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Objectives: Monitoring tools that could provide quick predictions of tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes are urgently needed. Here, we assessed whether the evolution of selected biomarkers of innate immunity may help monitoring TB treatment response within 2 weeks of treatment initiation. Methods: ANRS12394-LILAC-TB was a proof-of-concept prospective study: adults with a rifampicin-susceptible TB who are HIV-negative and HIV-infected documented by a positive Xpert MTB/RIF test were enrolled in Cambodia and Côte d'Ivoire. Plasma concentrations of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), interferon-γ–induced protein-10 and clusters of differentiation (CD) (scavenging CD163) were measured by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. A Wilcoxon test for paired data was used for longitudinal comparisons. Results: A total of 55 patients were enrolled (women: 31%, median age: 37 years; median CD4 count in the 10 of 13 participants with HIV: 53 cells/mm3). Overall, 83% were considered in TB treatment success. Compared with baseline, the IL-1Ra plasma levels significantly decreased as soon as week (W) 1, independent of HIV status (−71% in HIV-positive vs −33% in HIV-negative; P

Objective This study aims to evaluate whether the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a deterioration in the quality of care for socially and/or clinically vulnerable stroke and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients.Design Two cohorts of STEMI and stroke patients in the Aquitaine neurocardiovascular registry.Setting Six emergency medical services, 30 emergency units, 14 hospitalisation units and 11 catheterisation laboratories in the Aquitaine region in France.Participants This study involved 9218 patients (6436 stroke and 2782 STEMI patients) in the neurocardiovascular registry from January 2019 to August 2020.Primary outcome measures Care management times in both cohorts: first medical contact-to-procedure time for the STEMI cohort and emergency unit admission-to-imaging time for the stroke cohort. Associations between social (deprivation index) and clinical (age >65 years, neurocardiovascular history) vulnerabilities and care management times were analysed using multivariate linear mixed models, with an interaction on the time period (pre-wave, per-wave and post-first COVID-19 wave).Results The first medical contact procedure time was longer for elderly (p

Shape vectorization is a key stage of the digitization of large-scale historical maps, especially city maps that exhibit complex and valuable details. Having access to digitized buildings, building blocks, street networks and other geographic content opens numerous new approaches for historical studies such as change tracking, morphological analysis and density estimations. In the context of the digitization of Paris atlases created in the 19th and early 20th centuries, we have designed a supervised pipeline that reliably extract closed shapes from historical maps. This pipeline is based on a supervised edge filtering stage using deep filters, and a closed shape extraction stage using a watershed transform. It relies on probable multiple suboptimal methodological choices that hamper the vectorization performances in terms of accuracy and completeness. Objectively investigating which solutions are the most adequate among the numerous possibilities is comprehensively addressed in this paper. The following contributions are subsequently introduced: (i) we propose an improved training protocol for map digitization; (ii) we introduce a joint optimization of the edge detection and shape extraction stages; (iii) we compare the performance of state-of-the-art deep edge filters with topology-preserving loss functions, including vision transformers; (iv) we evaluate the end-to-end deep learnable watershed against Meyer watershed. We subsequently design the critical path for a fully automatic extraction of key elements of historical maps. All the data, code, benchmark results are freely available at https://github.com/soduco/Benchmark_historical_map_vectorization.

Objective To assess the impact of changes in use of care and implementation of hospital reorganisations spurred by the COVID-19 pandemic (first wave) on the acute management times of patients who had a stroke and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).Design Two cohorts of patients who had an STEMI and stroke in the Aquitaine Cardio-Neuro-Vascular (CNV) registry.Setting 6 emergency medical services, 30 emergency units (EUs), 14 hospitalisation units and 11 cathlabs in the Aquitaine region.Participants This study involved 9218 patients (6436 patients who had a stroke and 2782 patients who had an STEMI) in the CNV Registry from January 2019 to August 2020.Method Hospital reorganisations, retrieved in a scoping review, were collected from heads of hospital departments. Other data were from the CNV Registry. Associations between reorganisations, use of care and care management times were analysed using multivariate linear regression mixed models. Interaction terms between use-of-care variables and period (pre-wave, per-wave and post-wave) were introduced.Main outcome measures STEMI cohort, first medical contact-to-procedure time; stroke cohort, EU admission-to-imaging time.Results Per-wave period management times deteriorated for stroke but were maintained for STEMI. Per-wave changes in use of care did not affect STEMI management. No association was found between reorganisations and stroke management times. In the STEMI cohort, the implementation of systematic testing at admission was associated with a 41% increase in care management time (exp=1.409, 95% CI 1.075 to 1.848, p=0.013). Implementation of plan blanc, which concentrated resources in emergency activities, was associated with a 19% decrease in management time (exp=0.801, 95% CI 0.639 to 1.023, p=0.077).Conclusions The pandemic did not markedly alter the functioning of the emergency network. Although stroke patient management deteriorated, the resilience of the STEMI pathway was linked to its stronger structuring. Transversal reorganisations, aiming at concentrating resources on emergency care, contributed to maintenance of the quality of care.Trial registration number NCT04979208.

