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We examined the long-term trend of incident hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and hepatic decompensation among chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients who have achieved hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance.All adult CHB monoinfected patients who cleared HBsAg between January 2000 and December 2020 were identified using a territory-wide database in Hong Kong. Patients with liver transplantation and/or HCC before HBsAg seroclearance or follow-up less than 6 months were excluded. The primary and secondary endpoints were HCC and hepatic decompensation respectively.We identified 9,769 CHB patients with HBsAg seroclearance (mean age 57 years, 60.0% male, 13.2% cirrhosis); most had compensated liver function at HBsAg loss. At a median (25HCC risk persists in patients after HBsAg loss, whereas the risk of hepatic decompensation decreases over time.Patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) still have a non-negligible risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after 12 years of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance, especially among those with cirrhosis. The risk of developing hepatic decompensation decreases over time after HBsAg seroclearance. In clinical practice, although CHB patients who cleared HBsAg have a more favourable clinical outcome than those who remain chronically infected, long-term HCC surveillance would still be necessary for cirrhotic patients and high-risk subgroups of non-cirrhotic patients after HBsAg seroclearance.

This is a conceptual paper that attempts to show that social media can improve the academic performance of university students. The study assumes that it is interesting to investigate the impact of social media on university students' academic performance, given the explosion in the number and use of social media sites worldwide. In addition, social media offers new opportunities to engage learners and teachers and can also be used in face-to-face, blended and e-learning settings. This paper highlights the benefits of using social media for effective communication between lecturers and students, and students and fellow students during the online teaching and learning process. Interestingly, the literature in this area also highlights the benefits and risks of using social media in teaching and learning. The findings of the study will also be useful for academics, researchers and policy makers in the context of innovations in teaching and learning.

The Malaysian government vaccination drive to curb the Covid-19 virus has received with mixed responses from the citizen. To manage the vaccination drive, the government urge the people to register their interest using a mobile apps called MySejahtera. However, in Sabah, the state located in Borneo Island the response was very slow. Therefore, this study aims to uncover the perceived knowledge, attitude, and behaviour among the people in Sabah toward the Covid-19 vaccine. It also aimed to find out the proportion of people who accept, refuse and indecisive in getting the vaccine. A survey was administered to 985 respondents inclusive of citizen and the undocumented from Sabah’s three largest urban centres. Both data collection procedures were conducted throughout March 2021.The result shows the overall perceived knowledge, attitudes and perceived behaviour among respondents were positive towards the vaccine. Information seeking and sharing behaviour about vaccines among the respondent are on the high side. Only 50.3% of the respondents indicated that they are willing to receive the vaccine, 27% are indecisive and 22.7% indicated refuse. Female respondents are more positive towards the vaccines. There is no significant difference between age group as well as between the economic background. The study implies that there was a need to have an additional key message on the content, development and how the vaccines work. Specific key messages for the undocumented need to be formulated to increase their overall experience with the vaccine. An investment in Interpersonal communication network was needed in engaging the fence-sitter.

The ability of a tertiary institution to pursue academic studies and research during the pandemic and now endemic covid-19 is a measure of the strength of the university or college in facing the biggest test of this decade. Thus, various measures and approaches have been taken by the university management, especially in ensuring the momentum of study operations and even research at the university does not stop just like that. However, the biggest challenge seen and felt by all parties including students as the most important stakeholders is the online teaching and learning mechanism. Similarly, research planning and the ability of researchers are seen as very critical, especially in the success of data collection activities with the community and matters related to the study location. This meta-synthesis study potrayed the continuous efforts of the university in adapting and at the same time maintaining the quality of knowledge and skills taught are so significant and become the reason for the development of academic activities in crisis situations especially covid-19 pandemic. Studies from 2020 to 2021 were referred specifically to review teaching and learning situations as well as research during pandemics and endemics show that academics and researchers have an optimistic and dynamic attitude in adapting their respective teaching and research approaches.

