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Objectives: Hepatic Veno occlusive disease (VOD), also known as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (VOD/SOS), is a post-transplant life threatening complication. In this study, we aimed to discuss the incidence, management and outcome of VOD in post allogenic transplant patients of beta thalassemia major (BTM). Methods: A prospective study was conducted in Armed Forces Bone Marrow Transplant Center, between 2001-2022. A total of 385 fully Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) matched BTM patients, with Ursodeoxycholic acid for prophylaxis, were included in the study. Incidence of VOD was calculated through cumulative incidence estimates. Chi square test and Mann Whitney test were used to compare discrete and continuous variables respectively. VOD was diagnosed and graded according to European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation EBMT Pediatric diagnostic criteria. Risk factors for VOD were grouped as recipient, transplant and donor related. Univariate analysis was performed by log-rank test. All patients who developed VOD were managed primarily with fluid restriction and strict input output monitoring. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v 25.0. Results: Out of 385 transplant patients, forty developed VOD. Median time from date of transplant till onset of VOD was 14 days (range 6-30). Cumulative incidence of all grade VOD was 10.39% (95% CI, 7-14). Eleven out of 40 patients who developed VOD died. Cumulative incidence of Transplant related mortality (TRM) for patients with and VOD was 20.5% (95% CI, 16.6-25.1) vs 27.5% (95% CI, 16.1-42) (p value 0.318) respectively. Among risk factors, age of recipient and fibrosis (p value of 0.04 and 0.000 respectively) were found to be significantly associated with VOD. Conclusions: Careful selection of transplant candidates before transplant can help reduce the incidence of VOD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aplastic anaemia is a rare bone marrow failure syndrome and is defined by pancytopenia associated with a hypo-cellular bone marrow with no increase in reticulin and in the absence of any abnormal infiltrate. The objective of the study was to determine the frequency of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase type 2 (ALDH2) deficiency in patients with Aplastic Anaemia and investigate its correlation with patient and disease characteristics. It was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at Armed Forces Bone Marrow Transplant Centre Rawalpindi from 01-08-2022-01-02-2023, over a period of 6 months. Methods: A total of 56 patients who were diagnosed with aplastic anaemia during this period, fulfilling inclusion criteria were enrolled. Patients were genotyped as GG (homozygous) and GA (heterozygous). GG had normal ALDH2, while GA were patients with ALDH2 deficiency. Data was collected on the patient's demographics, type and severity of anaemia, type of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) and frequency of ALDH2 deficiency. Results were analyzed for ALDH2 deficiency and its correlation with patient and disease characteristics was investigated. Results: A total of 56 patients were included in the study. The median age of the patients was 28 years (20-39). According to the type of aplastic anaemia, 2 (3.6%) had Fanconi anaemia and 54 (96.4%) had acquired aplastic anaemia. In our study, 18 (32.1%) patients had undergone HSCT while the remaining 38 (67.9%) could not undergo HSCT. The frequency of the presence of ALDH2 deficiency was 2 (3.6%). There was no statistically significant correlation between the frequency of ALDH2 deficiency with variables like gender, age distribution, type of aplastic anaemia, the severity of aplastic anaemia and hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Conclusion: We concluded from our study the frequency of ALDH2 was rare in patients with aplastic anaemia. There was no statistically significant co-relation between the frequency of ALDH2 deficiency with variables like gender, age distribution, type of aplastic anaemia, the severity of aplastic anaemia and hematopoietic stem cell transplant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT) is a commonly used treatment in multiple myeloma (MM). However, real-world global demographic and outcome data are scarce. We collected data on baseline characteristics and outcomes from 61 725 patients with newly diagnosed MM who underwent upfront AHCT between 2013 and 2017 from nine national/international registries. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS), and the secondary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS), relapse incidence (RI) and non-relapse mortality (NRM). Median OS amounted to 90.2 months (95% CI 88.2-93.6) and median PFS 36.5 months (95% CI 36.1-37.0). At 24 months, cumulative RI was 33% (95% CI 32.5%-33.4%) and NRM was 2.5% (95% CI 2.3%-2.6%). In the multivariate analysis, superior outcomes were associated with younger age, IgG subtype, complete hematological response at auto-HCT, Karnofsky score of 100%, international staging scoring (ISS) stage 1, HCT-comorbidity index (CI) 0, standard cytogenetic risk, auto-HCT in recent years, and use of lenalidomide maintenance. There were differences in the baseline characteristics and outcomes between registries. While the NRM was 1%-3% at 12 months worldwide, the OS at 36 months was 69%-84%, RI at 12 months was 12%-24% and PFS at 36 months was 43%-63%. The variability in these outcomes is attributable to differences in patient and disease characteristics as well as the use of maintenance and macroeconomic factors. In conclusion, worldwide data indicate that AHCT in MM is a safe and effective therapy with an NRM of 1%-3% with considerable regional differences in OS, PFS, RI, and patient characteristics. Maintenance treatment post-AHCT had a beneficial effect on OS., (© 2024 The Author(s). American Journal of Hematology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is potentially, the sole curative option for many malignant and non-malignant hematological disorders. Finding a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) compatible donor remains one of the limiting factors, hampering the utilization of HSCT. However, the introduction of post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) has improved the outcomes of haploidentical transplants making it a suitable option for patients lacking HLA-compatible donors. We collected data from 44 patients who underwent haplo-identical allogeneic stem cell transplants at the Armed Forces Bone Marrow Transplant Center/National Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplant (AFBMTC/NIBMT) from the year 2015 to 2022. The diseases were divided into three categories, i.e., bone marrow failure (BMF) syndromes, hematological malignancies (HM) and miscellaneous (Misc) groups. Median age at transplant was 18 (01-39) years. Transplant indications included aplastic anemia (AA) in 21 (47.7%) cases, 15 (34.1%) HM, and eight (18.2%) cases falling in the Misc groups. A maximum number of graft failures occurred in the BMF group; primary graft failure in 07 (33.3%) cases and secondary graft failure in four (19%) cases, (p-value < 0.05). Acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD) grade II-IV occurred in nine (20.5%) cases while chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD) occurred in 10 (22.7%) cases. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation was seen in 31 (70.5%) cases. Maximum CMV reactivation was seen in HM group 13 (86.6%) cases, (p-value < 0.05) as compared to BMF (71.4%) and Misc groups (37.5%). Post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) based regimens, early neutrophil engraftment, and patients with GVHD had better survival outcomes (p-value < 0.05) overall survival (OS), and relapse-free survival (RFS). and GVHD-free relapse-free survival (GFRS) were significantly better in cases with early neutrophil engraftment. OS of the study cohort was 50% while disease-free survival (DFS) and GFRS were 45.5% and 36.4%, respectively., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Akram et al.)