La comparaison des langues en milieu scolaire conduit les élèves à analyser des phénomènes linguistiques en étant exposé·e·s à d’autres systèmes, démarche qui leur permet de porter un « regard distancié » (Dabène, 1992) sur le français. Cette approche plurielle basée sur le mécanisme du détour a fait l’objet d’un nombre important de ressources. Parmi ces dernières, celles sollicitant l’espagnol et destinées à des élèves de cycles 2 et 3 ont été recensées à l’occasion d’un mémoire de Master MEEF 1° degré (Chazalon, 2017). Ce recensement a permis de distinguer les notions n’ayant fait l’objet d’aucun outil. L’une d’entre elles, l’identification du verbe par la comparaison français-espagnol a été travaillée au moyen d’une séquence didactique proposée à des élèves de CE1 (2° élémentaire), mise en œuvre qui a donné matière à la rédaction d’un écrit réflexif de nature scientifique (Chazalon, 2018). La pertinence d’être confronté·e à d’autres langues pour mieux appréhender la grammaire du français y est confirmée, et la motivation suscitée chez les élèves assoit le caractère opératoire du mécanisme du détour non seulement dans l’enseignement-apprentissage des notions grammaticales mais aussi pour le développement d’une attitude d’ouverture à l’égard de l’altérité.

Summary: The external globus pallidus (GP) is a key GABAergic hub in the basal ganglia (BG) circuitry, a neuronal network involved in motor control. In Parkinson’s disease (PD), the rate and pattern of activity of GP neurons are profoundly altered and contribute to the motor symptoms of the disease. In rodent models of PD, the striato-pallidal pathway is hyperactive, and extracellular GABA concentrations are abnormally elevated in the GP, supporting the hypothesis of an alteration of neuronal and/or glial clearance of GABA. Here, we discovered the existence of persistent GABAergic tonic inhibition in GP neurons of dopamine-depleted (DD) rodent models. We showed that glial GAT-3 transporters are downregulated while neuronal GAT-1 function remains normal in DD rodents. Finally, we showed that blocking GAT-3 activity in vivo alters the motor coordination of control rodents, suggesting that GABAergic tonic inhibition in the GP contributes to the pathophysiology of PD. : The globus pallidus (GP) is a key basal ganglia nucleus involved in motor control. In Parkinson’s disease, the cellular mechanisms underlying GP neuron hypoactivity are poorly understood. Chazalon et al. find that glial GABA transporters are downregulated in parkinsonian rodents, leading to aberrant GABAergic inhibition in the GP and motor coordination impairment. Keywords: tonic inhibition, basal ganglia, extrasynaptic GABAA receptors, GABA transporters, electrophysiology

Postindustrial societies produce waiting areas and what we call expectant territories. The former are functional places, limited in space and time (e.g. platforms, counters and information desks, waiting rooms, bus stops…). In those places, the waiting time is generally conditioned and endured rather than enjoyed and fully experienced by the individuals. The latter, which will be at stake in this essay, are non-functional places, most of the time abandoned or ignored, but whose material and symbolical qualities beget new possibilities and meanings for the individuals/groups that pass through them. Urban culture and the practices associated with it enable one to think the experience of waiting differently. The symbolic appropriation of a certain place, which goes through a physical and mental “journey,” permits to pass from an endured state of waiting to a creative form of expectation and from the anonymous, impersonal place to the mental space or territory. North American cities provide a few telling examples of the process by which the ambiguity of expectant territories is exploited and maintained and of how the individuals and groups appropriate the territories. Ambiguity is also enriched by the photographic medium, which will function both as an illustration and as metadiscourse.

The basal ganglia (BG) are a collection of interconnected subcortical nuclei that participate in a great variety of functions, ranging from motor programming and execution to procedural learning, cognition, and emotions. This network is also the region primarily affected by the degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons localized in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). This degeneration causes cellular and synaptic dysfunctions in the BG network, which are responsible for the appearance of the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Dopamine (DA) modulation and the consequences of its loss on the striatal microcircuit have been extensively studied, and because of the discrete nature of DA innervation of other BG nuclei, its action outside the striatum has been considered negligible. However, there is a growing body of evidence supporting functional extrastriatal DA modulation of both cellular excitability and synaptic transmission. In this review, the functional relevance of DA modulation outside the striatum in both normal and pathological conditions will be discussed.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various articles within the issue on topics including women's representations in cultural productions, treatment of women in American society, and feminism in 19th century.

The year 1968 seems to be the climax of the counterculture, as manifold forms of resistance emerged and multiple claims were asserted by various social groups. Such a polyphony may appear as a hodgepodge of uncoordinated elements, all the more so as 1968 seems to be the year of rifts and dissensions between “movement cultures,” radical politicized groups, and the more hedonistic and apolitical hippies. In order to show that 1968 is both a puzzle and a puzzling year which prepared the ground for late twentieth-century cultures of resistance, the subsequent analysis will revolve around the politics of immediacy—involving humor, theatricality, as well as an experimental and interpersonal bias. This politics of immediacy is illustrated by a few 1968 events, among them the Democratic National Convention riots in Chicago and the Miss America Pageant protest in Atlantic City. At the same time, the article emphasizes the costumes and performances of a few actors of the revolution so as to show how the fusing of “dressing down” and “rising up” ended up influencing later youth subcultures as well as the performances, sartorial stances, and flaunted aggressiveness of other cultures of resistance, among them “third-wave” feminist groups and artists.

The article discusses the theme of the different sorts of mother figures in the U.S. through the diverse representations of motherly love in literary and journalistic texts as well as in images from around 1945 to 1957. The figures of the nurturing mother after World War II, and the notions of mother earth and mother-nation are analyzed through several articles from journals of this period.