This paper aimed to explore the use of media usage among people in Sabah while facing the Covid-19 pandemic crisis. Questionnaires were distributed among Sabahan audiences that was directly affected by the Covid-19 pandemic (N=404). Research findings revealed that the principal needs that drove the audiences to use media were needs involving cognitive aspects, escapism, affective factors, and social integration. The data also shows that the Sabahan audiences also frequently employed media to search for information, due to habit, escapism, and information sharing. Meanwhile the highest levels of gratifications were derived from factors of convenience, interpersonal discussion, and surveillance. This study concludes that media plays a crucial role among people in Sabah during confronting the Covid-19 pandemic.

Radio research is not a new thing, and in fact, it was portrayed as an under-researched field. There is a long debate about radio acceptance, conventional radio migration to digital and will podcast kills conventional radio before the pandemic. However, pandemic Covid-19 affects the listenership of radio. At times of pandemics, radio has played a leading role, and throughout history, radio has been vital during major natural disasters and health emergencies. This research aims to recognise and address radio research's opportunities and challenges. A qualitative research approach is adopted through document analysis and observation. Findings show an increase in radio listening during the pandemic, the most flexible and accessible medium. Radio is the most versatile and experienced remediation at all times.

The increasing number of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) regimens along with limited number of subjects and co-medications involved in clinical trials results in drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with DAAs is to be determined. We aimed to examine the prevalence and degree of DDIs between DAAs and other co-medications in a territory-wide cohort of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients.DDIs were assigned to three risk categories: Category 1-no clinically significant DDI; category 2-potential clinically significant interaction (monitoring and caution required); category 3-contraindicated (should not be co-administered).Of 2981 patients (mean age 59.3 ± 12.3 years; male 60.6%), 810 (48.8%) had genotype 1 and 552 (33.2%) genotype 6 HCV among the 1661 patients with HCV genotype tested; 769 (25.8%) received sofosbuvir/velpatasvir, 510 (17.1%) sofosbuvir/ledipasvir, and 865 (29.0%) glecaprevir/pibrentasvir. More than one-fourth (26.3%) of the patients have polypharmacy (≥ 3 co-medications) in all patients, 27.0% in patients received sofosbuvir/velpatasvir, 25.1% in elbasvir/grazoprevir, and 21.2% in glecaprevir/pibrentasvir. 2037 (68.3%) patient experienced DDI (Category 2: 53.1%; Category 3: 15.2%). The commonest drugs leading to DDIs were calcium channel blockers (31.5%) and proton pump inhibitors (23.0%) in category 2; statins (10.2%), antiplatelet/anticoagulants (3.0%) and antipsychotics (2.9%) in category 3. Changing medication was the most common response from physicians in both category 2 and 3 DDIs.The commonest co-medications leading to contraindication during DAA treatment were statins and antipsychotics. Category 2 and 3 DDIs are often managed by appropriate dose adjustments or temporary discontinuation of relevant co-medications. Careful assessment for potential DDI before DAA use is mandatory to avoid potential harmful effects.

The Baveno VII criteria are used in patients with liver cirrhosis to predict high-risk varices in patients with liver cirrhosis. Yet its use in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been validated. HCC alone is accompanied with a higher variceal bleeding risk due to its association with liver cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis. The use of systemic therapy in advanced HCC has been thought to further augment this risk. Upper endoscopy is commonly used to evaluate for the presence of varices before initiation of treatment with systemic therapy. Yet it is associated with procedural risks, waiting time and limited availability in some localities which may delay the commencement of systemic therapy. Our study successfully validated the Baveno VI criteria with a 3.5% varices needing treatment (VNT) missed rate, also with acceptable 150 × 109/L) also revealed a low frequency (2%) of hepatic events, whilst the rule-in criteria (LSM > 25 kPa) was predictive of a higher proportion of hepatic events (14%). Therefore, our study has successfully validated the Baveno VII criteria as a non-invasive stratification of the risk of variceal bleeding and hepatic decompensation in the HCC population.