The World Health Organization-designated Eastern Mediterranean region (EMRO) consists of 22 countries in North Africa and Western Asia with a collective population of over 679 million. The area comprises some of the wealthiest countries per capita income and some of the poorest. The population structure is also unique and contrasts with western countries, with a much younger population. The region sits in the heart of the thalassemia belt. Many countries have a significant prevalence of sickle cell disease, and cancer is on the rise in the region. Therefore, the strategic priorities for the growth and development of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) differ from country to country based on resources, healthcare challenges, and prevalent infrastructure. Thirty-one reporting teams to the Eastern Mediterranean Blood and Marrow Transplantation Group have active HSCT programs in 12 countries; allogeneic transplants outnumber autologous transplants, and the proportion of allotransplants for non-malignant conditions is higher in the EMRO region than in Western Europe and North America. The vast majority (99%) of allotransplants are from matched related donors. Matched unrelated donors and other alternate donor transplants are underutilized. The chance of finding a matched related donor for allografts is higher, with a significant chance of finding matched donors among non-sibling related donors. Reasons for relatively lower rates of transplants compared with other countries are multifactorial. Capacity building, development of newer centers, innovative funding, and better utilization of information technology are required to make transplantation as an accessible modality to more patients. Cost-effectiveness and cost-containment, regulation, and ensuring quality will all be priorities in planning HSCT development in the region.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a multisystem disorder and haematological abnormalities are frequently documented in affected patients., Methods: This retrospective study included 549 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 from 1st June to 15th July 2020 at Pak Emirates hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant., Results: Median age was 60 years (range 12-94 years), males 442 (80.5%) and females 107 (19.5%). There was no patient with mild illness, 181 (32.9%) had moderate, 158 (28.7%) severe and 210 (38.2%) patients had critical disease. Patients with severe and critical disease had lower absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) and platelets (p<0.001 for both) while higher white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and lactate dehydrogenase levels (LDH) levels (all p<0.001). Overall survival of study cohort was 83.2% (n=457). Median haemoglobin and platelet count were significantly lower (p<0.001) while WBC, ANC, NLR, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), ferritin, IL-6, LDH were significantly higher (p<0.001) for patients who died. On multivariate logistic regression analysis WBC count>10x109/l (odds ratio [OR] 2.19 [95% CI 1.3-4.2] p=0.01), NLR>9 (OR 3.4 [95% CI 0.87-6.8], p<0.001), platelets<150x109/l (OR 3.9 [95% CI 1.4-9.8] p<0.001), CRP >100; (OR 4.1[95% CI 0.78-10.9] p<0.001) and ferritin >1000 (OR 5.3 [95% CI 1.9- 13.5], p<0.001) were associated with increased risk of death in patients with COVID-19., Conclusion: Monitoring of haematological, coagulation and inflammatory parameters provide reliable, convenient, rapid and cost-effective method for predicting disease severity, complications and prognosis of COVID-19 patients.

Background: Patients with haematological malignancies and stem cell transplant recipients are at high risk of opportunistic infections. Little international and no national data is available comparing noble metal coated versus uncoated central venous catheters (CVC) in this special population of severely immunocompromised patients. Objective of the study is to compare infectious and non-infectious complications of noble metal coated versus uncoated central venous catheters in patients undergoing stem cell transplantation and receiving chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukaemia., Methods: This is a prospective, cross-sectional, randomized study (January to December 2016), enrolling 45 consecutive patients undergoing stem cell transplantation or chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukaemia. Patients were randomized in 2 groups. Twenty 23 patients received standard CVC and 22 patients received CVC catheters coated with three noble metals (Gold, Silver, Palladium). Patients were observed for catheter related infectious and noninfectious complications. Data was analysed using SPSS., Results: Mean age was 24.3 (±4.91) in uncoated and 25.09 (±5.22) in coated CVL group. CRBSI infection was detected in 2 (8.6%) and 3 (13.6%) patients in uncoated and coated group respectively with p-value of .279. There was no statistically significant difference in febrile episodes between coated (95.4%) and uncoated (91.3%) group. While we considered non-infectious complications, 2 patients in coated (8.6%) and 1 in uncoated CVCs group (4.3%) had CVC thrombosis which was not significant statistically., Conclusion: There was no efficacy of BG-thin noble metal coated CVCs in reducing infectious and non-infectious complications (thrombosis) in our study.