion, and meaningful work) and ensured the generalizability of WPS. Furthermore, the results of statistical analysis established adequate reliability and validity of WPS. The modifications in this scale are highlighted. The findings of the study indicated that the instrument is valid and reliable which measures workplace spirituality. Further studies may be conducted in a different context to further ensure the dimensionality, reliability, and validity of WPS through different methodologies and techniques.

The present study aimed to evaluate the Diploma of Associate Engineers (DAE) program working under TEVTA by using seven parameters (curriculum, physical facilities, academic facilities, administrative facilities, method of teaching, assessment and evaluation and social factors) in province Punjab. The research design chosen for this study was concurrent mixed-methods because qualitative and quantitative data were collected to provide complete analysis of the research problem. Population of the study comprised all teachers, students and experts working in the respective field. Sample of the study consisted of 360 prospective Associate Engineers along with 120 teachers and seven experts. For quantitative data survey questionnaire was adopted to collect data from teachers and students. Reliability of the questionnaire was 0.91. Qualitative part was explored through in-depth interview. Purposive sampling technique was employed to conduct interviews from seven technical experts from TEVTA. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics (percentages, means and SD). Thematic analysis approach was used to analyze interviews. Findings of the study revealed that curriculum, academic facilities, administrative facilities, assessment and monitoring system, were adequate in all College of Technologies (GCTs) of Punjab. However, they required updated methods of teaching and sufficient equipment in labs to cope with the industry in future. It is recommended that effective planning and monitoring system needs to be done to produce skilled manpower for the development of industry in Punjab, Pakistan.

The purpose of the study was to find out the relationship of teachers' empowerment and workplace relations with organizational commitment. The public secondary school teachers of Punjab were the focus group of the study. The researcher developed instruments of teachers' empowerment and organizational commitment to gather information from sample of the study. The reliability of the questionnaires was as teachers' empowerment scale 0.910 and organizational commitment scale 0.781. The research design was correlation based on survey. A multistage random sampling technique was used to collect data of 1200 teachers (male = 600 and female = 600), and 1103 teachers sent questionnaire back. Results of the study showed positive strong relationship between teachers' empowerment and organizational commitment. School management must incorporate teachers' empowerment as motivational technique to enhance teachers' commitment toward teaching profession. So, educational administration must include teachers' empowerment in human resource policy to make teachers' committed personnel.

Cooperative learning may have beneficial impact on classroom teaching. The study aimed to identify the effect of cooperative learning in writing ability of the 7th class students in the subject of English. The population of the study consisted of 68 students enrolled at elementary level (7th grade) in Government Girls High School Burj Attari, Sheikhupura. There were two sections of 7th grade in the school and 34 students in each section. The study was Quasi Experimental with a Non-equivalent control group, pre-test and post-test design. One section was randomly selected as experimental group (X[subscript 1]) and the other was assigned to control group (X[subscript 2]) on the basis their previous class results. The results describe there is a significant difference between post-test scores of control and experimental group. Findings of the current study reveal that cooperative learning method is more effective than the grammar translation method among students. It is recommended that teachers might apply cooperative learning techniques to improve students' writing skill in the classroom.

Organizational justice is essential for nurturing and building of workplace spirituality. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of organizational justice on workplace spirituality of teachers. The current study was a quantitative research and causal-comparative research design was applied. The participants for study were 3050 secondary school teachers. Proportionate random sampling technique was applied for selection of respondents of study. Organizational Justice Scale (OJS) with 20 items and Workplace Spirituality Scale (WPS) with 22 items were used in this study for data collection. The statistical technique multiple regression analysis was applied in data analysis. The results indicated that organizational justice and their factors (interactional, procedural and distributive justice) have positive and significant effect on workplace spirituality of teachers. It is recommended that administration of secondary schools ensured availability of organizational justice in schools for promoting workplace spirituality among teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major problems in teaching economics is students' failure to get mastery of economics concepts. To develop conceptual understanding among students dynamic methods of teaching are needed. Study aimed to provide a method of teaching economics other than traditional method. Effect of concept attainment model of teaching on college students' academic achievement level was investigated. The experiment (ABA single subject design) was conducted in a public college of Punjab province. To conduct the experiment lesson plans covering the content from Grade XI economics book were developed and achievement tests were constructed. In baseline, instruction continued through routine instructional method, while in intervention phase, concept attainment strategy was used to teach economics concepts. In withdrawal phase, baseline conditions were reestablished. Results of repeated measures one way analysis of variance revealed that concept attainment teaching strategy is more effective than traditional method to teach economics. It was recommended that new teaching techniques should be included in the curriculum of economics to make the concept attainment easy and interesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of liberating approach of teaching with banking approach of teaching on students reading comprehension at secondary school level in Pakistan. In order to develop the rational of the study, an experiment was devised to identify the effect of liberating approach of teaching on students' achievement in the subject of English at secondary school level. Through this approach student creativity and mental power is stimulated and better used in academic and social context. The researcher was selected two intact group sections of English medium science and both the sections have total 104 students. The study was Quasi Experimental with a Non-equivalent control group pre-test post-test design. One section was randomly selected an experimental group (X1) and the other was assigned to control group (X2). The results also showed that treatment enhanced the achievement level of the experimental group in reading comprehension of English. The findings revealed that liberating approach is more effective as compared to banking approach (traditional) of teaching. It is recommended that the teachers should apply liberating approach of teaching in the classes in order to improve reading comprehension of the students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]