Several guidelines recommend screening for NAFLD in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We aimed to determine if there is a threshold of age and duration of T2D for liver-related event development to guide screening strategies.We conducted a territory-wide retrospective cohort study of adult patients with NAFLD and T2D diagnosed between 2000 and 2014 in Hong Kong to allow for at least 5 years of follow-up. The primary endpoint was liver-related events, defined as a composite of HCC and cirrhotic complications. This study included 7028 patients with NAFLD with T2D (mean age, 56.1 ± 13.3 years; 3363 male [47.9%]). During a follow-up of 77,308 person-years, there was a threshold effect with 1.1%, 4.9%, and 94.0% of patients developing liver-related events at the age of40, 40-50, and ≥50 years, respectively. Similarly, 3.1%, 5.1%, and 91.8% of patients developed cirrhosis at the age of40, 40-50, and ≥50 years, respectively. In contrast, liver-related events increased linearly with diabetes duration, with no difference in the annual incidence rate between the first 10 years of T2D diagnosis and subsequent years (0.06% vs. 0.10%; p = 0.136). On multivariable analysis, baseline age ≥50 years (adjusted HR [aHR] 2.01) and cirrhosis (aHR 3.12) were the strongest risk factors associated with liver-related events. Substitution of cirrhosis with the aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index or the Fibrosis-4 index yielded similar results.Age rather than duration of T2D predicts liver-related events in patients with NAFLD and T2D. It is reasonable to screen patients with NAFLD and T2D for advanced liver disease starting at 50 years of age.

Background/Aims: We aimed to determine the association between blood urea level and incident cirrhosis, hepatic decompensation, and hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic liver disease (CLD) patients.Methods: The association between blood urea level and liver fibrosis/liver-related events were evaluated on continuous scale with restricted cubic spline curves based on generalized additive model or Cox proportional hazards models. Then, the above associations were evaluated by urea level within intervals.Results: Among 4,282 patients who had undergone liver stiffness measurement (LSM) by transient elastography, baseline urea level had a U-shaped association with LSM and hepatic decompensation development after a median follow-up of 5.5 years. Compared to patients with urea of 3.6–9.9 mmol/L, those with urea ≤3.5 mmol/L (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 4.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.68–10.24) and ≥10 mmol/L (aHR, 5.22; 95% CI, 1.86–14.67) had higher risk of hepatic decompensation. Patients with urea ≤3.5 mmol/L also had higher risk of incident cirrhosis (aHR, 3.24; 95% CI, 1.50–6.98). The association between low urea level and incident cirrhosis and hepatic decompensation was consistently observed in subgroups by age, gender, albumin level, and comorbidities. The U-shaped relationship between urea level and LSM was validated in another population screening study (n=917). Likewise, urea ≤3.5 mmol/L was associated with a higher risk of incident cirrhosis in a territory-wide cohort of 12,476 patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease at a median follow-up of 9.9 years (aHR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.03–1.57).Conclusions: We identified a U-shaped relationship between the urea level and liver fibrosis/incident cirrhosis/hepatic decompensation in patients with CLD.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The uptake of antiviral treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) has been suboptimal. We aimed to determine the secular trend of treatment uptake in the territory-wide CHB cohort in Hong Kong from 2000 to 2017 and the factors for no treatment despite fulfilling treatment criteria. METHODS Chronic hepatitis B patients under public clinics and hospitals were identified through electronic medical records. The treatment indications were defined according to the Asian-Pacific guidelines published at the time of patients' first appearance in four periods: 2000-2004, 2005-2009, 2010-2013, and 2014-2017. RESULTS There were 135 395 CHB patients were included; 1493/12472 (12.0%), 7416/43426 (17.1%), 10 129/46559 (21.8%), 8051/32 938 (24.4%) patients fulfilled treatment criteria in the four periods, respectively. The treatment uptake rate increased with time: 35.1%, 43.4%, 60.2%, and 68.6% respectively. High fibrosis indices (APRI, FIB-4, and Forns indices) appeared to be the main factors for treatment indication in non-cirrhotic patients, with over 90% fulfilling treatment criteria due to high fibrosis indices alone. Of those fulfilling treatment criteria by high fibrosis indices, less than 60% of patients (25.2%, 36.1%, 46.0%, and 58.9%, respectively) had antiviral treatment initiated. Normal platelet count (odds ratio 0.42, P

It is unclear if the leading causes of death in patients with NAFLD differ by age. We aimed to investigate if the relative importance of liver-related deaths is lower and overshadowed by cardiovascular and cancer-related deaths in the elderly population.We conducted a territory-wide retrospective cohort study of adult patients with NAFLD between 2000 and 2021 in Hong Kong. The outcomes of interest were all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Age groups at death were studied at 10-year intervals. During 662,471 person-years of follow-up of 30,943 patients with NAFLD, there were 2097 deaths. The top three causes of death were pneumonia, extrahepatic cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Liver disease was the sixth leading cause of death in patients aged 70-79 and 80-89 years, accounting for 5.1% and 5.9% of deaths, respectively, but only accounted for 3% or fewer of the deaths in the other age groups. Nonetheless, liver disease was the leading cause of death in patients with NAFLD-related cirrhosis, accounting for 36.8% of all deaths. The incidence of liver-related death was higher in men younger than age 70 but higher in women afterwards. The incidence of liver-related death in women increased from 0.62 to 7.14 per 10,000 person-years from age 60-69 to 70-79 years.The relative importance of liver-related death increases with age in patients with NAFLD, especially among women. In patients with cirrhosis, liver disease is the leading cause of death.

Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is a novel prodrug of tenofovir for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection. We aimed to evaluate the impact of switching to TAF on alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normalization and renal safety. We also described the indications of switching to TAF. Consecutive adult CHB patients switched from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) dominant therapy to TAF for more than 12 months were identified retrospectively. A subgroup of patients newly switched to TAF was prospectively invited to perform transient elastography examination and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The time of switching to TAF was defined as baseline. Among 393 patients in the retrospective cohort, the median ALT at month 12 was significantly lower (21.0 [16.0-29.9] U/L vs. 25.0 [19.0-34.0] U/L; p 0.001) and ALT normalization rate was higher (89.9% vs. 83.7%; p = 0.037) than those at baseline. Estimated glomerular filtration rate decreased from 12 months before baseline and then increased from baseline to month 12 significantly (69.7 ± 22.0 ml/min/1.73 m

Reducing the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is the key ultimate goal set in essentially all treatment guidelines. There has been solid evidence supporting the relationship between serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA level and risk of HCC. Antiviral treatment with oral nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) leads to sustained viral suppression and hence is often adopted as the secondary prevention for HCC in CHB patients. The first-generation NA, lamivudine, reduced the risk of HCC at 3 years compared to placebo; yet, its high emergence of antiviral resistance has made it no longer recommended in the international guidelines. Recent heated debate is about the two current first-line NAs—entecavir and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)—Are they just as good to reduce HCC risk in CHB patients? A handful of cohort studies show two different kinds of observations—TDF is better than entecavir in lowering HCC risk, or these two NAs have led to similarly low risk of HCC. Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), a modified version of TDF higher rate of ALT normalization, would be another potent nucleotide analogue is the treatment of choice for secondary prevention for HCC.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) can inhibit liver fibrogenesis in animal models. We aimed to evaluate the impact of ACEI/ARB use on the risk of liver cancer and cirrhosis complications in patients with NAFLD.We conducted a retrospective, territory-wide cohort study of adult patients with NAFLD diagnosed between January 2000 and December 2014 to allow for at least 5 years of follow-up. ACEI or ARB users were defined as patients who had received ACEI or ARB treatment for at least 6 months. The primary endpoint was liver-related events (LREs), defined as a composite endpoint of liver cancer and cirrhosis complications. We analyzed data from 12,327 NAFLD patients (mean age, 54.2 ± 14.7 years; 6163 men [50.0%]); 6805 received ACEIs, and 2877 received ARBs. After propensity score weighting, ACEI treatment was associated with a lower risk of LREs (weighted subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR], 0.48; 95% CI, 0.35-0.66; p 0.001), liver cancer (weighted SHR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.28-0.75; p = 0.002), and cirrhosis complications (weighted SHR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.27-0.66; p 0.001), but ARB was not. In subgroup analysis, ACEI treatment was associated with greater reduction in LREs in patients with chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) than those without (CKD-weighted SHR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.52-0.96; p = 0.036; non-CKD-weighted SHR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.07-0.33; p 0.001).ACEI, rather than ARB, treatment is associated with a lower risk of LREs in NAFLD patients, especially among those with CKD.

BACKGROUND & AIMS How adiposity influences the effect of genetic variants on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the Asian population remains unclear. We aimed to study the association between genetic risk variants and susceptibility/severity of NAFLD in the lean, overweight and obese individuals. METHODS Nine hundred and four community subjects underwent proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and transient elastography examination. Lean (

World Health Organization (WHO) calls for global hepatitis strategy to eliminate viral hepatitis by 2030. Yet many high-income countries were unable to achieve HCV elimination by 2030. Apart from the tremendous efforts and resources from the governments, many non-government organizations (NGOs) have been working very hard to contribute to HCV elimination. In Hong Kong, the Center for Liver Health of The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) has been working very closely with various NGOs to educate and screen subjects who previously use intravenous drugs. In this review article, we discussed in details the New Life New Liver Program, and the barriers to HCV elimination, with special highlight the role of NGOs in overcoming the barriers.

Background & Aims Antiviral treatment is known to improve survival in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Yet, the treatment uptake in CHB patients remains low. We aimed to report the secular trend in antiviral treatment uptake from 2007–2017, and to compare the effect of different nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) initiation times (before vs. after HCC diagnosis) on survival. Methods A 3-month landmark analysis was used to compare overall survival in patients not receiving NA treatment (i.e. no NA), patients receiving NAs after their first HCC treatment (i.e. post-HCC NA), and patients receiving NAs ≤3 months before their first HCC treatment (i.e. pre-HCC NA). A propensity score-weighted Cox proportional hazards model was used to balance clinical characteristics between the 3 groups and to estimate hazard ratios (HRs). Results The uptake of antiviral treatment in HCC patients increased from 47.3% in 2007 to 98.3% in 2017. The pre-HCC NA group contributed mostly to the uptake rate, which increased from 72.7% to 96.0% in the past decade. In addition, 3,843 CHB patients (407 no NA; 2,932 pre-HCC NA; 504 post-HCC NA) with HCC, receiving at least 1 type of HCC treatment, were included in the analysis. Lack of NA treatment at the time of HCC diagnosis increased the risk of death (weighted HR 3.05; 95% CI 2.70–3.44; p, Graphical abstract, Highlights • Antiviral treatment improves survival in patients with chronic hepatitis B-related HCC. • The uptake of antiviral treatment in HCC patients was suboptimal in the past (47.3% in 2007), but dramatically improved to 98.3% in 2017. • The timing of antiviral treatment (before or after HCC occurrence) does not matter that much in terms of patient survival. • Antivirals should be started soon after HCC has been diagnosed in patients with chronic hepatitis B who are not already on them.

Background The epidemiology of acute hepatitis A and E has been changing over the last 2 decades. The impact of concomitant chronic hepatitis B (CHB) on clinical outcomes remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the morbidity and mortality of patients with acute hepatitis A or E with and without underlying CHB. Methods We identified consecutive patients with acute hepatitis A or E based on hepatitis serology from the electronic medical records of the Hospital Authority of Hong Kong from January 2000 to December 2016. Hepatic events, all-cause mortality, and liver-related mortality within 30 days of the diagnosis of acute hepatitis were evaluated. Results The cohort included 1068 cases of acute hepatitis A and 846 cases of acute hepatitis E. More patients with acute hepatitis E than those with acute hepatitis A had underlying CHB (13.5% vs 8.0%; P < .001). Patients with hepatitis E had more all-cause mortality (3.9% vs 0.6%; P < .001), liver-related mortality (2.0% vs 0.3%; P < .001), and hepatic events (2.8% vs 0.3%; P < .001) within 30 days from diagnosis. In patients with acute hepatitis E, underlying renal failure (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 3.90; P < .001) and age ≥50 years (aHR, 3.25; P = .036) were associated with 30-day all-cause mortality, whereas CHB (aHR, 3.34; P = .02) was associated with 30-day liver-related mortality. Conclusions The mortality is higher in patients with acute hepatitis E than in those with hepatitis A. Coexisting CHB is the independent risk factor for liver-related mortality in patients with acute hepatitis E.